Lee Jussim
Biographic Data
| ID | 81146 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Lee Jussim |
| GIVEN NAMES | Lee |
| FAMILY NAME | Jussim |
| SIGNATURE | JUSSIM L |
| AFFILIATIONS | Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7218-3593 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 53 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 377 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 48 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 5 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1986 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Defining diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) by the scientific (de)merits of its programming
How and When Do Individuating Information and Social Category Information Influence Implicit Judgments of Individual Members of Known Social Groups? A Review
The present review discusses the literature on how and when social category information and individuating information influence people’s implicit judgments of other individuals who belong to existing (i.e., known) social groups. After providing some foundational information, we discuss several key principles that emerge from this literature: (a) individuating information moderates stereotype-based biases in implicit (i.e., indirectly measured) pe…
The malleability of reliance on race or ethnic vs. gender stereotypes in implicit person perception in the presence of counterstereotypic individuating information: A registered report
The proposed studies will test two competing hypotheses and one additional hypothesis. The first hypothesis is that reliance on ethnic or race stereotypes in implicit person perception is more malleable than reliance on gender stereotypes in implicit person perception in response to counterstereotypic individuating information. The competing hypothesis is that reliance on ethnic or race and gender stereotypes in implicit person perception are equ…
The discrimination paradox
Rigorous studies published within the past eight years have found diametrically opposed results regarding racial discrimination. Some have found that racial discrimination is very rare; others that racial discrimination is very common. The paradox is that they are all well-conducted studies. In this paper, I show why there is no paradox, and the two sets of findings are completely compatible
Diversity Is Diverse: Social Justice Reparations and Science
Because the term “diversity” has two related but different meanings, what authors mean when they use the term is inherently unclear. In its broad form, it refers to vast variety. In its narrow form, it refers to human demographic categories deemed deserving of special attention by social justice–oriented activists. In this article, I review Hommel’s critique of Roberts et al. (2020), which, I suggest, essentially constitutes two claims: that Robe…
Adversarial collaboration: An undervalued approach in behavioral science
Open Science initiatives such as preregistration, publicly available procedures and data, and power analyses have rightly been lauded for increasing the reliability of findings. However, a potentially equally important initiative-aimed at increasing the validity of science-has largely been ignored. Adversarial collaborations (ACs) refer to team science in which members are chosen to represent diverse (and even contradictory) perspectives and hypo…
A Theory of Reliance on Individuating Information and Stereotypes in Implicit Judgments of Individuals and Social Groups
We propose a theory of (a) reliance on stereotypes and individuating information in implicit person perception and (b) the relationship between individuation in implicit person perception and shifts in implicit group stereotypes. The present research preliminarily tested this theory by assessing whether individuating information or stereotypes take primacy in implicit judgments of individuals under circumstances specified by our model and then te…
Unobservable stereotypes are more malleable than observable stereotypes in implicit person perception
The present research proposed a theoretical distinction among various stereotypes that we predicted would moderate their malleability in implicit person perception: the extent to which the stereotypes can be learned and validated with minimal or no indirect inference (i.e., their observability). We hypothesized that observable stereotypes would be less malleable than unobservable stereotypes in implicit person perception in the presence of counte…
Ideological diversity, hostility, and discrimination in philosophy
Members of the field of philosophy have, just as other people, political convictions or, as psychologists call them, ideologies. How are different ideologies distributed and perceived in the field? Using the familiar distinction between the political left and right, we surveyed an international sample of 794 subjects in philosophy. We found that survey participants clearly leaned left (75%), while right-leaning individuals (14%) and moderates (11…
Scholarship Suppression: Theoretical Perspectives and Emerging Trends
This paper explores the suppression of ideas within an academic scholarship by academics, either by self-suppression or because of the efforts of other academics. Legal, moral, and social issues distinguishing freedom of speech, freedom of inquiry, and academic freedom are reviewed. How these freedoms and protections can come into tension is then explored by an analysis of denunciation mobs that exercise their legal free speech rights to call for…
Stimulus pairing and statement target information have equal effects on stereotype-relevant evaluations of individuals
The present research tested a series of theoretically derived competing hypotheses regarding the extent to which different ways of learning about others influence stereotype-relevant impression formation and reliance on stereotypes in stereotype-relevant target evaluations. First, we examined the extent to which stimulus pairing or statement information about novel White (Study 1) and Black (Study 2) targets' intelligence influenced implicit and …
The accumulation of stereotype-based self-fulfilling prophecies
A recurring theme in the psychological literature is that the self-fulfilling effect of stereotypes can accumulate across perceivers. This article provides the first empirical support for this long-standing hypothesis. In three experiments (Ns = 123-241), targets more strongly confirmed a stereotype as the number of perceivers who held stereotypic expectations about them increased. A fourth experiment (N = 121) showed that new perceivers judged t…
Politics of Social Psychology
Science and politics: Do people support the conduct and dissemination of politicized research
Three studies investigated how ethical people believe it is to suppress politicized research findings and how strongly they support research on politicized topics. In general, participants reported that it is unethical to suppress research findings and that they support the conduct of politicized research, regardless of whether the findings or topics supported or opposed their views. Even so, liberals and conservatives reported that it is less un…
Reliance on individuating information and stereotypes in implicit and explicit person perception
The Social Psychology of Morality
Contents Chapter 1. In Search of homo moralis: The Social Psychology of Morality. Joseph P. Forgas, University of New South Wales, Lee Jussim, Rutgers University, and Paul A. M. Van Lange, VU University of Amsterdam. Part I. The Nature of Moral Values and Decisions. Chapter 2. God Save Us: A Terror Management Perspective on Morality. Tom Pyszczynski, University of Colorado Colorado Springs Chapter 3. Moral Opportunities versus Moral Tests. Dale T…
Interpretations and methods: Towards a more effectively self-correcting social psychology
Social Psychology of Morality
Political diversity will improve social psychological science
Psychologists have demonstrated the value of diversity – particularly diversity of viewpoints – for enhancing creativity, discovery, and problem solving. But one key type of viewpoint diversity is lacking in academic psychology in general and social psychology in particular: political diversity. This article reviews the available evidence and finds support for four claims: (1) Academic psychology once had considerable political diversity, but has…
The emergence of sex differences in personality traits in early adolescence: A cross-sectional, cross-cultural study
Although large international studies have found consistent patterns of sex differences in personality traits among adults (i.e., women scoring higher on most facets), less is known about cross-cultural sex differences in adolescent personality and the role of culture and age in shaping them. The present study examines the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (McCrae, Costa, & Martin, 2005) informant ratings of adolescents from 23 cultures (N = 4,850), and…
How (Not) To Interpret and Report Main Effects and Interactions in Multiple Regression: Why Crawford and Pilanski Did Not Actually Replicate Lindner and Nosek (2009)
Gender Stereotypes of Personality: Universal and Accurate
Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level…
The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes
Social Perception and Social Reality: Why Accuracy Dominates Bias and Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
This book contests the received wisdom in the field of social psychology that suggests that social perception and judgment are generally flawed, biased, and powerfully self-fulfilling. The book reviews a wealth of real-world, survey, and experimental data collected over the last century to show that, in fact, social psychological research consistently demonstrates that biases and self-fulfilling prophecies are generally weak, fragile, and fleetin…
Stereotypes of age differences in personality traits: Universal and accurate
Age trajectories for personality traits are known to be similar across cultures. To address whether stereotypes of age groups reflect these age-related changes in personality, we asked participants in 26 countries (N = 3,323) to rate typical adolescents, adults, and old persons in their own country. Raters across nations tended to share similar beliefs about different age groups; adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, pref…
Influence and Similarity Among Friends: An Integrative Model Applied to Incarcerated Adolescents
Les auteurs presentent un modele conceptuel qui permet de ne plus confondre l'influence interpersonnelle avec l'attraction selective et avec l'environnement partage. Ce modele est teste sur 72 paires d'adolescents incarceres, ce qui permet d'etudier differents types d'influence
The nature of stereotypes: A comparison and integration of three theories
Teacher expectations: Self-fulfilling prophecies, perceptual biases, and accuracy
In search of the powerful self-fulfilling prophecy
This research examined moderators of naturally occurring self-fulfilling prophecies. The authors assessed whether positive or negative self-fulfilling prophecies were more powerful and whether some targets were more susceptible to self-fulfilling prophecies because of their self-concepts in a particular achievement domain and previous academic records. Participants were 98 teachers and 1,539 students in sixth-grade public school math classes. Res…
Modern anti-Semitism and anti-Israeli attitudes
Anti-Semitism is resurgent throughout much of the world. A new theoretical model of anti-Semitism is presented and tested in 3 experiments. The model proposes that mortality salience increases anti-Semitism and that anti-Semitism often manifests as hostility toward Israel. Study 1 showed that mortality salience led to greater levels of anti-Semitism and lowered support for Israel. This effect occurred only in a bogus pipeline condition, indicatin…
Teacher expectations: II. Construction and reflection of student achievement
Hypotheses regarding self-fulfilling prophecies, perceptual biases, and accuracy were tested using longitudinal data relating 98 6th-grade math teachers' expectations to 1,731 students' performance. Consistent with the self-fulfilling prophecy hypothesis, teacher expectations predicted changes in student achievement beyond effects accounted for by previous achievement and motivation. Consistent with the perceptual bias hypothesis, teacher expecta…
Reliance on individuating information and stereotypes in implicit and explicit person perception
Self-Consistency, Self-Enhancement, and Accuracy in Reactions to Feedback
Gender Stereotypes of Personality: Universal and Accurate
Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level…
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies, Perceptual Biases, and Accuracy at the Individual and Group Levels
Do self-fulfilling prophecies accumulate, dissipate, or remain stable over time
The authors examined whether self-fulfilling prophecies accumulate, dissipate, or remain stable over time by using data from more than 500 6th- through 12th-grade students in public school math classes. The authors used multiple regression analyses to assess the extent to which teacher perceptions predicted students' final math marks and standardized math-test scores from 6th through 12th grade. Control variables included 5 measures of student mo…
Prejudice, stereotypes, and labeling effects: Sources of bias in person perception
A preliminary study and 3 experiments compared predictions generated by contrasting models of how group labels bias person perception. An affective model assumed that how much perceivers like different groups mediates bias; a cognition model assumed that perceivers' beliefs regarding different groups mediates bias; and a third model assumed that both affect and cognition are necessary to mediate bias. Perceivers evaluated behavior samples provide…
Interpretations and methods: Towards a more effectively self-correcting social psychology
Stereotypes of age differences in personality traits: Universal and accurate
Age trajectories for personality traits are known to be similar across cultures. To address whether stereotypes of age groups reflect these age-related changes in personality, we asked participants in 26 countries (N = 3,323) to rate typical adolescents, adults, and old persons in their own country. Raters across nations tended to share similar beliefs about different age groups; adolescents were seen as impulsive, rebellious, undisciplined, pref…
The emergence of sex differences in personality traits in early adolescence: A cross-sectional, cross-cultural study
Although large international studies have found consistent patterns of sex differences in personality traits among adults (i.e., women scoring higher on most facets), less is known about cross-cultural sex differences in adolescent personality and the role of culture and age in shaping them. The present study examines the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (McCrae, Costa, & Martin, 2005) informant ratings of adolescents from 23 cultures (N = 4,850), and…
A Study of Stereotyping: Testing Three Models With a Sample of Blacks
Two experiments tested the premise that the underlying stereotyping processes used by Blacks and Whites are similar Experiment I examined the hypothesis that people have more complex views of members of their own in-group than of an out-group. Results showed that Blacks held more complex views of Blacks than of Whites. Experiment 2 examined the hypotheses underlying complexity-extremity theory, assumed-characteristics theory, and expectancy-viola…
Understanding reactions to feedback by integrating ideas from symbolic interactionism and cognitive evaluation theory
The first 2 experiments examined how interpersonal and objective feedback influenced targets' perceptions of performance, ability, and effort. Interpersonal feedback was more influential when objective feedback was intermediate than when it was high or low. Path analyses indicated that reflected appraisals entirely mediated influences of interpersonal feedback on self-perceptions and partially mediated influences of objective feedback on self-per…
The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes
Social Reality and Social Problems: The Role of Expectancies
From the standpoint of basic theory and social policy it is important to understand the extent to which expectancies contribute to social problems. Naturalistic and meta‐analytic evidence is reviewed showing that (a) expectations influence social reality and may contribute to social problems such as prejudice and inequities in educational and occupational opportunity, but (b) the influence of expectations on social reality generally is more limit…
The accumulation of stereotype-based self-fulfilling prophecies
A recurring theme in the psychological literature is that the self-fulfilling effect of stereotypes can accumulate across perceivers. This article provides the first empirical support for this long-standing hypothesis. In three experiments (Ns = 123-241), targets more strongly confirmed a stereotype as the number of perceivers who held stereotypic expectations about them increased. A fourth experiment (N = 121) showed that new perceivers judged t…
Adversarial collaboration: An undervalued approach in behavioral science
Open Science initiatives such as preregistration, publicly available procedures and data, and power analyses have rightly been lauded for increasing the reliability of findings. However, a potentially equally important initiative-aimed at increasing the validity of science-has largely been ignored. Adversarial collaborations (ACs) refer to team science in which members are chosen to represent diverse (and even contradictory) perspectives and hypo…
How (Not) To Interpret and Report Main Effects and Interactions in Multiple Regression: Why Crawford and Pilanski Did Not Actually Replicate Lindner and Nosek (2009)
The Influence of Self-Esteem on Perceptions of Performance and Feedback
Les hypotheses de depart de cette etude ont ete que les etudiants a haute estime de soi ont une plus haute idee de leurs performances et interpretent plus favorablement le «feed-back» des enseignants, que les etudiants a faible estime de soi
Self-fulfilling prophecies: A theoretical and integrative review.
Self-fulfilling prophecies have become a major area of research for social, personality, developmental, and educational psychologists. This article reviews classroom self-fulfilling prophecies in terms of three sequential stages: (a) Teachers develop expectations, (b) teachers treat students differently depending on their expectations, and (c) students react to this treatment in expectancy-confirming ways. The focus of the review is on the social…
The Influence of Self-Esteem on Perceptions of Performance and Feedback
Les hypotheses de depart de cette etude ont ete que les etudiants a haute estime de soi ont une plus haute idee de leurs performances et interpretent plus favorablement le «feed-back» des enseignants, que les etudiants a faible estime de soi
The nature of stereotypes: A comparison and integration of three theories
Influence and Similarity Among Friends: An Integrative Model Applied to Incarcerated Adolescents
Les auteurs presentent un modele conceptuel qui permet de ne plus confondre l'influence interpersonnelle avec l'attraction selective et avec l'environnement partage. Ce modele est teste sur 72 paires d'adolescents incarceres, ce qui permet d'etudier differents types d'influence
Teacher expectations: Self-fulfilling prophecies, perceptual biases, and accuracy
Expectancies and Social Issues: Introduction
This article introduces several broad issues concerning relations between expectations and social problems, issues that serve as the main themes of this volume. A myriad of social problems involve expectancies, and some expectancies create social problems whereas other expectancies reflect social problems. Expectancies may be either interpersonal (one person's expectations regarding another person) or intrapersonal (individuals' expectations for …
Social Reality and Social Problems: The Role of Expectancies
From the standpoint of basic theory and social policy it is important to understand the extent to which expectancies contribute to social problems. Naturalistic and meta‐analytic evidence is reviewed showing that (a) expectations influence social reality and may contribute to social problems such as prejudice and inequities in educational and occupational opportunity, but (b) the influence of expectations on social reality generally is more limit…
Social perception and social reality: A reflection-construction model.
This article presents a reflection-construction model of relations between social perception and social reality.
Teacher expectations: II. Construction and reflection of student achievement
Hypotheses regarding self-fulfilling prophecies, perceptual biases, and accuracy were tested using longitudinal data relating 98 6th-grade math teachers' expectations to 1,731 students' performance. Consistent with the self-fulfilling prophecy hypothesis, teacher expectations predicted changes in student achievement beyond effects accounted for by previous achievement and motivation. Consistent with the perceptual bias hypothesis, teacher expecta…
Understanding reactions to feedback by integrating ideas from symbolic interactionism and cognitive evaluation theory
The first 2 experiments examined how interpersonal and objective feedback influenced targets' perceptions of performance, ability, and effort. Interpersonal feedback was more influential when objective feedback was intermediate than when it was high or low. Path analyses indicated that reflected appraisals entirely mediated influences of interpersonal feedback on self-perceptions and partially mediated influences of objective feedback on self-per…
Accuracy in Interpersonal Expectations: A Reflection‐Construction Analysis of Current and Classic Research
Research and theory on interpersonal expectations have been dominated by a strong social constructivist perspective arguing that expectancies are often inaccurate and a major force in the creation of social reality. The reflection‐construction model is an attempt to examine these strong claims conceptually and empirically. This model assumes that social perception includes both constructivist phenomena and accuracy. When this model is used as a f…
Self-Consistency, Self-Enhancement, and Accuracy in Reactions to Feedback
Prejudice, stereotypes, and labeling effects: Sources of bias in person perception
A preliminary study and 3 experiments compared predictions generated by contrasting models of how group labels bias person perception. An affective model assumed that how much perceivers like different groups mediates bias; a cognition model assumed that perceivers' beliefs regarding different groups mediates bias; and a third model assumed that both affect and cognition are necessary to mediate bias. Perceivers evaluated behavior samples provide…
A Study of Stereotyping: Testing Three Models With a Sample of Blacks
Two experiments tested the premise that the underlying stereotyping processes used by Blacks and Whites are similar Experiment I examined the hypothesis that people have more complex views of members of their own in-group than of an out-group. Results showed that Blacks held more complex views of Blacks than of Whites. Experiment 2 examined the hypotheses underlying complexity-extremity theory, assumed-characteristics theory, and expectancy-viola…
Social Perception, Social Stereotypes, and Teacher Expectations: Accuracy and the Quest for the Powerful Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Self and Identity: Fundamental Issues
Self and identity have been important yet volatile notions in psychology since its formative years as a scientific discipline. Recently, psychologists and other social scientists have begun to develop and refine the conceptual and empirical tools for studying the complex nature of self. This volume presents a critical analysis of fundamental issues in the scientific study of self and identity. These chapters go much farther than merely taking sto…
Self and Identity: Fundamental Issues (Rutgers Series on Self and Social Identity, V. 1)
Conclusion: Fundamental Issues in the Study of Self and Identity-Contrasts, Contexts, and Conflicts
This volume has identified some of the conceptual contrasts and historical and sociocultural contexts with which social scientists are grappling as we begin a second century of exploration of self and identity. The chapters in this book have highlighted two contrasts: self as multiplicity versus unity of identity, and self as personal versus self as social. They have also addressed three contexts: history, culture, and American society at the end…
Self and identity: Fundamental issues
Introduction 1. Toward a Second Century of the Scientific Analysis of Self and Identity Part I. Classic Contrasts Multiplicity of Self Versus Unity of Indentity 2. Multiplicity of Selves 3. The Case for Unity in the (Post) Modern Self: A Modest Proposal Personal Self Versus Social Identity 4. The Personal Self in Social Context: Barriers to Authenticity 5. Me's and We's: Forms and Functions of Social Identities Part II. Critical Contexts 6. The H…
In search of the powerful self-fulfilling prophecy
This research examined moderators of naturally occurring self-fulfilling prophecies. The authors assessed whether positive or negative self-fulfilling prophecies were more powerful and whether some targets were more susceptible to self-fulfilling prophecies because of their self-concepts in a particular achievement domain and previous academic records. Participants were 98 teachers and 1,539 students in sixth-grade public school math classes. Res…
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies, Perceptual Biases, and Accuracy at the Individual and Group Levels
Do self-fulfilling prophecies accumulate, dissipate, or remain stable over time
The authors examined whether self-fulfilling prophecies accumulate, dissipate, or remain stable over time by using data from more than 500 6th- through 12th-grade students in public school math classes. The authors used multiple regression analyses to assess the extent to which teacher perceptions predicted students' final math marks and standardized math-test scores from 6th through 12th grade. Control variables included 5 measures of student mo…
Ethnic and National Stereotypes: The Princeton Trilogy Revisited and Revised
Three studies assessed changes in the content, consensus, and favorableness of 10 ethnic and national stereotypes by replicating and extending the Princeton trilogy. Results indicated that throughout the past 60 years, almost all of the ethnic and national stereotypes that were examined had changed in content, and more than half had changed in consensus. Most changes in consensus reflected increases rather than decreases, suggesting that modern m…
Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction
Teacher Expectations and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: Knowns and Unknowns, Resolved and Unresolved Controversies
This article shows that 35 years of empirical research on teacher expectations justifies the following conclusions: (a) Self-fulfilling prophecies in the classroom do occur, but these effects are typically small, they do not accumulate greatly across perceivers or over time, and they may be more likely to dissipate than accumulate; (b) powerful self-fulfilling prophecies may selectively occur among students from stigmatized social groups; (c) whe…
Psychology (48 works) · Social Psychology (45 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (28 works) · Social Psychology (20 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (19 works) · Perception (18 works) · Sociology (17 works) · Political science (14 works) · Epistemology (13 works) · Social perception (11 works)