Thomas E Malloy
Biographic Data
| ID | 824151 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Thomas E Malloy |
| GIVEN NAMES | Thomas E |
| FAMILY NAME | Malloy |
| SIGNATURE | MALLOY T E |
| AFFILIATIONS | Rhode Island College |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8589-6034 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 33 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 167 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 33 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1980 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Fear of hope: A mindset that thwarts aspirations and a scale to measure it
This paper introduces fear of hope, which is the apprehension aroused by feeling hopeful. It reflects an implicit coupling of hope with disappointment such that rising aspirations induce feelings of threat. By infusing threat into hope, fear of hope might undermine the benefits that hope otherwise provides. This research developed a psychometrically sound fear of hope measure and demonstrated how fear of hope relates to coping. Studies 1–4 produc…
The Social-Relations Model for Asymmetric-Block-Design Data: A Tutorial With R
We provide a guide to estimating social-relations-model (SRM) parameters for data collected with the asymmetric block design using R. SRM estimates reflect how people differ in the social behaviors they emit and elicit from others and the extent to which they behave differently with each unique partner. Such analyses have proven useful in studies of the power of leaders, negotiation effectiveness, and personality perception, to name a few. The SR…
Modeling the Social Mind: Cognitive Representations of Dyadic Relationships
The social mind is a cognitive representation of networks of dyadic relationships, and social cognition must be sufficiently accurate to manage interpersonal and ecological demands. We used an idiographic (within-person) research design and social relations analysis to statistically model cognitive representations of dyadic relationships in 4 studies that included 310 participants (called key persons) who nominated 1,860 family members and 1,860 …
The Ecological Theory of Social Perception Is Dyadic: Conceptual and Empirical Implications
The Ecological Theory of Social Perception (ETSP) is inherently dyadic but has been narrowly construed with insufficient recognition of its full theoretical breadth. In a dyad, person A perceives person B, while person B perceives A; perception is bidirectional, and each person is simultaneously a perceiver and a target. Most tests of ETSP have been unidirectional focusing on the target's effect on the perceiver. Here, we modeled individuals' (ca…
Dyadic Listening in Teams: Social Relations Model
Listening has powerful organizational consequences. However, studies of listening have typically focused on individual level processes. Alternatively, we hypothesized that perceptions of listening quality are inherently dyadic, positively reciprocated in dyads, and are correlated positively with intimacy, speaking ability, and helping‐organizational‐citizenship behavior, at the dyadic level. In two studies, teammates rated each other on listening…
Self‐referenced interpersonal similarity phenomena: Theoretical specification and assessment at the individual, dyadic and group levels
A basic interpersonal task is assessing if another is similar to oneself, and is even observed among prelinguistic infants. In 450 highly acquainted dyads (150 from family, friend, co‐worker groups), participants judged others' similarity to themselves, and predicted others' similarity ratings of them. Assumed reciprocity and reciprocity of similarity judgments were observed; the former was much stronger than the latter. Specific others were judg…
Question asking as a dyadic behavior
Huang, Yeomans, Brooks, Minson, and Gino (2017) studied the role of question asking in conversations. They claimed to have identified "a robust and consistent relationship between question-asking and liking" (p. 1), where liking is affected largely by follow-up questions, rather than by switch questions. They concluded that their "data support a trait-level model of question-asking behavior" (p. 12), and that "question-asking is a critical compon…
Interpersonal attraction in dyads and groups: Effects of the hearts of the beholder and the beheld
Dyadic interpersonal attraction (IA) was studied within groups of very highly acquainted family members, friends and coworkers. IA was determined by the perceiver (i.e., the heart of the beholder), the target (i.e., the heart of the beheld), and in specific dyads, by the unique combination of the two. The consistency of one's attraction to others and others' attraction to the person across groups was addressed using the key person design . Attrac…
Implications for the self determine benevolence and self-protection in intergroup relations
People often favor groups they belong to over those beyond the in-group boundary. Yet, in-group favoritism does not always occur, and people will sometimes favor an out-group over the in-group. We delineate theoretically when in-group favoritism (i.e., self-protection) and out-group favoritism (i.e., benevolence) should occur. In two experiments, groups' relative status and competence stereotypes were manipulated; groups' outcomes were non-contin…
Status-based asymmetry in intergroup responses: Implications for intergroup reconciliation
We studied intergroup responses as a function of relative intergroup status and familiarity. In Study 1, 34 African Americans and 34 European Americans interacted with two members of the out-group in separate, 20-min dyadic interactions. Intergroup perception, affect, and behavior were asymmetric; Blacks differentiated the traits of and the quality of interactions with Whites, whereas Whites did not make these differentiations. Blacks and Whites …
Individual Differences and Cross-Situational Consistency of Dyadic Social Behavior
A new theoretical analysis of individual differences and cross-situational consistency of behavior is proposed. The authors hypothesized that the social behavior of mice (Mus musculus) is determined by individual differences among animals in behavior emitted (i.e., actor effects), in behavior elicited from social partners (partner effects), and by unique responses of one animal to another (relationship effects). Each effect represents a distinct …
Interpersonal behavior, perception, and affect in status-discrepant dyads: Social interaction of gay and heterosexual men
Social stigma theory guided this study of social interaction in status-discrepant dyads. Interpersonal trait judgments were characterized by out-group covariation bias at the individual and dyadic levels. Men used shared stereotypes and idiosyncratic generalizations regarding characteristics of out-group members when judging their traits, and this was most pronounced in heterosexual men’s judgments of gays. Heterosexual men were accurately aware …
Judgments of communicative intent in conversation
Understanding Aids Risk Behavior Among Sexually Active Urban Adolescents: An Empirical Test of the Information–Motivation–Behavioral Skills Model
Self-observation of social behavior and metaperception
In 3 experiments (Ns = 68, 72, and 101) the authors tested the hypothesis that the opportunity to observe oneself in social interaction increases the accuracy of metaperception (prediction of others' social judgments of oneself). Small groups were videotaped during a decision-making task, after which group members judged each other's social anxiety. Participants watched either the videotape of their group's interaction or a videotape of another g…
Effects of communication, information overlap, and behavioral consistency on consensus in social perception
Three experiments (N = 69, 162, and 201, respectively) were conducted to test the mathematically derived predictions of the Weighted Average Model (D. A. Kenny, 1991) of consensus in interpersonal perception. Study 1 estimated the effect of perceiver communication. Study 2 estimated the effects of communication and stimulus overlap, and Study 3 estimated the effects of communication, overlap, and target consistency on consensus. The strongest con…
Interpersonal perception and metaperception in nonoverlapping social groups
Consensus, self-other agreement, and meta-accuracy were studied within and across nonoverlapping social groups. Thirty-one target persons were judged on the Big Five factors by 9 informants: 3 family members, 3 friends, and 3 coworkers. Although well acquainted within groups, informants were unacquainted between groups. A social relations analysis conducted within each social group showed reliable consensus on the Big Five personality factors. A …
Cross-cultural consensus in personality judgments
Building on recent research demonstrating consensus and accuracy in interpersonal perception based on minimal information, the present studies examined American and Chinese participants' within- and cross-cultural judgments. In Study 1, the authors used the zero-acquaintance paradigm in the People's Republic of China and found consensus on all personality dimensions. In Study 2, Chinese and American participants judged each other on the basis of …
Changing Aids risk behavior: Effects of an intervention emphasizing Aids risk reduction information, motivation, and behavioral skills in a college student population.
Agreement and accuracy in children's interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis
Agreement and accuracy in children's interpersonal perceptions during middle childhood were studied in the school environment. Sociocultural and ecological theories led to the prediction that, in middle childhood, peers' interpersonal perceptions would show high levels of agreement with those of teachers and would be accurate. A social relations analysis of data from a 3-year, cross-sequential study revealed that throughout middle childhood, peer…
Children's interpersonal perceptions: A social relations analysis of perceiver and target effects
interpersonal perceptions in an academic context were studied from the sociocultural perspective (L. S. Vygotsky, 1978). The authors predicted that with development, judgments of classmates would show increasing impact of the stimulus target (consensus) and decreasing impact of the perceiver's effect. A social relations analysis estimated perceiver and target effects. A 3-year cross-sequential design permitted study of age differences and longitu…
Empirical tests of an information-motivation-behavioral skills model of Aids-preventive behavior with gay men and heterosexual university students.
Consensus in interpersonal perception: Acquaintance and the big five
Consensus refers to the extent to which judges agree in their ratings of a common target. Consensus has been an important area of research in social and personality psychology. In this article, generalizability theory is used to develop a percentage of total variance measure of consensus. This measure is used to review the level of consensus across 32 studies by considering the role of acquaintance level and trait dimension. The review indicates …
Interpersonal perception in a social context
Interpersonal perception among well-acquainted individuals in a social context was studied. High acquaintance was expected to provide perceivers with a large sample of target behaviors across situations. In turn, memory for acquaintances should be organized by social group and personality characteristics, as predicted by the social context-personality index theory. Differentiation of the target's traits in memory should produce a target effect on…
Consensus in personality judgments at zero acquaintance
This research focused on the target effect on a perceiver's judgments of personality when the perceiver and the target are unacquainted. The perceiver was given no opportunity to interact with the target, a condition we refer to as zero acquaintance. We reasoned that in order to make personality judgments, perceivers would use the information available to them (physical appearance). Consensus in personality judgments would result, then, from shar…
Consensus in personality judgments at zero acquaintance
This research focused on the target effect on a perceiver's judgments of personality when the perceiver and the target are unacquainted. The perceiver was given no opportunity to interact with the target, a condition we refer to as zero acquaintance. We reasoned that in order to make personality judgments, perceivers would use the information available to them (physical appearance). Consensus in personality judgments would result, then, from shar…
Consensus in interpersonal perception: Acquaintance and the big five
Consensus refers to the extent to which judges agree in their ratings of a common target. Consensus has been an important area of research in social and personality psychology. In this article, generalizability theory is used to develop a percentage of total variance measure of consensus. This measure is used to review the level of consensus across 32 studies by considering the role of acquaintance level and trait dimension. The review indicates …
Interpersonal perception and metaperception in nonoverlapping social groups
Consensus, self-other agreement, and meta-accuracy were studied within and across nonoverlapping social groups. Thirty-one target persons were judged on the Big Five factors by 9 informants: 3 family members, 3 friends, and 3 coworkers. Although well acquainted within groups, informants were unacquainted between groups. A social relations analysis conducted within each social group showed reliable consensus on the Big Five personality factors. A …
Cross-cultural consensus in personality judgments
Building on recent research demonstrating consensus and accuracy in interpersonal perception based on minimal information, the present studies examined American and Chinese participants' within- and cross-cultural judgments. In Study 1, the authors used the zero-acquaintance paradigm in the People's Republic of China and found consensus on all personality dimensions. In Study 2, Chinese and American participants judged each other on the basis of …
Ethnic and Acculturation Differences in Self-Disclosure
Self-disclosure patterns of Anglo and Mexican Americans were analyzed according to frequency of reported self-disclosure, preferred topics (whether about taste, attitude, personality, or money) and preferred targets (whether to mother, father, male friend, or female friend). Administrator ethnicity and gender were varied so that the interaction of these examiner variables with S gender and ethnicity could be analyzed. Further, the relationship be…
Interpersonal perception in a social context
Interpersonal perception among well-acquainted individuals in a social context was studied. High acquaintance was expected to provide perceivers with a large sample of target behaviors across situations. In turn, memory for acquaintances should be organized by social group and personality characteristics, as predicted by the social context-personality index theory. Differentiation of the target's traits in memory should produce a target effect on…
Effects of communication, information overlap, and behavioral consistency on consensus in social perception
Three experiments (N = 69, 162, and 201, respectively) were conducted to test the mathematically derived predictions of the Weighted Average Model (D. A. Kenny, 1991) of consensus in interpersonal perception. Study 1 estimated the effect of perceiver communication. Study 2 estimated the effects of communication and stimulus overlap, and Study 3 estimated the effects of communication, overlap, and target consistency on consensus. The strongest con…
Self-observation of social behavior and metaperception
In 3 experiments (Ns = 68, 72, and 101) the authors tested the hypothesis that the opportunity to observe oneself in social interaction increases the accuracy of metaperception (prediction of others' social judgments of oneself). Small groups were videotaped during a decision-making task, after which group members judged each other's social anxiety. Participants watched either the videotape of their group's interaction or a videotape of another g…
Agreement and accuracy in children's interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis
Agreement and accuracy in children's interpersonal perceptions during middle childhood were studied in the school environment. Sociocultural and ecological theories led to the prediction that, in middle childhood, peers' interpersonal perceptions would show high levels of agreement with those of teachers and would be accurate. A social relations analysis of data from a 3-year, cross-sequential study revealed that throughout middle childhood, peer…
Question asking as a dyadic behavior
Huang, Yeomans, Brooks, Minson, and Gino (2017) studied the role of question asking in conversations. They claimed to have identified "a robust and consistent relationship between question-asking and liking" (p. 1), where liking is affected largely by follow-up questions, rather than by switch questions. They concluded that their "data support a trait-level model of question-asking behavior" (p. 12), and that "question-asking is a critical compon…
Interpersonal attraction in dyads and groups: Effects of the hearts of the beholder and the beheld
Dyadic interpersonal attraction (IA) was studied within groups of very highly acquainted family members, friends and coworkers. IA was determined by the perceiver (i.e., the heart of the beholder), the target (i.e., the heart of the beheld), and in specific dyads, by the unique combination of the two. The consistency of one's attraction to others and others' attraction to the person across groups was addressed using the key person design . Attrac…
Interpersonal behavior, perception, and affect in status-discrepant dyads: Social interaction of gay and heterosexual men
Social stigma theory guided this study of social interaction in status-discrepant dyads. Interpersonal trait judgments were characterized by out-group covariation bias at the individual and dyadic levels. Men used shared stereotypes and idiosyncratic generalizations regarding characteristics of out-group members when judging their traits, and this was most pronounced in heterosexual men’s judgments of gays. Heterosexual men were accurately aware …
Judgments of communicative intent in conversation
Status-based asymmetry in intergroup responses: Implications for intergroup reconciliation
We studied intergroup responses as a function of relative intergroup status and familiarity. In Study 1, 34 African Americans and 34 European Americans interacted with two members of the out-group in separate, 20-min dyadic interactions. Intergroup perception, affect, and behavior were asymmetric; Blacks differentiated the traits of and the quality of interactions with Whites, whereas Whites did not make these differentiations. Blacks and Whites …
Effects of reciprocity and self-monitoring on self-disclosure with a new acquaintance
A Computer Program for the Computation of Interpersonal Compatibility
This program calculates the total interpersonal compatibility measure and subcompatibility measures (inclusion, control, affection, reciprocal, originator, and interchange) from the scale scores for two individuals on the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation—Behavior (FIRO-B). Both the computational procedures developed by Schutz (1966) and the modifications of them presented by Malloy and Copeland (1980) for the assessment of interper…
Firo-B Interpersonal Compatibility: A Suggested Modification
The Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation Behavior (FIRO-B) scale is a measure of three discrete interpersonal behav iors: inclusion, control and affection. A mathematical schema has been developed by Schutz (1966) which affords the opportunity to compare the individual FIRO-B results of a dyad and determine their global interpersonal compatibility. Examination of the com ponent algorithms which yield this global compatibility score sug…
Use of the Interpersonal Compatibility Construct in Research on Psychotherapy
This study was undertaken to assess the nature of the distribution of interpersonal compatibility scores for therapists and clients as determined by the FIRO-B. Chi squared suggested that among this sample of 48 therapist-client dyads, the observed distribution of scores conformed to what might be expected from the theoretical normal distribution. It was suggested that standard deviation units be used to define experimental groups reflecting diff…
Interpersonal Correlates of Pessimism
This study examined the relationship between feelings of pessimism and interpersonal behavior in a group of 91 normal, nonclinically depressed individuals. Correlational analysis was employed to assess the magnitude of the relationship between scores on the Hopelessness Scale and the FIRO-B. Significant correlations suggested that increasing pessimism was associated with interpersonal detachment, passivity, and affective insulation. The hypothesi…
Toward a generic conception of alcoholism
The tendency among researchers and clinicians to view alcoholism from a single-substance abuse perspective is questioned, and studies are cited that document multiple-substance abuse patterns among this clinical group. Problems in assessing these patterns are discussed, and recommendations are made to promote greater awareness of multiple-substance abuse among problem drinkers
Ethnic and Acculturation Differences in Self-Disclosure
Self-disclosure patterns of Anglo and Mexican Americans were analyzed according to frequency of reported self-disclosure, preferred topics (whether about taste, attitude, personality, or money) and preferred targets (whether to mother, father, male friend, or female friend). Administrator ethnicity and gender were varied so that the interaction of these examiner variables with S gender and ethnicity could be analyzed. Further, the relationship be…
The Social Relations Model: An integrative method for personality research
As outlined by Snyder and Ickes (1985), the study of personality can be undertaken using one of three research approaches dispositional, situational, and interactive We show how the Social Relations Model provides an integrative method to estimate simultaneously dispositional, situational, and interactive effects Reviewed are component approaches to the study of personality The Social Relations Model is shown to be a component model (a special ca…
Effects of reciprocity and self-monitoring on self-disclosure with a new acquaintance
Consensus in personality judgments at zero acquaintance
This research focused on the target effect on a perceiver's judgments of personality when the perceiver and the target are unacquainted. The perceiver was given no opportunity to interact with the target, a condition we refer to as zero acquaintance. We reasoned that in order to make personality judgments, perceivers would use the information available to them (physical appearance). Consensus in personality judgments would result, then, from shar…
Interpersonal perception in a social context
Interpersonal perception among well-acquainted individuals in a social context was studied. High acquaintance was expected to provide perceivers with a large sample of target behaviors across situations. In turn, memory for acquaintances should be organized by social group and personality characteristics, as predicted by the social context-personality index theory. Differentiation of the target's traits in memory should produce a target effect on…
Empirical tests of an information-motivation-behavioral skills model of Aids-preventive behavior with gay men and heterosexual university students.
Consensus in interpersonal perception: Acquaintance and the big five
Consensus refers to the extent to which judges agree in their ratings of a common target. Consensus has been an important area of research in social and personality psychology. In this article, generalizability theory is used to develop a percentage of total variance measure of consensus. This measure is used to review the level of consensus across 32 studies by considering the role of acquaintance level and trait dimension. The review indicates …
Children's interpersonal perceptions: A social relations analysis of perceiver and target effects
interpersonal perceptions in an academic context were studied from the sociocultural perspective (L. S. Vygotsky, 1978). The authors predicted that with development, judgments of classmates would show increasing impact of the stimulus target (consensus) and decreasing impact of the perceiver's effect. A social relations analysis estimated perceiver and target effects. A 3-year cross-sequential design permitted study of age differences and longitu…
Changing Aids risk behavior: Effects of an intervention emphasizing Aids risk reduction information, motivation, and behavioral skills in a college student population.
Agreement and accuracy in children's interpersonal perception: A social relations analysis
Agreement and accuracy in children's interpersonal perceptions during middle childhood were studied in the school environment. Sociocultural and ecological theories led to the prediction that, in middle childhood, peers' interpersonal perceptions would show high levels of agreement with those of teachers and would be accurate. A social relations analysis of data from a 3-year, cross-sequential study revealed that throughout middle childhood, peer…
Effects of communication, information overlap, and behavioral consistency on consensus in social perception
Three experiments (N = 69, 162, and 201, respectively) were conducted to test the mathematically derived predictions of the Weighted Average Model (D. A. Kenny, 1991) of consensus in interpersonal perception. Study 1 estimated the effect of perceiver communication. Study 2 estimated the effects of communication and stimulus overlap, and Study 3 estimated the effects of communication, overlap, and target consistency on consensus. The strongest con…
Interpersonal perception and metaperception in nonoverlapping social groups
Consensus, self-other agreement, and meta-accuracy were studied within and across nonoverlapping social groups. Thirty-one target persons were judged on the Big Five factors by 9 informants: 3 family members, 3 friends, and 3 coworkers. Although well acquainted within groups, informants were unacquainted between groups. A social relations analysis conducted within each social group showed reliable consensus on the Big Five personality factors. A …
Cross-cultural consensus in personality judgments
Building on recent research demonstrating consensus and accuracy in interpersonal perception based on minimal information, the present studies examined American and Chinese participants' within- and cross-cultural judgments. In Study 1, the authors used the zero-acquaintance paradigm in the People's Republic of China and found consensus on all personality dimensions. In Study 2, Chinese and American participants judged each other on the basis of …
Understanding Aids Risk Behavior Among Sexually Active Urban Adolescents: An Empirical Test of the Information–Motivation–Behavioral Skills Model
Self-observation of social behavior and metaperception
In 3 experiments (Ns = 68, 72, and 101) the authors tested the hypothesis that the opportunity to observe oneself in social interaction increases the accuracy of metaperception (prediction of others' social judgments of oneself). Small groups were videotaped during a decision-making task, after which group members judged each other's social anxiety. Participants watched either the videotape of their group's interaction or a videotape of another g…
Interpersonal behavior, perception, and affect in status-discrepant dyads: Social interaction of gay and heterosexual men
Social stigma theory guided this study of social interaction in status-discrepant dyads. Interpersonal trait judgments were characterized by out-group covariation bias at the individual and dyadic levels. Men used shared stereotypes and idiosyncratic generalizations regarding characteristics of out-group members when judging their traits, and this was most pronounced in heterosexual men’s judgments of gays. Heterosexual men were accurately aware …
Judgments of communicative intent in conversation
Individual Differences and Cross-Situational Consistency of Dyadic Social Behavior
A new theoretical analysis of individual differences and cross-situational consistency of behavior is proposed. The authors hypothesized that the social behavior of mice (Mus musculus) is determined by individual differences among animals in behavior emitted (i.e., actor effects), in behavior elicited from social partners (partner effects), and by unique responses of one animal to another (relationship effects). Each effect represents a distinct …
Status-based asymmetry in intergroup responses: Implications for intergroup reconciliation
We studied intergroup responses as a function of relative intergroup status and familiarity. In Study 1, 34 African Americans and 34 European Americans interacted with two members of the out-group in separate, 20-min dyadic interactions. Intergroup perception, affect, and behavior were asymmetric; Blacks differentiated the traits of and the quality of interactions with Whites, whereas Whites did not make these differentiations. Blacks and Whites …
Implications for the self determine benevolence and self-protection in intergroup relations
People often favor groups they belong to over those beyond the in-group boundary. Yet, in-group favoritism does not always occur, and people will sometimes favor an out-group over the in-group. We delineate theoretically when in-group favoritism (i.e., self-protection) and out-group favoritism (i.e., benevolence) should occur. In two experiments, groups' relative status and competence stereotypes were manipulated; groups' outcomes were non-contin…
Psychology (31 works) · Social Psychology (27 works) · Social Psychology (19 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (15 works) · Interpersonal communication (14 works) · Perception (13 works) · Developmental psychology (11 works) · Interpersonal relationship (10 works) · Social perception (10 works) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (9 works)