D Krackhardt
Biographic Data
| ID | 850 |
|---|---|
| NAME | D Krackhardt |
| GIVEN NAMES | D |
| FAMILY NAME | Krackhardt |
| SIGNATURE | KRACKHARDT D |
| AFFILIATIONS | Carnegie Mellon University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9487-9973 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 30 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 305 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 30 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1977 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Do your friends stress you out? A field study of the spread of stress through a community network
In this study, we seek to understand how stress changes in dynamic social systems. Where prior work on the interpersonal transmission of stress focused on pairs of individuals and small groups, we adopt a network perspective to investigate how the distribution of stress in an individual's social environment influences their stress appraisal process. We conducted a 6-month longitudinal study of 315 early to midcareer adults in professional master'…
Violence in the “balance”: A structural analysis of how rivals, allies, and third-parties shape inter-gang violence
This paper explores the role of local structural conditions that facilitate or hinder violence when enmity is present between parties, by examining shooting-involved violence among street gangs in Long Beach, California. Using structural balance theory, this paper investigates whether certain triadic structures in which two rival gangs i and j are related to a third gang is associated with the levels of violence that i will inflict upon j. Based …
Transitivity correlation: A descriptive measure of network transitivity
This paper proposes that common measures for network transitivity, based on the enumeration of transitive triples, do not reflect the theoretical statements about transitivity they aim to describe. These statements are often formulated as comparative conditional probabilities, but these are not directly reflected by simple functions of enumerations. We think that a better approach is obtained by considering the probability of a tie between two ra…
A second look at Krackhardt's graph theoretical dimensions of informal organizations
Activating Cross-Boundary Knowledge: The Role of Simmelian Ties in the Generation of Innovations
In this article, we study the conditions under which having ties that span organizational boundaries (bridging ties) are conducive to the generation of innovations. Whereas previous research has shown that bridging ties have a positive impact on innovative performance, our analysis of 276 R&D scientists and engineers reveals that there are no advantages associated with bridging per se. In contrast, our findings suggest that the advantages traditi…
Innovation in child welfare: The adoption and implementation of Family Group Decision Making in Pennsylvania
Sensitivity of MRQAP Tests to Collinearity and Autocorrelation Conditions
Multiple regression quadratic assignment procedures (MRQAP) tests are permutation tests for multiple linear regression model coefficients for data organized in square matrices of relatedness among n objects. Such a data structure is typical in social network studies, where variables indicate some type of relation between a given set of actors. We present a new permutation method (called “double semi-partialing”, or DSP) that complements the famil…
On the robustness of centrality measures under conditions of imperfect data
The Strength of Strong Ties: The Importance of Philos in Organizations
In 1973, Mark Granovetter proposed that weak ties are often more important than strong ties in understanding certain network-based phenomena. His argument rests on the assumption that strong ties tend to bond similar people to each other and these similar people tend to cluster together such that they are all mutually connected. The information obtained through such a network tie is more likely to be redundant, and the network is therefore not a …
Networked for change? identifying obstetric opinion leaders and assessing their opinions on caesarean delivery
Structure, culture and Simmelian ties in entrepreneurial firms
Festschrift for Linton C. Freeman: Introduction
Pre‐transitive balance mechanisms for signed networks
The fundamental empirical structural balance hypothesis claims that human signed networks tend towards balance over time. Balance theorists assume that there is a balance theoretic mechanism whose cumulative effect drives the evolution of signed social structures towards balance. In previous work, we used a line index of imbalance to measure the imbalance of a network through time. Consistent with balance theory, we found a steady movement toward…
Whether close or far: Social distance effects on perceived balance in friendship networks
Under what circumstances are individuals' perceptions of friendship relations shaped by the balance schema? Using data from 4 organizations varying in size from 21 to 33 members, the authors investigated how ego's perception of the social distance from ego to alter affected the proportion of alter's friendships perceived by ego as balanced. Balance involves both (a) reciprocated friendships between 2 people, and (b) transitive triplets, in which …
A Test of Communication and Cultural Similarity in Polynesian Prehistory
Simmelian Ties: Super Strong and Sticky
The effect of spatial arrangement on judgments and errors in interpreting graphs
Organizational viscosity and the diffusion of controversial innovations
This paper draws on the biological work of Boorman and Levitt's Genetics of Altruism to develop a model of diffusion in organizations specifically when the innovation being diffused is controversial. By “controversial”, I mean an innovation whose value (and subsequent adoption) is socially determined and not rationally determined ‐ that is, there is no exogenous superior or inferior quality to the innovation that determines its eventual adoption.…
Comment on Burt and Knez's Third-Party Effects on Trust
Cognitive inconsistencies and non-symmetric friendship
A brief history of balance through time
We present methods for establishing the amount of reciprocity, transitivity and group balance (a generalization of structural balance) in sociometric structures. These methods are applied to the second time series of sociometric data provided by the Newcomb (1961) study. The amount of reciprocity was above chance levels at the outset and showed no systematic variation thereafter. Transitivity has a very different time scale. It climbed steadily t…
Bringing the Individual Back In: A Structural Analysis of the Internal Market for Reputation in Organizations.
We challenge the claimed incommensurability of individualism and structuralism by showing how a cognitive theory can guide the use of structural methods. According to balance theory, there is a str...
Intraorganizational Networks: The Micro Side
Graph theoretical dimensions of informal organizations
Friendship Patterns and Culture: The Control of Organizational Diversity
Organizational culture is often described as a management control device, but this view obscures the importance of informal social interactions for the emergence and modification of culture. We elicited seven cultural dimensions used by employees to predict and make sense of the behavior patterns of others in an entrepreneurial firm. Forty-seven key employees rated each other on these dimensions. Consistent with predictions, friends, relative to …
Informal Networks and Organizational Crises: An Experimental Simulation
This paper argues that organizations with a particular social network structure are more effective than most organizations in responding to crises. Further, it is argued that the effective structure does not occur naturally, but must be designed consciously and carefully. A theory is developed based on well-founded principles of social science, most notably work on formal structure, conflict, friendships, and organizational crises. The paper conc…
Friendship Patterns and Culture: The Control of Organizational Diversity
Organizational culture is often described as a management control device, but this view obscures the importance of informal social interactions for the emergence and modification of culture. We elicited seven cultural dimensions used by employees to predict and make sense of the behavior patterns of others in an entrepreneurial firm. Forty-seven key employees rated each other on these dimensions. Consistent with predictions, friends, relative to …
Whether close or far: Social distance effects on perceived balance in friendship networks
Under what circumstances are individuals' perceptions of friendship relations shaped by the balance schema? Using data from 4 organizations varying in size from 21 to 33 members, the authors investigated how ego's perception of the social distance from ego to alter affected the proportion of alter's friendships perceived by ego as balanced. Balance involves both (a) reciprocated friendships between 2 people, and (b) transitive triplets, in which …
Pre‐transitive balance mechanisms for signed networks
The fundamental empirical structural balance hypothesis claims that human signed networks tend towards balance over time. Balance theorists assume that there is a balance theoretic mechanism whose cumulative effect drives the evolution of signed social structures towards balance. In previous work, we used a line index of imbalance to measure the imbalance of a network through time. Consistent with balance theory, we found a steady movement toward…
A brief history of balance through time
We present methods for establishing the amount of reciprocity, transitivity and group balance (a generalization of structural balance) in sociometric structures. These methods are applied to the second time series of sociometric data provided by the Newcomb (1961) study. The amount of reciprocity was above chance levels at the outset and showed no systematic variation thereafter. Transitivity has a very different time scale. It climbed steadily t…
Organizational viscosity and the diffusion of controversial innovations
This paper draws on the biological work of Boorman and Levitt's Genetics of Altruism to develop a model of diffusion in organizations specifically when the innovation being diffused is controversial. By “controversial”, I mean an innovation whose value (and subsequent adoption) is socially determined and not rationally determined ‐ that is, there is no exogenous superior or inferior quality to the innovation that determines its eventual adoption.…
Innovation in child welfare: The adoption and implementation of Family Group Decision Making in Pennsylvania
Networked for change? identifying obstetric opinion leaders and assessing their opinions on caesarean delivery
Structural Change and the Disadvantaged: An Empirical Test of Culture of Poverty/Situational Theories of Hard-Core Work Behavior
Violence in the “balance”: A structural analysis of how rivals, allies, and third-parties shape inter-gang violence
This paper explores the role of local structural conditions that facilitate or hinder violence when enmity is present between parties, by examining shooting-involved violence among street gangs in Long Beach, California. Using structural balance theory, this paper investigates whether certain triadic structures in which two rival gangs i and j are related to a third gang is associated with the levels of violence that i will inflict upon j. Based …
Transitivity correlation: A descriptive measure of network transitivity
This paper proposes that common measures for network transitivity, based on the enumeration of transitive triples, do not reflect the theoretical statements about transitivity they aim to describe. These statements are often formulated as comparative conditional probabilities, but these are not directly reflected by simple functions of enumerations. We think that a better approach is obtained by considering the probability of a tie between two ra…
Festschrift for Linton C. Freeman: Introduction
Structural Change and the Disadvantaged: An Empirical Test of Culture of Poverty/Situational Theories of Hard-Core Work Behavior
The snowball effect: Turnover embedded in communication networks.
Cognitive social structures
Predicting with networks: Nonparametric multiple regression analysis of dyadic data
Informal Networks and Organizational Crises: An Experimental Simulation
This paper argues that organizations with a particular social network structure are more effective than most organizations in responding to crises. Further, it is argued that the effective structure does not occur naturally, but must be designed consciously and carefully. A theory is developed based on well-founded principles of social science, most notably work on formal structure, conflict, friendships, and organizational crises. The paper conc…
Friendship Patterns and Culture: The Control of Organizational Diversity
Organizational culture is often described as a management control device, but this view obscures the importance of informal social interactions for the emergence and modification of culture. We elicited seven cultural dimensions used by employees to predict and make sense of the behavior patterns of others in an entrepreneurial firm. Forty-seven key employees rated each other on these dimensions. Consistent with predictions, friends, relative to …
Bringing the Individual Back In: A Structural Analysis of the Internal Market for Reputation in Organizations.
We challenge the claimed incommensurability of individualism and structuralism by showing how a cognitive theory can guide the use of structural methods. According to balance theory, there is a str...
Intraorganizational Networks: The Micro Side
Graph theoretical dimensions of informal organizations
Comment on Burt and Knez's Third-Party Effects on Trust
Cognitive inconsistencies and non-symmetric friendship
A brief history of balance through time
We present methods for establishing the amount of reciprocity, transitivity and group balance (a generalization of structural balance) in sociometric structures. These methods are applied to the second time series of sociometric data provided by the Newcomb (1961) study. The amount of reciprocity was above chance levels at the outset and showed no systematic variation thereafter. Transitivity has a very different time scale. It climbed steadily t…
The effect of spatial arrangement on judgments and errors in interpreting graphs
Organizational viscosity and the diffusion of controversial innovations
This paper draws on the biological work of Boorman and Levitt's Genetics of Altruism to develop a model of diffusion in organizations specifically when the innovation being diffused is controversial. By “controversial”, I mean an innovation whose value (and subsequent adoption) is socially determined and not rationally determined ‐ that is, there is no exogenous superior or inferior quality to the innovation that determines its eventual adoption.…
A Test of Communication and Cultural Similarity in Polynesian Prehistory
Simmelian Ties: Super Strong and Sticky
Whether close or far: Social distance effects on perceived balance in friendship networks
Under what circumstances are individuals' perceptions of friendship relations shaped by the balance schema? Using data from 4 organizations varying in size from 21 to 33 members, the authors investigated how ego's perception of the social distance from ego to alter affected the proportion of alter's friendships perceived by ego as balanced. Balance involves both (a) reciprocated friendships between 2 people, and (b) transitive triplets, in which …
Pre‐transitive balance mechanisms for signed networks
The fundamental empirical structural balance hypothesis claims that human signed networks tend towards balance over time. Balance theorists assume that there is a balance theoretic mechanism whose cumulative effect drives the evolution of signed social structures towards balance. In previous work, we used a line index of imbalance to measure the imbalance of a network through time. Consistent with balance theory, we found a steady movement toward…
Structure, culture and Simmelian ties in entrepreneurial firms
Festschrift for Linton C. Freeman: Introduction
The Strength of Strong Ties: The Importance of Philos in Organizations
In 1973, Mark Granovetter proposed that weak ties are often more important than strong ties in understanding certain network-based phenomena. His argument rests on the assumption that strong ties tend to bond similar people to each other and these similar people tend to cluster together such that they are all mutually connected. The information obtained through such a network tie is more likely to be redundant, and the network is therefore not a …
Networked for change? identifying obstetric opinion leaders and assessing their opinions on caesarean delivery
On the robustness of centrality measures under conditions of imperfect data
Sensitivity of MRQAP Tests to Collinearity and Autocorrelation Conditions
Multiple regression quadratic assignment procedures (MRQAP) tests are permutation tests for multiple linear regression model coefficients for data organized in square matrices of relatedness among n objects. Such a data structure is typical in social network studies, where variables indicate some type of relation between a given set of actors. We present a new permutation method (called “double semi-partialing”, or DSP) that complements the famil…
Activating Cross-Boundary Knowledge: The Role of Simmelian Ties in the Generation of Innovations
In this article, we study the conditions under which having ties that span organizational boundaries (bridging ties) are conducive to the generation of innovations. Whereas previous research has shown that bridging ties have a positive impact on innovative performance, our analysis of 276 R&D scientists and engineers reveals that there are no advantages associated with bridging per se. In contrast, our findings suggest that the advantages traditi…
Psychology (20 works) · Computer Science (15 works) · Social Psychology (14 works) · Sociology (10 works) · Complex Network Analysis Techniques (9 works) · Mathematics (9 works) · Political science (9 works) · Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence (8 works) · Business (7 works) · Economics (7 works)