Robert D Enright
Biographic Data
| ID | 86019 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert D Enright |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert D |
| FAMILY NAME | Enright |
| SIGNATURE | ENRIGHT R D |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Wisconsin–Madison |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6996-683X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 64 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 75 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 64 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1976 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Educating for forgiveness and agape love across three nations: A phenomenological study of fifth graders’ experiences
This study examined the experiences of 57 fifth graders (54% Male; M = 11.10 years, SD = 0.45) from three nations, including Israel (33%), Northern Ireland (25%), and Taiwan (42%), following a 12-week in-school forgiveness and agape love education program. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with students who had attained the highest positive change scores in either forgiveness or agape love. A descriptive phenomenological approach with the…
Validating enright forgiveness motivation inventory (Efmi)
Forgiveness is a moral virtue practiced in the context of another’s wrongdoing. As a moral virtue, it develops and flows out for the good of the offender. The literature suggests that there are varying motivations that prompt individuals to consider forgiveness. Nevertheless, while there are several measures of forgiveness that target the outcomes of forgiveness, few measures assess the specific motivations for people to offer forgiveness. The pu…
From Poison to Medicine: Self-Forgiveness as Liberation in Jewish Faith-Based Therapeutic Communities for Addiction Recovery in Israel
Effectiveness of forgiveness education with adolescents in Iran: Increasing the positive psychology of empathy, altruism, and willingness to forgive
The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of forgiveness education on positive psychology variables (empathy, altruism and willingness to forgive) in Iranian adolescents. Two hundred twenty-four (Persian, Azeri, and Kurdish) male and female students in eighth grade participated. Schools were randomly assigned to experimental (N=123) and control (N=101) groups. Measures include the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire, Altruistic Persona…
Forgiveness Education from an Aristotelian Realist Perspective: Can We Determine a Good Forgiveness Education Program
If there is no Essence of forgiveness that cuts across many religious and philosophical traditions, forgiveness psychology becomes a cultural product with no implications beyond our confined time and space. In this article, we discuss forgiveness as a moral virtue from an Aristotelian realist perspective. We first attempt to define the Essence of forgiveness that centers on beneficence that develops within and flows to others for their good. We a…
Incorporating the Developmental Considerations in a Proposed Forgiveness Education Intervention for Suicidal Adolescents
This paper first explores the risk factors associated with adolescents’ suicidal thoughts, attempts, and behaviors within different developmental domains and in the environment, using the developmental systems theory (DST). The most frequently identified risk factor for suicide, psychological pain, is examined in terms of its nature, expression, and possible cause. This paper criticizes the current empirical research of suicidal adolescents’ inte…
Forgiveness Education in Conflicted Societies: The Lived Experiences of Arab and Jewish Fifth-Grade Children in Israel
This research examines the subjective experiences of 10–11-year-old students participating in a social-emotional Education Program on Forgiveness and Agape Love (EPFAL) in Israel. The EPFAL is designed to help students acquire a social-emotional tool to help them deal with the wrongs, vulnerabilities, and injustices they will likely experience later in life. The EPFAL took place as part of a larger international research project evaluating the pr…
Parenting profiles and adult children’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms: The protective role of forgiveness
Social class and prosocial behavior in early adolescence: The moderating roles of family and school factors
The association between prosocial behavior and adolescents’ social class—defined as one’s parents’ position in society assessed in terms of education, income, and occupation status—is far from conclusive and the moderators of the link have not been fully researched. Using data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (NICHD SECCYD) (N = 1,058), this study investigated the as…
The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Forgiveness
The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Forgiveness brings into conversation research from multiple disciplines, offering readers a comprehensive guide to current forgiveness research. Its 42 chapters, newly commissioned from an internationally acclaimed group of scholars, are divided into five parts: Religious Traditions; Historic Treatments; The Nature of Forgiveness; Normative Issues; Empirical Findings. While the principal …
Validating the Enright Self-Forgiveness Inventory (Esfi)
A longitudinal analysis of social class and adolescent prosocial behaviour: A latent growth model approach ( Un análisis longitudinal de clase social y conducta prosocial adolescente: un enfoque de mo…
The current research used longitudinal data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development ( N = 1,091) to examine the link between social class and prosocial behaviour from third grade to sixth grade. Latent growth modelling found that adolescents from families with increased income-to-needs ratio tended to experience an increase in prosocial behaviour from third grade to sixth g…
Neglected side of romantic relationships among college students: Breakup initiators are at risk for depression
Integrating mindfulness and connection practices into preservice teacher education results in durable automatic race bias reductions
A meta-analysis of forgiveness education interventions’ effects on forgiveness and anger in children and adolescents
Forgiveness education interventions instruct children and adolescents in understanding forgiveness and its role in healthy relationships. In this meta-analytic review, 20 studies involving 1472 youth (51% female; Mage = 11.66) from 10 countries (studies: 40% North American, 25% East Asian, 20% Middle Eastern, 15% European) were retrieved to determine forgiveness education interventions’ effects on youth outcomes. Hedges’ g and confidence interval…
Compassionate love and dispositional forgiveness: Does compassionate love predict dispositional forgiveness
Despite the conceptual link between love and forgiveness, empirical evidence for the relationship between the two is scarce. Also, controversy exists surrounding the use of a self-evaluated forgiveness tendency as a measure of dispositional forgiveness. One hundred adults filled out an online survey to provide the data for this study. Compassionate love, commitment to forgiveness, and valuing forgiveness were moderately associated with dispositio…
The Development of Forgiveness and Other-Focused Love
This article explores the development of forgiveness and other-focused love and examines the role of spirituality in the relationship between forgiveness and love: (a) Do forgiveness and love develop together? (b) Does love or forgiveness predict the other at a later time? (c) Does one’s spirituality moderate the relationship between forgiveness and love? A total of 47 participants from a large Christian university in Central Virginia filled out …
Motivations for Forgiving an Offender with Practical Implications for Those in the Helping Professions: A Qualitative Study
Effectiveness of forgiveness education with adolescents in reducing anger and ethnic prejudice in Iran
This research investigated the effectiveness of a forgiveness education program on reducing anger and ethnic prejudice and improving forgiveness in Iranian adolescents. There were 224 (Persian, Azeri, and Kurdish) male and female students in 8th grade who were selected from 3 provinces: Tehran, Eastern Azerbaijan, and Kurdestan. Schools were randomly assigned to 2 groups of experimental (N = 123) and control (N = 101) students. Measures included …
Differing views on forgiveness: How do graduate-level theology students in South Korea perceive divine and human forgiveness
How do graduate-level theology students in Korea perceive human and divine forgiveness? Are there certain aspects of forgiveness that they see as more different than other aspects because of their theological and cultural assumptions of human and divine forgiveness? Theology students from two Protestant divinity programs in South Korea showed higher endorsements for abandoning a desire for revenge, developing goodwill toward the offender, and res…
Pre‐parenthood Sense of Self and the Adjustment to the Transition to Parenthood
Objective The present study examined the moderation role of pre‐parenthood self‐esteem and sense of mastery in psychological well‐being across the transition to parenthood. Background Past research has identified negative changes in new parents' psychological well‐being. Less studied are the protective factors that can alleviate this transition impact. Informed by theories of psychological well‐being, the protective role of pre‐parenthood positiv…
The Effectiveness of a Forgiveness Intervention on Mental Health in Bereaved Parents—A Pilot Study
The aim of this pilot study was to test the effectiveness of an educational forgiveness intervention on mental health in grieving parents. 21 grieving parents were randomly assigned to the experimental group (in which the educational forgiveness intervention occurred) and to the control group (in which a psycho-education grief intervention with a humanistic approach took place). Participants in both groups completed 12 individual hourly sessions …
Measuring Intergroup Forgiveness: The Enright Group Forgiveness Inventory
Until recently, researchers operationalized and measured the psychological construct of forgiveness at the individual, rather than the group, level. Social psychologists started applying forgiveness to groups and examining the role intergroup forgiveness may have in conflict resolution and peace efforts. Initial attempts to define and measure forgiveness at the group level either assumed individual and group capacities were the same, or insuffici…
An addition to peace education: Toward the process of a just and merciful community in schools
A philosophical and psychological examination of “justice first”: Toward the need for both justice and forgiveness when conflict arises
Belongingness as a Protective Factor Against Loneliness and Potential Depression in a Multicultural Middle School
This study examines belongingness as a strengths-based protective factor. Belongingness is investigated in relationship to the threat of low peer acceptance for loneliness and of high loneliness for depression in adolescents. Data were collected from peers for adolescents’ peer acceptance and from adolescents themselves for other variables. Ratings of peers and self-reported survey data were analyzed together from data collected from 294 eighth-g…
Adolescent egocentrism-sociocentrism and self-consciousness
Promoting Identity Development in Adolescents
A model of identity formation based on the cognitive developmental stages of social-perspective taking is described. The model assumes that identity can be achieved through cognitive strategies of considering the self in relation to one friend, one's family, the peer group, and society. A study with high school students was undertaken to test the model. The program included 43 high school seniors and lasted for two weeks. The experimental student…
Parental influences on the development of adolescent autonomy and identity
Bringing Peace to the Central City: Forgiveness Education in Milwaukee
The last 2 decades have seen a flowering of scholarly and applied work in the area of forgiveness, a skill important to the development of peaceful people and communities. We describe a forgiveness intervention designed to help children in a central-city environment. Such environments put children at risk for various psychological and social problems, including antisocial behavior, in large part because of the many forms of injustice experienced …
Children's distributive justice reasoning: A standardized and objective scale
Toward a Theoretical Perspective on the Legislation of Adolescence
A theoretical perspective on the historical origins of adolescence in the United States is outlined. Based on a materialist theory of social change, it is argued that adolescence is best understood as the state-appropriation of youth leisure, that the imposition of this status was effected through the enactment of compulsory education legislation, and that the reason for enacting this legislation was to increase the average propensity to consume …
Examining group forgiveness: Conceptual and empirical issues
What is group forgiveness and can it be measured in an unambiguous way? Recently, scientists have begun to consider the role group forgiveness may play in reducing conflict and enhancing prospects for peace among groups. The forgiveness construct has been, until very recently, primarily operationalized as an individual phenomenon. Increasingly, it is being mapped onto groups. These initial attempts either conflate individual and group capacities …
Further Validation of the Dutch Version of the Enright Forgiveness Inventory
Do economic conditions influence how theorists view adolescents
An addition to peace education: Toward the process of a just and merciful community in schools
Longitudinal and cross-cultural validation of the belief-discrepancy reasoning construct
Distributive justice development and social class: A replication
Fifty-six children from kindergarten and third grade were given the Distributive Justice Scale, vocabulary, and sociometric peer ratings. Results showed that regardless of grade the lower-class children lagged behind the middle-class children in distributive justice development even when verbal ability was controlled. The finding replicated a previous study drawn from the same population. Both studies showed statistically equivalent scores. The p…
Distributive justice development and social class
A Social-Cognitive Developmental Intervention With Sixth and First Graders
AUTHOR Enright, Robert D.; And Others TITLE A Social-Cognitive Developmental Intervention with Sixth and First Graders. INSTITUTION Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis. SPONS AGENCY Linnesota State Dept.Aof Education, St. Paul. PUB DATE Sep 75 NOTE 16p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association (83rd, Chicago, Illinois, August 30-September 3, 1975); Light print areas throughout document
The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Forgiveness
The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Forgiveness brings into conversation research from multiple disciplines, offering readers a comprehensive guide to current forgiveness research. Its 42 chapters, newly commissioned from an internationally acclaimed group of scholars, are divided into five parts: Religious Traditions; Historic Treatments; The Nature of Forgiveness; Normative Issues; Empirical Findings. While the principal …
Measuring Intergroup Forgiveness: The Enright Group Forgiveness Inventory
Until recently, researchers operationalized and measured the psychological construct of forgiveness at the individual, rather than the group, level. Social psychologists started applying forgiveness to groups and examining the role intergroup forgiveness may have in conflict resolution and peace efforts. Initial attempts to define and measure forgiveness at the group level either assumed individual and group capacities were the same, or insuffici…
Forgiveness Postvention with a Survivor of Suicide Following a Loved One Suicide: A Case Study
This study aimed to examine the process of the changes that one survivor of suicide following a loved one’s suicide experienced during the postvention. We first describe our rationale for using a forgiveness postvention, as well as the details of the postvention; then, we describe findings from a case study focusing on the key postvention moments identified through the single case postvention. Implications, limitations, and future directions are …
A Forgiveness Intervention for Taiwanese Young Adults with Insecure Attachment
Moral development interventions in early adolescence
1983). Moral development interventions in early adolescence. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 22, Early Adolescence: A New Look, pp. 134-144
Social Cognition in Children: A Model for Intervention
A Social-Cognitive Developmental Intervention With Sixth and First Graders
AUTHOR Enright, Robert D.; And Others TITLE A Social-Cognitive Developmental Intervention with Sixth and First Graders. INSTITUTION Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis. SPONS AGENCY Linnesota State Dept.Aof Education, St. Paul. PUB DATE Sep 75 NOTE 16p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association (83rd, Chicago, Illinois, August 30-September 3, 1975); Light print areas throughout document
Parental influences on the development of adolescent autonomy and identity
Adolescent egocentrism-sociocentrism and self-consciousness
Distributive justice development and social class
Children's distributive justice reasoning: A standardized and objective scale
An Integration of Social Cognitive Development and Cognitive Processing: Educational Applications
A social cognitive developmental model is described, integrating a Piagetian developmental model and Flavell’s processing model, to describe three aspects of development: a stage sequence, utilization processes, and acquisition processes. The utility of the model was tested in two studies. Each involved a naturalistic education program, one at the sixth-grade and one at the first-grade levels. The results demonstrate that it is possible to increa…
Distributive justice development and social class: A replication
Fifty-six children from kindergarten and third grade were given the Distributive Justice Scale, vocabulary, and sociometric peer ratings. Results showed that regardless of grade the lower-class children lagged behind the middle-class children in distributive justice development even when verbal ability was controlled. The finding replicated a previous study drawn from the same population. Both studies showed statistically equivalent scores. The p…
Promoting Identity Development in Adolescents
A model of identity formation based on the cognitive developmental stages of social-perspective taking is described. The model assumes that identity can be achieved through cognitive strategies of considering the self in relation to one friend, one's family, the peer group, and society. A study with high school students was undertaken to test the model. The program included 43 high school seniors and lasted for two weeks. The experimental student…
Coordination of Perspectives: The Importance of Stimulus Dimensionality
An evaluation of the importance of the dimensionality of the spatial stimuli in a coordination of perspectives task is presented. It was hypothesized that using three-dimensional comparison stimuli and two-dimensional choice stimuli might result in the tapping of different cognitive skills than when both sets of stimuli are two-dimensional. Children (N = 96) aged between 5 and 12 years as well as college students (n = 24) were tested with either …
Moral development interventions in early adolescence
1983). Moral development interventions in early adolescence. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 22, Early Adolescence: A New Look, pp. 134-144
Longitudinal and cross-cultural validation of the belief-discrepancy reasoning construct
Toward a Theoretical Perspective on the Legislation of Adolescence
A theoretical perspective on the historical origins of adolescence in the United States is outlined. Based on a materialist theory of social change, it is argued that adolescence is best understood as the state-appropriation of youth leisure, that the imposition of this status was effected through the enactment of compulsory education legislation, and that the reason for enacting this legislation was to increase the average propensity to consume …
Early Adolescent Labor in Colonial Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay
Do economic conditions influence how theorists view adolescents
Adolescents' Stress in India: Age and Sex Differences
The present study assessed stress in 115 14and 16-yr.-old boys and 102 girls of middle-class Indian families and in Grades 9 and 11. Depression, physical symptoms, self-esteem, substance use, and perceived role discrepancy indicated stress. As adopted for this Indian sample, the Beck Depression Inventory ( I ) , Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale ( 4 ) , and Greenberger's Physical Symproms Scale ( 2 ) , were given. Substance Use and Perceived Role-discr…
Exploring three approaches to identity development
The adolescent as forgiver
A social cognitive developmental model of forgiveness is described and tested in two studies, the second being a replication of the first. In study 1, 59 subjects in grades 4, 7, 10, college and in adulthood were given a forgiveness interview that assessed six stages of forgiveness development, Rest's DIT measure of justice development, and a religiosity scale. As predicted, there were strong age trends for forgiveness and justice. Both forgivene…
Forgiveness: A developmental view
The concept of interpersonal forgiveness is described first through an examination of ancient writings and contemporary philosophical and psychological discourse. Two psychological models are then described. The first concerns developmental patterns in how people think about forgiving another. The second describes how people may go about forgiving another. Implications for counseling and education are drawn.
Forgiveness as a psychotherapeutic goal with elderly females.
A psychotherapeutic intervention with forgiveness as the goal was implemented with 24 elderly females. The client's goal was to forgive one person who had inflicted considerable psychological hurt, as judged by the client. The subjects were randomly assigned to a forgiveness condition and a control group. The forgiveness group followed a treatment model based on Enright et al. (1991). Dependent variables included two forgiveness scales, a self-es…
Measuring interpersonal forgiveness in late adolescence and middle adulthood
Forgiveness as an intervention goal with incest survivors.
An intervention, with forgiveness toward their abuser as the goal, was implemented with 12 female incest survivors. The women, from a midwestern city, were 24 to 54 years old, and all were Caucasian. A yoked, randomized experimental and control group design was used. The participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (receiving the forgiveness intervention immediately) or a waiting-list control group (receiving the intervention when…
Counseling Within the Forgiveness Triad: On Forgiving, Receiving Forgiveness, and Self‐Forgiveness
The concept of the forgiveness triad—forgiving others, receiving forgiveness from others, and self‐forgiveness—is introduced and discussed. Each aspect is defined, presented as philosophically rational and therefore appropriate within counseling, and described within a psychological framework of how people go about that aspect of forgiveness. The interactions of the triad are described, showing how the counseling process that employs forgiveness …
Forgiveness intervention with postabortion men.
Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope.
"Synthesizing over 20 years of research in forgiveness, pioneers Robert D. Enright and Richard P. Fitzgibbons explain the process of forgiveness in psychotherapy in a way that can be applied by clinicians regardless of their theoretical orientation. The clear, detailed descriptions of the national and international empirical studies of forgiveness and of validated forgiveness measures are excellent resources for those wishing to pursue research i…
Psychology (58 works) · Social Psychology (48 works) · Forgiveness and Related Behaviors (39 works) · Forgiveness (38 works) · Developmental psychology (29 works) · Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health (26 works) · Clinical Psychology (21 works) · Social Psychology (18 works) · Psychiatry (15 works) · Psychotherapist (15 works)