Robert B Schafer
Biographic Data
| ID | 86161 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert B Schafer |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert B |
| FAMILY NAME | Schafer |
| SIGNATURE | SCHAFER R B |
| AFFILIATIONS | Iowa State University |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 26 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 86 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 26 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1974 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1999 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Marital food interaction and dietary behavior
Marital Types and Quality of Life: A Reexamination of a Typology
This research examined three marital types proposed by Scanzoni. Data from 112 couples were analyzed to develop profiles of equal-partner, junior-partner, and head-complement marriages using demographic characteristics, equity in earning and housekeeping. Those in equal and junior-partner marriages were most advantaged. Equal financial responsibility was less important in sustaining well-being for women than work itself. When husbands held more c…
Stress in Marital Interaction and Change in Depression: A Longitudinal Analysis
The research undertakes a longitudinal analysis of a model of the effects of stress in marital interaction on change in depressive symptoms as mediated by unfavorable reflected appraisals, low competency, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. The participants were 98 randomly selected married couples interviewed at two separate points in time. The data supported the proposed model. Stressors in marital interaction are associated with unfavorable reflec…
Self-Concept Disconfirmation, Psychological Distress, and Marital Happiness
Using self-verification and self-discrepancy theories, this research tests a model of subjective and objective self-disconfirmation, self-efficacy, depression, and marital happiness. his research expands the issue of self-validation by evaluating the role of self-efficacy in the relationship between self-disconfirmation and depression, and the effect of self-concept disconfirmation on marital relationships. Data were analyzed from interviews with…
Wives' Relationships With Food and Patterns of Family Distress
Using a framework of efficacy and commitment, this research investigated whether food-related activities and attitudes were significant enough in the lives of women to differentiate among four patterns of family distress (distressed, undistressed, wife-distressed, and husband-distressed families). Data from personal interviews with 155 women indicated efficacy in food preparation, time spent at work, and control over personal eating differentiate…
They Hate to Cook: Patterns of Distress in an Ordinary Role
Although the study of food preparation may be viewed as trivial by social scientists, it claims the largest proportion of time allocated by women to work in the family. Data were analyzed from personal interviews with 155 women to test hypotheses about distress in food preparation. Efficacy, commitment, quality of husbands' assistance, and age were most important in determining distress. Implications for practice are suggested
Latvia in transition: A study of change in a former republic of the USSR
Relationships and Well-Being over the Life Stages
Relationships and Well-Being Over the Life Stages Methodology Work and Well-Being in One-and Two-Job Families Equity in the Marriage Relationship Gender Roles in the Family: Is the Older Family Different? Typologies of Marriages: Differences Across the Life Stages The Self-Concept in an Intimate Relationship Gender-Role Attitudes, Characteristics of Employment, and Well-Being of Single and Married Employed Mothers Food Behavior and Diet Over the …
Relationships and Well-Being over the Life Stages
Equity/Inequity, and Self-Esteem: A Reassessment
Psychological distress in an inequitable relationship may be due in part to a lowered sense of self-worth as well as to the inequity itself. A causal model was tested, using 986 undergraduate students, in which self-esteem was found to mediate the effect of inequity on distress. The implication of this finding is a redefinition of equity-restoring behavior as self-enhancing behavior
Relative Deprivation, Equity/Inequity, and Psychological Well-Being: Men and Women in One- and Two-Job Families
The research reported here compared the extent to which relative deprivation, based on general social comparisons and perceptions of equity/inequity derived from specific comparisons in an intimate relationship, influenced the psychological well-being of men and women in one- and two-job families. Data were analyzed from interviews with 130 couples in one-job families and 135 families in two-job families. Beyond the discomfort and unfair treatmen…
Housework, Disagreement, and Depression Among Younger and Older Couples
A causal model approach to the symbolic interactionist view of the self-concept
Equity/Inequity and the Self-Concept: An Interactionist Analysis
Role behavior and psychological well-being: A comparison of men in one-job and two-job families
Some research has suggested that women's employment may have negative psychological consequences for their husbands. A comparison of 130 men in one-job families and 135 men in families with two wage-earners revealed no differences in self-esteem, depression, and work-family strain. However, men in two-job families reported more role conflict and evaluated their wives' role performance as poorer
A Causal Analysis of the Relationship between the Self-Concept and Marital Quality
The objective of this study is to re-examine the relationship between the self-concept and marital quality. Through application of the interactionist model of the reflected self and a causal model based on path analysis and multiple regression, the direct and indirect effects of the self-concept, perception of spouse's evaluation, and spouse's actual evaluation on indicators of marital quality is examined. Three measures of marital quality and me…
Marital Interaction Problems and Depression
This study examines the relationship between marital role problems and depression at four stages in the family life cycle. A randomly selected sample of 336 couples (672 respondents) was interviewed and asked questions concerning role conflict, role performance and depression. It was found that there were significant relationships between role conflict, dissatisfaction with self and spouse's role performance and depression. The relationships were…
Employment Characteristics of Both Spouses and Depression in Two-Job Families
Objective and subjective characteristics of employment of both spouses were examined in relation to depression in two-job families. Data were analyzed from personal interviews with 135 husbands and 135 wives in two-job families. Objective characteristics included work time, income, and occupational level. Subjective characteristics were job satisfaction, work orientation, and comparative evaluations of financial, work, and family situations. Ther…
Self-Concept and Perceived Power Utilization: The Case of Husbands and Wives
Additional informationNotes on contributorsRita BraitoMs. Braito is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Denver. Mr. Schafer is Associate Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at Iowa State University
Equity in Marital Roles across the Family Life Cycle
The objective of this study is to examine married couples' perceptions of equity/ inequity in the performance of selected marital roles at four stages of the family life cycle. A randomly selected sample of 336 couples was interviewed and asked their perception of thefairness of their own and of their spouses' efforts in the family roles of cooking, housekeeping, provider, companion, and parent. Perceived equity in family roles tended to increase…
Depression in One- and Two-Job Families
Sex differences in depression in one- and two-job families were examined among 261 men and 363 women. Women were more depressed than men, but there was no difference in the depression of men in one- and two-job families. Full-time homemakers and employed women did not differ in levels of depression
Equity and Depression Among Married Couples
This study examines the relationship between equitylinequity and depression among married partners. The respondents are 333 married couples (666 respondents) from a midwestern state who were selected in a random sample based on population concentration. Equitylinequity is examined as it occurred in the performance of five family roles-cooking, housekeeping, provider, companion, and parent. It is predicted that (1) marriage partners who feel inequ…
Equity in a Relationship Between Individuals and a Fraternal Organization
Self-Concept and Role Performance Evaluation among Marriage Partners
Through application of the principles of the reflective self this study explored the relationship between marriage partners' selftconcept and their evaluation of their own and their spouses' marital role performance. One-hundred sixteen married couples were interviewed. Measures of the reflective self were: marriage partners' self-concept, their perceived response of spouses, and spouses' actual response. Role per.formance measures included marri…
Exchange of Conjugal Power in the Control of Family Food Consumption
The objective of this investigation was to examine the process involved in decision making in regard to family food behavior. One hundred and sixteen young married couples were asked to respond to a questionnaire designed to elicit the different types of power used by husbands and wives with regard to family food preferences. The study centered around two dimensions: (1) the type of power used by husbands to control or influence food preferences …
Marital food interaction and dietary behavior
Equity and Depression Among Married Couples
This study examines the relationship between equitylinequity and depression among married partners. The respondents are 333 married couples (666 respondents) from a midwestern state who were selected in a random sample based on population concentration. Equitylinequity is examined as it occurred in the performance of five family roles-cooking, housekeeping, provider, companion, and parent. It is predicted that (1) marriage partners who feel inequ…
Equity in Marital Roles across the Family Life Cycle
The objective of this study is to examine married couples' perceptions of equity/ inequity in the performance of selected marital roles at four stages of the family life cycle. A randomly selected sample of 336 couples was interviewed and asked their perception of thefairness of their own and of their spouses' efforts in the family roles of cooking, housekeeping, provider, companion, and parent. Perceived equity in family roles tended to increase…
Self-Concept Disconfirmation, Psychological Distress, and Marital Happiness
Using self-verification and self-discrepancy theories, this research tests a model of subjective and objective self-disconfirmation, self-efficacy, depression, and marital happiness. his research expands the issue of self-validation by evaluating the role of self-efficacy in the relationship between self-disconfirmation and depression, and the effect of self-concept disconfirmation on marital relationships. Data were analyzed from interviews with…
A causal model approach to the symbolic interactionist view of the self-concept
Stress in Marital Interaction and Change in Depression: A Longitudinal Analysis
The research undertakes a longitudinal analysis of a model of the effects of stress in marital interaction on change in depressive symptoms as mediated by unfavorable reflected appraisals, low competency, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. The participants were 98 randomly selected married couples interviewed at two separate points in time. The data supported the proposed model. Stressors in marital interaction are associated with unfavorable reflec…
Housework, Disagreement, and Depression Among Younger and Older Couples
Equity/Inequity and the Self-Concept: An Interactionist Analysis
Employment Characteristics of Both Spouses and Depression in Two-Job Families
Objective and subjective characteristics of employment of both spouses were examined in relation to depression in two-job families. Data were analyzed from personal interviews with 135 husbands and 135 wives in two-job families. Objective characteristics included work time, income, and occupational level. Subjective characteristics were job satisfaction, work orientation, and comparative evaluations of financial, work, and family situations. Ther…
Marital Types and Quality of Life: A Reexamination of a Typology
This research examined three marital types proposed by Scanzoni. Data from 112 couples were analyzed to develop profiles of equal-partner, junior-partner, and head-complement marriages using demographic characteristics, equity in earning and housekeeping. Those in equal and junior-partner marriages were most advantaged. Equal financial responsibility was less important in sustaining well-being for women than work itself. When husbands held more c…
Latvia in transition: A study of change in a former republic of the USSR
Relative Deprivation, Equity/Inequity, and Psychological Well-Being: Men and Women in One- and Two-Job Families
The research reported here compared the extent to which relative deprivation, based on general social comparisons and perceptions of equity/inequity derived from specific comparisons in an intimate relationship, influenced the psychological well-being of men and women in one- and two-job families. Data were analyzed from interviews with 130 couples in one-job families and 135 families in two-job families. Beyond the discomfort and unfair treatmen…
A Causal Analysis of the Relationship between the Self-Concept and Marital Quality
The objective of this study is to re-examine the relationship between the self-concept and marital quality. Through application of the interactionist model of the reflected self and a causal model based on path analysis and multiple regression, the direct and indirect effects of the self-concept, perception of spouse's evaluation, and spouse's actual evaluation on indicators of marital quality is examined. Three measures of marital quality and me…
Exchange and Symbolic Interaction: A Further Analysis of Convergence
Exchange of Conjugal Power in the Control of Family Food Consumption
The objective of this investigation was to examine the process involved in decision making in regard to family food behavior. One hundred and sixteen young married couples were asked to respond to a questionnaire designed to elicit the different types of power used by husbands and wives with regard to family food preferences. The study centered around two dimensions: (1) the type of power used by husbands to control or influence food preferences …
Equity in a Relationship Between Individuals and a Fraternal Organization
Self-Concept and Role Performance Evaluation among Marriage Partners
Through application of the principles of the reflective self this study explored the relationship between marriage partners' selftconcept and their evaluation of their own and their spouses' marital role performance. One-hundred sixteen married couples were interviewed. Measures of the reflective self were: marriage partners' self-concept, their perceived response of spouses, and spouses' actual response. Role per.formance measures included marri…
Depression in One- and Two-Job Families
Sex differences in depression in one- and two-job families were examined among 261 men and 363 women. Women were more depressed than men, but there was no difference in the depression of men in one- and two-job families. Full-time homemakers and employed women did not differ in levels of depression
Equity and Depression Among Married Couples
This study examines the relationship between equitylinequity and depression among married partners. The respondents are 333 married couples (666 respondents) from a midwestern state who were selected in a random sample based on population concentration. Equitylinequity is examined as it occurred in the performance of five family roles-cooking, housekeeping, provider, companion, and parent. It is predicted that (1) marriage partners who feel inequ…
Equity in Marital Roles across the Family Life Cycle
The objective of this study is to examine married couples' perceptions of equity/ inequity in the performance of selected marital roles at four stages of the family life cycle. A randomly selected sample of 336 couples was interviewed and asked their perception of thefairness of their own and of their spouses' efforts in the family roles of cooking, housekeeping, provider, companion, and parent. Perceived equity in family roles tended to increase…
Self-Concept and Perceived Power Utilization: The Case of Husbands and Wives
Additional informationNotes on contributorsRita BraitoMs. Braito is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Denver. Mr. Schafer is Associate Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at Iowa State University
Marital Interaction Problems and Depression
This study examines the relationship between marital role problems and depression at four stages in the family life cycle. A randomly selected sample of 336 couples (672 respondents) was interviewed and asked questions concerning role conflict, role performance and depression. It was found that there were significant relationships between role conflict, dissatisfaction with self and spouse's role performance and depression. The relationships were…
Employment Characteristics of Both Spouses and Depression in Two-Job Families
Objective and subjective characteristics of employment of both spouses were examined in relation to depression in two-job families. Data were analyzed from personal interviews with 135 husbands and 135 wives in two-job families. Objective characteristics included work time, income, and occupational level. Subjective characteristics were job satisfaction, work orientation, and comparative evaluations of financial, work, and family situations. Ther…
Equity/Inequity and the Self-Concept: An Interactionist Analysis
Role behavior and psychological well-being: A comparison of men in one-job and two-job families
Some research has suggested that women's employment may have negative psychological consequences for their husbands. A comparison of 130 men in one-job families and 135 men in families with two wage-earners revealed no differences in self-esteem, depression, and work-family strain. However, men in two-job families reported more role conflict and evaluated their wives' role performance as poorer
A Causal Analysis of the Relationship between the Self-Concept and Marital Quality
The objective of this study is to re-examine the relationship between the self-concept and marital quality. Through application of the interactionist model of the reflected self and a causal model based on path analysis and multiple regression, the direct and indirect effects of the self-concept, perception of spouse's evaluation, and spouse's actual evaluation on indicators of marital quality is examined. Three measures of marital quality and me…
A causal model approach to the symbolic interactionist view of the self-concept
Housework, Disagreement, and Depression Among Younger and Older Couples
Relative Deprivation, Equity/Inequity, and Psychological Well-Being: Men and Women in One- and Two-Job Families
The research reported here compared the extent to which relative deprivation, based on general social comparisons and perceptions of equity/inequity derived from specific comparisons in an intimate relationship, influenced the psychological well-being of men and women in one- and two-job families. Data were analyzed from interviews with 130 couples in one-job families and 135 families in two-job families. Beyond the discomfort and unfair treatmen…
Equity/Inequity, and Self-Esteem: A Reassessment
Psychological distress in an inequitable relationship may be due in part to a lowered sense of self-worth as well as to the inequity itself. A causal model was tested, using 986 undergraduate students, in which self-esteem was found to mediate the effect of inequity on distress. The implication of this finding is a redefinition of equity-restoring behavior as self-enhancing behavior
Relationships and Well-Being over the Life Stages
Latvia in transition: A study of change in a former republic of the USSR
Relationships and Well-Being over the Life Stages
Relationships and Well-Being Over the Life Stages Methodology Work and Well-Being in One-and Two-Job Families Equity in the Marriage Relationship Gender Roles in the Family: Is the Older Family Different? Typologies of Marriages: Differences Across the Life Stages The Self-Concept in an Intimate Relationship Gender-Role Attitudes, Characteristics of Employment, and Well-Being of Single and Married Employed Mothers Food Behavior and Diet Over the …
They Hate to Cook: Patterns of Distress in an Ordinary Role
Although the study of food preparation may be viewed as trivial by social scientists, it claims the largest proportion of time allocated by women to work in the family. Data were analyzed from personal interviews with 155 women to test hypotheses about distress in food preparation. Efficacy, commitment, quality of husbands' assistance, and age were most important in determining distress. Implications for practice are suggested
Wives' Relationships With Food and Patterns of Family Distress
Using a framework of efficacy and commitment, this research investigated whether food-related activities and attitudes were significant enough in the lives of women to differentiate among four patterns of family distress (distressed, undistressed, wife-distressed, and husband-distressed families). Data from personal interviews with 155 women indicated efficacy in food preparation, time spent at work, and control over personal eating differentiate…
Self-Concept Disconfirmation, Psychological Distress, and Marital Happiness
Using self-verification and self-discrepancy theories, this research tests a model of subjective and objective self-disconfirmation, self-efficacy, depression, and marital happiness. his research expands the issue of self-validation by evaluating the role of self-efficacy in the relationship between self-disconfirmation and depression, and the effect of self-concept disconfirmation on marital relationships. Data were analyzed from interviews with…
Marital Types and Quality of Life: A Reexamination of a Typology
This research examined three marital types proposed by Scanzoni. Data from 112 couples were analyzed to develop profiles of equal-partner, junior-partner, and head-complement marriages using demographic characteristics, equity in earning and housekeeping. Those in equal and junior-partner marriages were most advantaged. Equal financial responsibility was less important in sustaining well-being for women than work itself. When husbands held more c…
Stress in Marital Interaction and Change in Depression: A Longitudinal Analysis
The research undertakes a longitudinal analysis of a model of the effects of stress in marital interaction on change in depressive symptoms as mediated by unfavorable reflected appraisals, low competency, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. The participants were 98 randomly selected married couples interviewed at two separate points in time. The data supported the proposed model. Stressors in marital interaction are associated with unfavorable reflec…
Psychology (24 works) · Social Psychology (20 works) · Social Psychology (16 works) · Sociology (12 works) · Clinical Psychology (11 works) · Developmental psychology (9 works) · Work-Family Balance Challenges (9 works) · Clinical Psychology (8 works) · Economics (8 works) · Political science (7 works)