Berthold Laufer
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 89319 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Berthold Laufer |
| PRENOMES | Berthold |
| SOBRENOME | Laufer |
| ASSINATURA | LAUFER B |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Haifa |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7303-7726 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 139 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 372 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 138 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1895 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 11 |
Lexical Frequency Profiles
How do we know that people use rich and sophisticated vocabulary in their writing? Laufer and Nation (1995) proposed that the vocabulary richness of a text could be measured by a quantitative index called the lexical frequency profile (LFP) which uses the proportion of frequent versus nonfrequent vocabulary in the text.
Lexical Coverage
Lexical coverage refers to the percentage of the running words in a text that certain vocabulary covers and also to the percentage of the text's lexis that a reader, listener, or viewer comprehends. Studies of coverage and comprehension found that, for reading, 95% and 98% are the minimal and optimal coverages, respectively. For listening and viewing, 90–95% coverage figures can suffice. To find out whether learners have reached the necessary cov…
Second‐Language Word Difficulty
Not all words are equally hard to learn. This entry focuses on the linguistic word properties that affect word learnability. There are two main types. One (intralexical) includes the features of the word itself, and the other (interlexical) stems from the interaction between the new word and other familiar words. Intralexical learning difficulties include lack of phonotactic regularity, irregular spelling, synformy, deceptive morphological transp…
Learning new collocations
The study investigated the effects of two factors on learning new L2 collocations: 1) the way collocations are grouped when introduced and practiced (thematically related vs. unrelated sets), and 2) the language(s) used for instruction (L2 only vs. L1-L2 contrastive analysis). Thirty-seven Israeli English as a foreign language learners studied 20 new collocations under four conditions: Thematic/L2, Thematic/L1-L2, Unrelated/L2, Unrelated/L1-L2. C…
Vocabulary Studies in L1 and L2 Development
The field of vocabulary studies in first language (L1) and second language (L2) development has seen remarkable growth in recent years, with researchers and practitioners alike recognizing the critical role that lexical knowledge plays in language proficiency
Vocabulary and Writing
The relationship between vocabulary and writing is that of mutual contribution and support. Lexical quality of a piece of writing is contingent upon lexical sophistication (the percent of infrequent words), lexical diversity (the ratio of unique words), and collocational competence (the number of accurate and closely associated unique collocations). The use of lexis in writing improves with the growth in proficiency, but the pace of the improveme…
Understanding L2-derived words in context
The study investigates whether comprehension of derived words in text context requires a complete understanding of word parts. It explores comprehension of derived words as a function of learner proficiency and contextual clues. Ninety English-as-a-foreign-language learners at three proficiency levels participated in three successive tests representing three clues conditions, absence of clues, availability of syntactic clues, and availability of …
Out‐of‐classroom L2 vocabulary acquisition
Extramural exposure, through activities such as watching TV, gaming, networking, and online reading, has become an important source of vocabulary acquisition in English as a foreign language, particularly when learners’ first language (L1) has many cognates with English. Our study examined extramural vocabulary acquisition of 10th‐grade L1 speakers of noncognate languages over one school year and explored the effects of digital activities and ini…
EFL Learners' Receptive Knowledge of Derived Words
The study investigated how well Swedish adolescents recognize the meaning of derived words in English and whether this knowledge is determined by learner proficiency, word frequency, or affix type. Participants were 88 school students in two proficiency groups: 39 advanced 12 th graders and 49 intermediate 9 th graders. Two tests of receptive vocabulary knowledge were administered. The first test had 80 basewords (e.g., maintain ) representing th…
How well do learners know derived words in a second language
The study investigates derivational knowledge of second language (L2) learners as a function of four variables: learner proficiency, word family frequency, derived word frequency, and affix type as suggested by two affix difficulty hierarchies. Seventy-nine EFL learners at two proficiency levels received two tests, the VST – Vocabulary Size Test ( Nation & Beglar, 2007 ) and a custom-made ‘Derivatives Test’, which included derived forms of VST ba…
Lemmas, Flemmas, Word Families, and Common Sense
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The Nuclear Word Family List
This article introduces the NFL7 (Nuclear Family List 7), a list of the 2,887 most frequent "nuclear" word families, that is, families that include just the most frequent family members and exclude those that constitute less than 7% of family occurrences. The NFL7 was developed by using a dedicated computer program, the Nuclear List Builder (freely available to users). To construct the list, we used that tool to reduce the complete BNC/COCA lists…
Lexical Coverages, Inferencing Unknown Words and Reading Comprehension
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article
Loanword proportion in vocabulary size tests
We investigated the effect of English-Hebrew loanwords on English vocabulary test scores when the number of loanwords in the test is random and when it is representative of their proportion in the vocabulary lists from which the test items were taken. 303 EFL learners, speakers of Hebrew as L1, at three L2 proficiency levels, received tests with no loanwords, with a representative number of loanwords and with a random number of loanwords in four …
The Relations of the Chinese to the Philippine Islands
The history of the Spaniards on the Philippines is an endless chain of frictions and struggles with the Chinese immigrants and settlers, so that the history of the Philippines is very closely interwoven with an account of the relations between these two peoples. The Chinese have been acute observers of foreign nations and countries, and in their astoundingly vast amount of literature we find many valuable reports on the geography, history, and et…
First language attrition without second language acquisition
We investigate whether Russian immigrants in Israel with little or no knowledge of Hebrew (L2) experience attrition of Russian (L1). We compared immigrants with no knowledge of Hebrew (−Hebrew), immigrants who knew Hebrew (+Hebrew), and monolingual controls on correctness judgment of collocations and of complex grammatical constructions. On collocations, the −Hebrew immigrants performed similarly to the +Hebrew immigrants. On grammatical construc…
Vocabulary and Writing
We cannot communicate in speech or writing without knowing and using words that convey the ideas that we want to express. This is true for all languages, native and foreign. In the native language, lexical growth is concomitant with our cognitive development and education so that by the time we need to express complex ideas we have acquired the necessary lexis. In foreign languages, however, we usually experience a gap between what we want to con…
Lexical Thresholds for Reading Comprehension
Second Language Word Diffi culty
To understand why some words are easy and some are difficult for second language learners, we should first clarify what is meant by knowing a word.
Verb-Noun Collocations in Second Language Writing
The present study investigates the use of English verb-noun collocations in the writing of native speakers of Hebrew at three proficiency levels. For this purpose, we compiled a learner corpus that consists of about 300,000 words of argumentative and descriptive essays. For comparison purposes, we selected LOCNESS, a corpus of young adult native speakers of English. We retrieved the 220 most frequently occurring nouns in the LOCNESS corpus and in…
The Contribution of Dictionary Use to the Production and Retention of Collocations in a Second Language
Ninety five high school learners of English as L2 received thirty sentences without verbs of the target verb-noun collocations. They were asked to fill in the missing verb, first without any dictionary assistance and subsequently with it. Dictionary assistance consisted of three dictionary entries for each of the nouns, from English-English-Hebrew dictionary, LDOCE and either COBUILD, OALD, or CALD. Learners also reported in which dictionary they…
Second language vocabulary acquisition from language input and from form-focused activities
Interest in L2 vocabulary learning and teaching started long before the nineteen-eighties (for references to earlier studies, see Rob Waring's database http://www1.harenet.ne.jp/~waring/vocab/vocrefs/vocref.html ) but it declined with the advent of generative linguistics to the point of discrimination and neglect (Meara 1980). In 1986, I argued that vocabulary was about to acquire a legitimate and prominent place within applied linguistics (Laufe…
Form-focused Instruction in Second Language Vocabulary Learning
The study investigates the effect of explicit contrastive analysis and translation activities on the incidental acquisition of single words and collocations. We compared three high school groups of learners of the same L1 and comparable L2 (English) proficiency. Each group represented one instructional condition: meaning focused instruction (MFI), non-contrastive form-focused instruction (FFI), and contrastive analysis and translation (CAT). The …
Examining the Effectiveness of ‘Bilingual Dictionary Plus’ – A Dictionary for Production in a Foreign Language
The study investigated the usefulness of a Hebrew-English-English (L1-L2-L2) mini-dictionary, for production in a foreign language. The dictionary entries included L1 (Hebrew) words, their L2 (English) translation options, usage specifications, semantically related English words, and additional L2 meanings for each translation option. Seventy five students translated thirty six sentences from Hebrew into English using four dictionaries, one dicti…
Lexical Frequency Profiles
This paper is a response to Paul Meara's (2005) critique of the Lexical Frequency Profile (LFP). Using simulated data, he challenges the claim that LFP is a sensitive and reliable tool for assessing vocabulary use in L2 speakers. In my response to his paper, I discuss the nature of lexical competence, in light of which LFP results should be interpreted. I question the robustness of computer generated artificial data on which the critique of LFP i…
Ethnology of the Mayas of southern and central British Honduras
placed his very considerable knowledge of the Mayas, gained in the course of his many years' work as a mis- sionary among them, at my disposal.He was able to aid considerably in clearing up several doubtful points.Father Stevenson is one of the few residents in the colony who have the interest and welfare of the Indian at heart
Testing Vocabulary Knowledge
In this article, we describe the development and trial of a bilingual computerized test of vocabulary size, the number of words the learner knows, and strength, a combination of four aspects of knowledge of meaning that are assumed to constitute a hierarchy of difficulty: passive recognition (easiest), active recognition, passive recall, and active recall (hardest). The participants were 435 learners of English as a second language. We investigat…
Verb-Noun Collocations in Second Language Writing
The present study investigates the use of English verb-noun collocations in the writing of native speakers of Hebrew at three proficiency levels. For this purpose, we compiled a learner corpus that consists of about 300,000 words of argumentative and descriptive essays. For comparison purposes, we selected LOCNESS, a corpus of young adult native speakers of English. We retrieved the 220 most frequently occurring nouns in the LOCNESS corpus and in…
The Karen People of Burma
The Tanala, a hill tribe of Madagascar
The Tanala, a Hill Tribe of Madagascar On the western slope of the plateau and in the extreme south the climate is hot and semi-arid to arid. The ground is covered with clumps of low trees and thorny scrub, interspersed with stretches of grass land. In many places it is difficult to obtain water. In spite of the aridity there is much fever in this region, making it unhealthy for Europeans
The Ovimbundu of Angola
208944-50, actual size. Fig. Big star (olombungululu vinene)
Some Empirical Evidence for the Involvement Load Hypothesis in Vocabulary Acquisition
EFL learners in two countries participated in two parallel experiments testing whether retention of vocabulary acquired incidentally is contingent on amount of task-induced involvement. Short- and long-term retention of ten unfamiliar words was investigated in three learning tasks (reading comprehension, comprehension plus filling in target words, and composition-writing with target words) with varying "involvement loads"-various combinations of …
Archaeological explorations in Peru. Part II, The northern coast
The Contribution of Dictionary Use to the Production and Retention of Collocations in a Second Language
Ninety five high school learners of English as L2 received thirty sentences without verbs of the target verb-noun collocations. They were asked to fill in the missing verb, first without any dictionary assistance and subsequently with it. Dictionary assistance consisted of three dictionary entries for each of the nouns, from English-English-Hebrew dictionary, LDOCE and either COBUILD, OALD, or CALD. Learners also reported in which dictionary they…
Sino-Iranica; Chinese contributions to the history of civilization in ancient Iran, with special reference to the history of cultivated plants and products
The Tinguian; social, religious, and economic life of a Philippine tribe
to accompany the spirits of the dead, all doubtless aided in separating 1 The Bontoc Igorot is taken as one of the least influenced and most typical of the Igorot groups. 2 On this point see Cole, The Distribution of the Non-Christian Tribes of Northwestern Luzon {American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. XI, 1909, PP
Lexical Coverages, Inferencing Unknown Words and Reading Comprehension
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article
Geophagy
Geophagytypically tribal; and this is exactly the point which has aroused my interest in the subject.We are wont to look upon the life and thoughts of a primitive people as something typical and collective, as a standard adopted and followed by all members of the com- munity.This in general is true, but there are also features in primitive cultures which are left to individual decision and which require careful study.One of these is geophagy, the…
Origin of the Word Shaman
Arabic and Chinese Trade in Walrus and Narwhal Ivory
EILHARD WIEDEMANN, the well-known physicist and Arabist at the University of Erlangen, published two years ago a paper on the value of precious stones among the Moslems 1) which contains a great deal of material interesting to a student engaged in Chinese research. The bulk of these notes is based on a mineralorical work written by al-Buriini (973-1048), the eighth section of which contains the following on a product called al-chuetww2): originat…
The Relationship Between Passive and Active Vocabularies
This study investigated the relationships among 3 types of vocabularyknowledge (passive, controlled active, and free active) within the same individuals, taking 4variables into consideration: passive vocabulary size, language learning context, second (L2) orforeign (FL), length of residence in L2 context and, among the Canadians, knowledge of French.Participants were adult learners of English in Israel (N = 79) and in Canada (N = 103) at differen…
Ease and Difficulty in Vocabulary Learning
This paper discusses the relationship between ease/difficulty in learning particular words and some issues in the teaching of vocabulary. Some factors that interfere with learning a word are claimed to be the following: similarity of form between the word and other words (embrace/embarrass, price/prize); morphological similarity between it and other words (industrial/industrious, respectable/respective); deceptive morphological structure (infalli…
Measuring and Explaining the Reading Threshold Needed for English for Academic Purposes Texts
This study attempts to answer two questions concerning the reading threshold needed for English for A cademic Purposes texts: I. How can the threshold be measured and expressed numerically? II. How can it be described in terms of its components, linguistic and conceptual? The measurement of the threshold was conducted by: 1) location of a group of students who were on this level; 2) measuring the reading comprehension level of these students by t…
Examining the Effectiveness of ‘Bilingual Dictionary Plus’ – A Dictionary for Production in a Foreign Language
The study investigated the usefulness of a Hebrew-English-English (L1-L2-L2) mini-dictionary, for production in a foreign language. The dictionary entries included L1 (Hebrew) words, their L2 (English) translation options, usage specifications, semantically related English words, and additional L2 meanings for each translation option. Seventy five students translated thirty six sentences from Hebrew into English using four dictionaries, one dicti…
Asia
Methods and Principles
Loan-Words in Tibetan
The Nuclear Word Family List
This article introduces the NFL7 (Nuclear Family List 7), a list of the 2,887 most frequent "nuclear" word families, that is, families that include just the most frequent family members and exclude those that constitute less than 7% of family occurrences. The NFL7 was developed by using a dedicated computer program, the Nuclear List Builder (freely available to users). To construct the list, we used that tool to reduce the complete BNC/COCA lists…
Bilingualised dictionaries
Chinese pottery in the Philippines
Fieldiana series has been published as Anthropological Series by Field Columbian Museum (1895-1909) and Field Museum of Natural History (1909-1943), and as Fieldiana: Anthropology by Chicago Natural History Museum (1945-1966) and Field Museum of Natural History (1966-)
Anneaux Nasaux En Chine
Petroglyphs on the Amoor1
bear curious petroglyphs, evidently of great antiquity. Unfortunately, most of these are so much obliterated that it seemed impossible to obtain satisfactory photographs; for this reason tracings of the petroglyphs were made on paper placed over the bowlders. The place was visited in the spring, when the river was high, and consequently a number of the petroglyphs were under water. Others were discovered high up on precipitous rocks. Some bowlder…
Preliminary Notes on Explorations Among the Amoor Tribes 1
Über Ein Tibetisches Geschichtswerk Der Bonpo
The decorative art of the Amur tribes
Its basis rests unde niably in China.In the course of time the Amur tribes appropriated Chinese forms to themselves, and very likely further developed them independently.The introduction of Chinese devices must surely date as far back as the earliest connec- 1 Among other Chinese forms which we meet with in East Siberian art we 1
The Decorative Art of the Amur Tribes
The relations of the Chinese to the Philippine Islands
a ribbon tied in a bow-knot over their
Zur Buddhistischen Litteratur Der Uiguren
A Theory of the Origin of Chinese Writing1
It is not my purpose in this paper to initiate the reader into the mysteries of Chinese writing, nor to present a feat of sinological erudition. I merely wish to illustrate the application of a principle derived from the investigation of primitive ornamentation to the question of the origin of ancient Chinese writing. Every casual observer will be impressed by the decidedly ornamental and picturesque feature of Chinese characters; and this observ…
Sulla Matematica degli Antichi Cinesi, Nota di Giovanni Vacca
V Die Bru-Za Sprache Und Die Historische Stellung Des Padmasambhava
Founded in 1683 in Leiden, the Netherlands, Brill is a leading international academic publisher in the Humanities, Social Sciences, International Law, and Biology. With offices in the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, the USA and Asia, Brill today publishes more than 360 journals and 2,000 new books and reference works each year as well as a large number of databases and primary source research collections
Die Sage Von Den Goldgrabenden Ameisen
Founded in 1683 in Leiden, the Netherlands, Brill is a leading international academic publisher in the Humanities, Social Sciences, International Law, and Biology. With offices in the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, the USA and Asia, Brill today publishes more than 360 journals and 2,000 new books and reference works each year as well as a large number of databases and primary source research collections
Der Cyclus Der Zwölf Tiere Auf Einem Altturkistanischen Teppich
Der Roman einer tibetischen Konigin
Confucius and his portraits
The Name China
The Discovery of a Lost Book
1) HIRTH (Fremde Bin.fiusse in der chinesischen Kunst, p. 57, and Scraps from a Collector's Note Book, p. 26, or T'oung Pao, 1905, p. 398) states that there are forty-six engravings, in agreement with the KEuo ch'ao hua cheng lu (see below). The Sung edition had only forty-five, as remarked also by WYLIE, and so had also the K'ang-hi edition of 1696 (see Chinese Pottery of the Han Dynasty, p. 29, Note). The forty-sixth Cult which is NO. 7 in the …
Five Newly Discovered Bas-Reliefs of the Han Period
To the courtesy of Mr. L. Wannieck in Paris I owe five rubbings from stone bas-reliefs of the Han period recently discovered in Shantung and, as I understand, offered for sale on the Peking market. These stones are not apt to arouse any particular interest; the representations exhibited on them present nothing uew in principle, but merely well-known subjects and designs. This feature, however, lends thenm a certain secondary interest in that it r…
The Stanzas of Bharata
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Chinese pottery in the Philippines
Fieldiana series has been published as Anthropological Series by Field Columbian Museum (1895-1909) and Field Museum of Natural History (1909-1943), and as Fieldiana: Anthropology by Chicago Natural History Museum (1945-1966) and Field Museum of Natural History (1966-)
Arabic and Chinese Trade in Walrus and Narwhal Ivory
EILHARD WIEDEMANN, the well-known physicist and Arabist at the University of Erlangen, published two years ago a paper on the value of precious stones among the Moslems 1) which contains a great deal of material interesting to a student engaged in Chinese research. The bulk of these notes is based on a mineralorical work written by al-Buriini (973-1048), the eighth section of which contains the following on a product called al-chuetww2): originat…
The Application of the Tibetan Sexagenary Cycle
Ch`ang-an cannot have seen any brighter days than Paris when M. Pelliot, a second Hilan Tsang, with his treasures of ancient books, manuscripts, scrolls and statues, returned from his journey in Central Asia which will ever be memorable in the annals of scientific exploration. His archweological material bearing on the languages, literature and history of almost all nations of Central Asia has naturally led him to transgress the boundary stones w…
Notes on turquois in the East
The peoples of ancient India do not seem to have been acquainted with the tnrquois,^n or do they possess an indigenous word for it.The Sanskrit term peroja (also perojd, piroja) or perojana is a comparatively recent loan word of mediaeval times derived from New-Persian ferozah (older form firuzag), from which also the Russian word hiruza and Armenian piroza come;'^a nd the Sanskrit designation haritdqma is a compound with the meaning "greenish st…
Nécrologie
NÉCROLOGIE. FRANR H. CHALFANT †. ' On the 14th January of this year, the Rev. Frank H. Chalfant, D. D., , passed away at Pittsburgh. Pa., after a long and lingering illness of most distressing character which for two years he had borne with heroic patience and fortitude. Born on May 29, 1862, in Mechanicsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of an eminent clergyman, he graduated from Lafayette College at Easton, Pa., in 1881 and studied for the ministry i…
Was Odoric of Pordenone Ever in Tibet
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