Stephen Machin
Biographic Data
| ID | 895206 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Stephen Machin |
| GIVEN NAMES | Stephen |
| FAMILY NAME | Machin |
| SIGNATURE | MACHIN S |
| AFFILIATIONS | University College London |
| ORCID | 0009-0004-8130-2701 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 55 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 520 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 55 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1991 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
The Decline in Rent Sharing
The evolution of rent sharing is studied. Based on a panel of the top 300 publicly quoted British companies over 35 years and using excess stock market returns to patenting activity as an instrument for economic rents, the paper reports evidence of a significant fall over time in the pass-through from rents to wages. It confirms that wages do respond to firm-level shocks to economic rents, but by significantly less after 2000 than during the 1980…
Intergenerational home ownership
This paper studies intergenerational links in home ownership, an increasingly important wealth marker and a measure of economic status in itself. Repeated cross sectional UK data show that home ownership rates have fallen rapidly over time, most markedly amongst younger people in more recent birth cohorts. Evidence from British birth cohorts data supplemented by the Wealth and Assets Survey show a significant rise through time in the intergenerat…
Does Homeownership Reduce Crime? A Radical Housing Reform from the UK
‘Right to Buy’, a large-scale natural experiment whereby incumbent tenants in public housing could buy properties at heavily subsidised prices, increased the United Kingdom homeownership rate by over 10 percentage points between its 1980 introduction and the 1990s. This paper studies the impact of this reform on crime by leveraging exogenous variation in eligibility for the policy. Results show that Right to Buy generated significant property cri…
Why Does Education Reduce Crime
Prior research shows reduced criminality to be a beneficial consequence of education policies that raise the school leaving age. This paper studies how crime reductions occurred in a sequence of state-level dropout age reforms enacted between 1980 and 2010 in the United States. These reforms changed the shape of crime-age profiles, reflecting both a temporary incapacitation effect and a more sustained, longer run crime reducing effect. In contras…
Autonomous Schools and Strategic Pupil Exclusion
This article studies whether pupil performance gains in autonomous schools in England can be attributed to the strategic exclusion of poorly performing pupils. England has had two phases of academy school introduction—the first, in the 2000s, being a school improvement programme for poorly performing schools and the second a mass academisation programme from 2010 for better-performing schools. Overall, exclusion rates are higher in academies, wit…
Solo Self-Employment and Alternative Work Arrangements: A Cross-Country Perspective on the Changing Composition of Jobs
The nature of self-employment is changing in most OECD countries. Solo self-employment is increasing relative to self-employment with dependent employees, often being associated with the development of gig economy work and alternative work arrangements. We still know little about this changing composition of jobs. Drawing on ad-hoc surveys run in the UK, US, and Italy, we document that solo self-employment is substantively different from self-emp…
Social Mobility: And Its Enemies
Increasingly it seems that the rich and poor of Britain are destined to stay on the same rungs of the economic or social ladder for successive generations. A new book by Lee Elliot Major and Stephen Machin calls for an alternative model of social mobility, one that develops all talents, not just academic, but vocational and creative too - and which creates opportunities across the whole country, not just in London
Crime Scars: Recessions and the Making of Career Criminals
Recessions lead to short-term job loss, lower happiness, and decreasing income levels. There is growing evidence that workers who first join the labor market during economic downturns suffer from poor job matches that can have sustained detrimental effects on wages and career progressions. This paper uses U.S. and U.K. data to document a more disturbing long-run effect of recessions: young people who leave school during recessions are significant…
Paying out and crowding out? The globalization of higher education
Increased globalization of higher education has occurred as more students from across the world now enrol in universities abroad for their post-school education. We study the consequences of having more foreign students in one of the world’s biggest receivers of international students, the UK’s higher educational system. To do so, we estimate the impact of growing numbers of international students on the number of domestic students. Using rich ad…
The Rising Postgraduate Wage Premium
Despite post‐college degree holders now making up nearly 15% of the US adult workforce, studies of their labour market performance remain sparse. This is surprising given that they are the most educated group in the labour force and as, over time, they have done significantly better than all other education groups. We show a significant rise over time in the postgraduate wage premium, reflecting an increased relative demand due to their superior …
Hate Crime in the Wake of Terror Attacks: Evidence From 7/7 and 9/11
This article asks what happened to racially motivated hate crimes in the wake of the 7/7 terror attack that hit London in July 2005 and the 9/11 terror attack that hit the United States in September 2001. There is anecdotal and descriptive evidence of an increase in bias-motivated crimes since the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States, but little quantitative research on the issue. This study offers empirical evidence on the effects of 7/7 …
Spatial changes in labour market inequality
Real Wages and Unemployment in the Big Squeeze
UK real wage growth has slowed down, stagnated and recently turned sharply negative. We document the nature of real wage changes across the wage distribution over the last three decades, showing that recent patterns represent a distinct break of trend that pre‐dates the onset of recession. We explore whether unemployment has become a stronger moderating influence on real wage growth and report, using aggregate economy‐wide and regional panel data…
Crime Deterrence: Evidence From the London 2011 Riots
Significant riots occurred in London in August 2011. The riots took place in highly localised geographical areas, with crime going up hugely in the affected sub‐wards. The criminal justice response was to make sentencing for rioters much more severe. We show a significant drop in riot crimes across London in the six months after the riots, consistent with a deterrence effect from the tougher sentencing. More evidence of general deterrence comes f…
Crime and Immigration: Evidence from Large Immigrant Waves
This paper focuses on empirical connections between crime and immigration, studying two large waves of recent U.K. immigration (the late 1990s/early 2000s asylum seekers and the post-2004 inflow from EU accession countries). The first wave led to a modest but significant rise in property crime, while the second wave had a small negative impact. There was no effect on violent crime; arrest rates were not different, and changes in crime cannot be a…
Valuing school quality using boundary discontinuities
Educational Inequality and The Expansion of United Kingdom Higher Education
Educational Inequality and The Expansion of UK Higher Education
In this paper we explore changes over time in higher education ( HE ) participation and attainment between people from richer and poorer family backgrounds during a time period when the UK higher education system expanded at a rapid rate. We use longitudinal data from three time periods to study temporal shifts in HE participation and attainment across parental income groups for children going to university in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. The key …
Crime and immigration: New evidence from England and Wales
We study a high profile public policy question on immigration, namely the link between crime and immigration, presenting new evidence from England and Wales in the 2000s. For studying immigration impacts, this period is of considerable interest as the composition of migration to the UK altered dramatically with the accession of Eastern European countries (the A8) to the European Union in 2004. As we show, this has important implications for ensur…
The Changing Economic Advantage from Private Schools
Private schooling is an important feature of education systems across the world. Despite its relatively small size, the British private school sector has a long history and plays a prominent role in society. We provide evidence showing that private schools have been successful in transforming their ability to generate the academic outputs that are most in demand in the modern economy: the private/state school wage differential has risen significa…
Panic on the Streets of London: Police, Crime, and the July 2005 Terror Attacks
In this paper we study the causal impact of police on crime, looking at what happened to crime and police before and after the terror attacks that hit central London in July 2005. The attacks resulted in a large redeployment of police officers to central London as compared to outer London. During this time, crime fell significantly in central relative to outer London. The instrumental variable approach we use uncovers an elasticity of crime with …
The Crime Reducing Effect of Education
In this article, we study the crime reducing potential of education, presenting causal statistical estimates based upon a law that changed the compulsory school leaving age in England and Wales. We frame the analysis in a regression-discontinuity setting and uncover significant decreases in property crime from reductions in the proportion of people with no educational qualifications and increases in the age of leaving school that resulted from th…
Handbook of the Economics of Education Volume 3 Handbooks in Economics NorthHolland
Ethnicity and Educational Achievement in Compulsory Schooling
This article documents that at the start of school, pupils from most ethnic groups substantially lag behind White British pupils. However, these gaps decline for all groups throughout compulsory schooling. Language is the single most important factor why ethnic minority pupils improve relative to White British pupils. Poverty, in contrast, does not contribute to the catch-up. Our results also suggest the possibility that the greater than average …
Valuing school quality, better transport, and lower crime: Evidence from house prices
Housing prices within urban areas exhibit highly localized variation that cannot be explained solely by differences in the physical attributes of dwellings. We consider the role of local amenities and disamenities in generating price variation within urban areas, focusing on three highly policy-relevant urban issues–transport accessibility, school quality, and crime. Our survey of the recent empirical literature highlights what is known and what …
The Crime Reducing Effect of Education
In this article, we study the crime reducing potential of education, presenting causal statistical estimates based upon a law that changed the compulsory school leaving age in England and Wales. We frame the analysis in a regression-discontinuity setting and uncover significant decreases in property crime from reductions in the proportion of people with no educational qualifications and increases in the age of leaving school that resulted from th…
Intergenerational Mobility in Britain
We use longitudinal data on children and their parents to assess the extent of intergenerational mobility in Britain. Based on data from the National Child Development Survey, a cohort of all individuals born in a week of March 1958, we find that the extent of intergenerational mobility is limited. We report a clear intergenerational correlation between fathers and both sons and daughters in terms of labour market earnings and years of schooling.…
Valuing school quality using boundary discontinuities
Valuing rail access using transport innovations
Paying for Primary Schools: Admission Constraints, School Popularity or Congestion
School quality is capitalised in house prices if access to schools is rationed by residential location. We generate empirical predictions from three different theoretical approaches linking house prices to school performance, distance to school and capacity. These are respectively based upon admission constraints, school popularity and congestion effects. We find that test-score-based school performance significantly increases property prices, bu…
Educational Inequality and the Expansion of UK Higher Education
In this paper we explore changes over time in higher education (HE) participation and attainment between people from richer and poorer family backgrounds during a time period when the UK higher education system expanded at a rapid rate. We use longitudinal data from three time periods to study temporal shifts in HE participation and attainment across parental income groups for children going to university in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. The key fi…
Gender and Student Achievement in English Schools
Trajectories, encounters and disagreements in the aspiration to the UN: How are gender inequalities going?The following research starts from the current picture of unequal gender access and composition of the National University of Colombia at the undergraduate level, where males conform almost two-thirds of the institution.It is a concern that makes questioning how gender intervenes in the academic trajectories and experiences of aiming to acces…
Ethnicity and Educational Achievement in Compulsory Schooling
This article documents that at the start of school, pupils from most ethnic groups substantially lag behind White British pupils. However, these gaps decline for all groups throughout compulsory schooling. Language is the single most important factor why ethnic minority pupils improve relative to White British pupils. Poverty, in contrast, does not contribute to the catch-up. Our results also suggest the possibility that the greater than average …
The Rising Postgraduate Wage Premium
Despite post‐college degree holders now making up nearly 15% of the US adult workforce, studies of their labour market performance remain sparse. This is surprising given that they are the most educated group in the labour force and as, over time, they have done significantly better than all other education groups. We show a significant rise over time in the postgraduate wage premium, reflecting an increased relative demand due to their superior …
The Changing Economic Advantage from Private Schools
Private schooling is an important feature of education systems across the world. Despite its relatively small size, the British private school sector has a long history and plays a prominent role in society. We provide evidence showing that private schools have been successful in transforming their ability to generate the academic outputs that are most in demand in the modern economy: the private/state school wage differential has risen significa…
Spatial changes in labour market inequality
The Effects of Unions on Organisational Change and Employment
This paper investigates the association between unionism, organizational change, and employment using British data over 1980-84. Union plants were more likely to have experienced organizational change. This is likely to be due to both the once-for-all removal of restrictive practices and union voice effects. The oft-cited negative relationship between unionism and employment growth may well arise from the differential extent to which restrictive …
Real Wages and Unemployment in the Big Squeeze
UK real wage growth has slowed down, stagnated and recently turned sharply negative. We document the nature of real wage changes across the wage distribution over the last three decades, showing that recent patterns represent a distinct break of trend that pre‐dates the onset of recession. We explore whether unemployment has become a stronger moderating influence on real wage growth and report, using aggregate economy‐wide and regional panel data…
Crime and immigration: New evidence from England and Wales
We study a high profile public policy question on immigration, namely the link between crime and immigration, presenting new evidence from England and Wales in the 2000s. For studying immigration impacts, this period is of considerable interest as the composition of migration to the UK altered dramatically with the accession of Eastern European countries (the A8) to the European Union in 2004. As we show, this has important implications for ensur…
Human Resource Management as a Substitute for Trade Unions in British Workplaces
The authors use British workplace data for 1980-98 to examine whether increased human resource management (HRM) practices coincided with union decline, consistent with the hypothesis that such practices act as a substitute for unionization. Two initial analyses show no important differences between union and non-union sectors or between newer workplaces (which are likelier to be non-union) and older ones in the pattern of HRM practices over time;…
New Technology in Schools: Is There a Payoff
Despite its high relevance to current policy debates, estimating the causal effect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) investment on educational standards remains fraught with difficulties. We exploit a change in the rules governing ICT funding across different school districts of England to devise an Instrumental Variable strategy to identify the causal impact of ICT expenditure on pupil outcomes. The approach identifies the effect…
Taking Care of Business: Executive Compensation in the United Kingdom
Journal Article Taking Care of Business: Executive Compensation in the United Kingdom Get access Martin Conyon, Martin Conyon Warwick Business School and Institute of Economics and Statistics Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Paul Gregg, Paul Gregg University of Warwick and Centre for Economic Performance, LSE Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Stephen Machin Stephen Mac…
British Unions in Decline: Determinants of the 1980s Fall in Union Recognition
This examination of establishment-level data from the Workplace Industrial Relations Surveys of 1980, 1984, and 1990 shows that the proportion of British establishments (that is, workplaces in both the private and public sector) that recognized unions for collective bargaining over pay and working conditions fell by almost 20% between 1980 and 1990. Largely accountable for this decline was a much lower rate of union recognition in establishments …
Crime Deterrence: Evidence From the London 2011 Riots
Significant riots occurred in London in August 2011. The riots took place in highly localised geographical areas, with crime going up hugely in the affected sub‐wards. The criminal justice response was to make sentencing for rioters much more severe. We show a significant drop in riot crimes across London in the six months after the riots, consistent with a deterrence effect from the tougher sentencing. More evidence of general deterrence comes f…
The Effects of Minimum Wages on Wage Dispersion and Employment: Evidence from the U.K. Wages Councils
Using data on Wages Council coverage from the United Kingdom New Earnings Survey, the authors examine the impact of mandated minimum wages on wage dispersion and employment in the United Kingdom in the 1980s. They find evidence that a dramatic decline in the toughness of the regulation imposed by the Wages Councils through the 1980s—a decline, that is, in the level of the minimum wage relative to the average wage—significantly contributed to wide…
Trade Unions and Training Practices in British Workplaces
The authors use British establishment-level data from the 1991 Employers' Manpower and Skills Practices Survey (EMSPS) and individual-level data from the Autumn 1993 Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS) to investigate the links between training provision and workplace unionization. Both the probability of receiving training and the amount of training received are found to have been substantially higher in unionized than in nonunion workplaces. Th…
Evaluating the pin money hypothesis: The relationship between women's labour market activity, family income and poverty in Britain
Market Dynamics and Entry
Journal Article Market Dynamics and Entry Get access Market Dynamics and Entry. By (P. A.) Geroski. (Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1991. Pp. xiv + 306. £40.00 hardback, US $50.00 hardback. ISBN 0 63115554 6.) Stephen Machin Stephen Machin University College London and Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 104, Issue 422, 1 January 1994, Pages 169–171, https:…
Minimum Wages in a Low‐Wage Labour Market: Care Homes in the UK
This paper studies the economic effects of minimum wages in a sector that is very vulnerable to minimum wage legislation, the UK care homes sector. We study the effects of the introduction of the National Minimum Wage (NMW) in April 1999 on wages and employment before and after minimum wage introduction and before and after the subsequent increase of the minimum wage in October 2001. We also study home closures between 1999 and 2001. The results …
Employment and the Introduction of a Minimum Wage in Britain
Journal Article Employment and the Introduction of a Minimum Wage in Britain Get access Stephen Machin, Stephen Machin University College, London and London School of Economics Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Alan Manning Alan Manning University College, London and London School of Economics Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 106, Issue 436…
The Productivity Effects of Unionization and Firm Size in British Engineering Firms
This paper considers the relationship between union presence and labor productivity in a sample of British engineering firms. Rather than use a single indicator of union presence to determine union effects, several indicators of union presence are combined to form an index of union presence. Average union non-union effects on labor productivity estimated using this measure, or using a dummy variable indicating the presence of closed-shop arrangem…
The Effects of Unions on Organisational Change and Employment
This paper investigates the association between unionism, organizational change, and employment using British data over 1980-84. Union plants were more likely to have experienced organizational change. This is likely to be due to both the once-for-all removal of restrictive practices and union voice effects. The oft-cited negative relationship between unionism and employment growth may well arise from the differential extent to which restrictive …
The Effects of Unions on Investment and Innovation: Evidence From Wirs
Journal Article The Effects of Unions on Investment and Innovation: Evidence From Wirs Get access Stephen Machin, Stephen Machin University College, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sushil Wadhwani Sushil Wadhwani University College, London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 101, Issue 405, 1 March 1991, Pages 324–330, https://doi.org…
Efficiency Wages: Models of Unemployment, Layoffs, and Wage Dispersion
Journal Article Efficiency Wages: Models of Unemployment, Layoffs, and Wage Dispersion Get access Efficiency Wages: Models of Unemployment, Layoffs, and Wage Dispersion. By WEISS (ANDREW). (Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1991. Pp. vii+118. £25.00 hardback, £8.85 paperback. ISBN 0 198283938, 0 19 828392 X.) Stephen Machin Stephen Machin University College London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Ec…
Signals and Cycles? Productivity Growth and Changes in Union Status in British Companies, 1984-9
Journal Article Signals and Cycles? Productivity Growth and Changes in Union Status in British Companies, 1984-9 Get access Paul Gregg, Paul Gregg National Institute of Economic and Social Research Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Stephen Machin, Stephen Machin University College London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar David Metcalf David Metcalf London School of Econ…
Market Dynamics and Entry
Journal Article Market Dynamics and Entry Get access Market Dynamics and Entry. By (P. A.) Geroski. (Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1991. Pp. xiv + 306. £40.00 hardback, US $50.00 hardback. ISBN 0 63115554 6.) Stephen Machin Stephen Machin University College London and Harvard University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 104, Issue 422, 1 January 1994, Pages 169–171, https:…
The Effects of Minimum Wages on Wage Dispersion and Employment: Evidence from the U.K. Wages Councils
Using data on Wages Council coverage from the United Kingdom New Earnings Survey, the authors examine the impact of mandated minimum wages on wage dispersion and employment in the United Kingdom in the 1980s. They find evidence that a dramatic decline in the toughness of the regulation imposed by the Wages Councils through the 1980s—a decline, that is, in the level of the minimum wage relative to the average wage—significantly contributed to wide…
Taking Care of Business: Executive Compensation in the United Kingdom
Journal Article Taking Care of Business: Executive Compensation in the United Kingdom Get access Martin Conyon, Martin Conyon Warwick Business School and Institute of Economics and Statistics Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Paul Gregg, Paul Gregg University of Warwick and Centre for Economic Performance, LSE Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Stephen Machin Stephen Mac…
British Unions in Decline: Determinants of the 1980s Fall in Union Recognition
This examination of establishment-level data from the Workplace Industrial Relations Surveys of 1980, 1984, and 1990 shows that the proportion of British establishments (that is, workplaces in both the private and public sector) that recognized unions for collective bargaining over pay and working conditions fell by almost 20% between 1980 and 1990. Largely accountable for this decline was a much lower rate of union recognition in establishments …
Women's pay and family incomes in Britain, 1979–91
One of the most striking trends in Britain over the past 10–15 years is the sharp rise in the labour force participation of women. Despite women's increased participation, other aspects of their labour force activity remain unchanged. Women still tend to be clustered in female-dominated occupations and, compared to men, they are still disproportionately likely to be working part-time, and to be low paid.
What Has Happened to Union Recognition in Britain
This paper examines the determinants of establishment-level union recognition status using data from the three Workplace Industrial Relations Surveys of 1980, 1984 and 1990. Our theoretical approach argues that product and labour market variables dated at (or around) the establishment's setup should be considered the crucial determinants of recognition status. Confirmation of these predictions is found for private-sector manufacturing establishme…
Employment and the Introduction of a Minimum Wage in Britain
Journal Article Employment and the Introduction of a Minimum Wage in Britain Get access Stephen Machin, Stephen Machin University College, London and London School of Economics Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Alan Manning Alan Manning University College, London and London School of Economics Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 106, Issue 436…
Evaluating the pin money hypothesis: The relationship between women's labour market activity, family income and poverty in Britain
Intergenerational Mobility in Britain
We use longitudinal data on children and their parents to assess the extent of intergenerational mobility in Britain. Based on data from the National Child Development Survey, a cohort of all individuals born in a week of March 1958, we find that the extent of intergenerational mobility is limited. We report a clear intergenerational correlation between fathers and both sons and daughters in terms of labour market earnings and years of schooling.…
Technology and Changes in Skill Structure: Evidence from Seven OECD Countries
This paper compares the changing skill structure of wage bills and employment in the United States with six other OECD countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, Sweden, and the United Kingdom). We investigate whether a directly observed measure of technical change (R&D intensity) is closely linked to the growth in the importance of more highly skilled workers which has occurred in all countries. Evidence of a significant association between ski…
Implications of Skill-Biased Technological Change: International Evidence
Demand for less-skilled workers plummeted in developed countries in the 1980s. In open economies, pervasive skill-biased technological change (SBTC) can explain this decline. SBTC tends to increase the domestic supply of unskill-intensive goods by releasing less-skilled labor. The more countries experiencing a SBTC, the greater its potential to decrease the relative wages of less-skilled labor by increasing the world supply of unskill-intensive g…
Trade Unions and Training Practices in British Workplaces
The authors use British establishment-level data from the 1991 Employers' Manpower and Skills Practices Survey (EMSPS) and individual-level data from the Autumn 1993 Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS) to investigate the links between training provision and workplace unionization. Both the probability of receiving training and the amount of training received are found to have been substantially higher in unionized than in nonunion workplaces. Th…
UK Economics and the Future Supply of Academic Economists
In recent years there has been a fall in the numbers of United Kingdom students entering PhD programmes in Economics. This is likely to be important for the future of the discipline, both as an academic subject and in terms of the subject's outside influence (especially in using academic research to inform government thinking and policy). Understanding why it has happened, and determining whether it is likely to be associated with problems in rep…
Wage Inequality Since 1975
Wage inequality has risen significantly in the UK since the late 1970s. The most rapid widening of the gap between well paid and low paid workers occurred in the 1980s, but wage inequality probably continued to rise (at least for men), albeit at a much slower pace, through the 1990s. An important feature of rising wage inequality in the last quarter century was increased wage gaps between workers with high levels of education as compared to those…
Higher Education, Family Income and Changes in Intergenerational Mobility
Links between higher education and parental income have strengthened over time in the UK, portraying a significant rise in educational inequality. This means the rapid expansion of the higher education system seen in recent years disproportionately benefited children from richer families Intergenerational mobility of economic status has also declined over time, as the labour market success or failure of individuals has become more closely connect…
Changes in intergenerational mobility in Britain
T he extent to which children's economic or social success is shaped by the economic or social position of their parents is a contentious and hotly debated issue, both within academic circles and in a wider policy context. There is a large body of academic work, carried out predominantly by sociologists, on social mobility – where social class of individuals is related to parental social class – and a smaller body of work which considers mobility…
Educational Inequality and the Expansion of UK Higher Education
In this paper we explore changes over time in higher education (HE) participation and attainment between people from richer and poorer family backgrounds during a time period when the UK higher education system expanded at a rapid rate. We use longitudinal data from three time periods to study temporal shifts in HE participation and attainment across parental income groups for children going to university in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. The key fi…
Minimum Wages in a Low‐Wage Labour Market: Care Homes in the UK
This paper studies the economic effects of minimum wages in a sector that is very vulnerable to minimum wage legislation, the UK care homes sector. We study the effects of the introduction of the National Minimum Wage (NMW) in April 1999 on wages and employment before and after minimum wage introduction and before and after the subsequent increase of the minimum wage in October 2001. We also study home closures between 1999 and 2001. The results …
A Test of Competitive Labor Market Theory: The Wage Structure among Care Assistants in the South of England
This paper examines the structure of wages in a very specific labor market: care assistants in residential homes for the elderly on England's "sunshine coast." This sector corresponds closely to economists' notion of what should be a competitive labor market, both because it has a large number of small firms undertaking a very homogeneous activity in a concentrated geographical area, and because the workers are neither unionized nor covered by an…
Gender and Student Achievement in English Schools
Trajectories, encounters and disagreements in the aspiration to the UN: How are gender inequalities going?The following research starts from the current picture of unequal gender access and composition of the National University of Colombia at the undergraduate level, where males conform almost two-thirds of the institution.It is a concern that makes questioning how gender intervenes in the academic trajectories and experiences of aiming to acces…
Economics (50 works) · Labour economics (27 works) · Demographic economics (26 works) · Political science (23 works) · Economic growth (21 works) · Sociology (21 works) · Labor market dynamics and wage inequality (17 works) · Employment and Welfare Studies (11 works) · Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies (11 works) · Wage (11 works)