Leonel Garcia-Marques
Biographic Data
| ID | 897161 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Leonel Garcia-Marques |
| GIVEN NAMES | Leonel |
| FAMILY NAME | Garcia-Marques |
| SIGNATURE | GARCIA-MARQUES L |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Lisbon |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0800-7664 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 43 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 108 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 43 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1969 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Reputation in social perception: Validation of trustworthy and untrustworthy behavioural descriptions in European Portuguese
Reputation is an important cue for person perception and adequate behaviour. Its influence on behaviour might override first impressions from faces and constitutes an important information forintegrating person perception and creating predictions of other’s behaviour. The purpose of the present study was to create and validate a set of sentences describing “trustworthy” and “untrustworthy” previous behaviour (reputation). We generated a set of 97…
Evaluating Greeting Models for Human-Robot Engagement During First Encounters
Engagement during first encounters needs both parties to comprehend each other’s intent without mutual information. A robot may fail to engage someone because people are unaware of the robot’s presence or intent to interact, or because they are uninterested in interacting with robots. In this paper, we compared three different greeting strategies for mobile social robots in first encounters with humans using the Kendon’s greeting protocol, which …
Accordance and conflict between religious and scientific precautions against Covid-19 in 27 societies
Meaning-making systems underlie perceptions of the efficacy of threat-mitigating behaviors. Religion and science both offer threat mitigation, yet these meaning-making systems are often considered incompatible. Do such epistemological conflicts swamp the desire to employ diverse precautions against threats? Or do individuals—particularly individuals who are highly reactive to threats—hedge their bets by using multiple threat-mitigating practices …
Does Repetition Always Make Perfect? Differential Effects of Repetition on Learning of Own-Race and Other-Race Faces
People have a remarkable capacity to process and recognize faces. Yet, they fail to recognize the faces of individuals from other racial groups - the Other-Race Effect (ORE). We investigated the role of repetition - a powerful determinant of learning and memory - in reducing the ORE. We predicted that repetition would improve face learning, particularly for other-race faces, as these are poorly learned based on a single presentation. Because own-…
Break the Ice: A Survey on Socially Aware Engagement for Human–Robot First Encounters
"Uma análise do progresso científico da Cognição Social à luz da perspetiva do "novo Experimentalismo
A Cognição Social é uma abordagem conceptual e empírica que tenta explicar os fenómenos psicossociais através das estruturas e dos processos cognitivos que lhe são subjacentes. Esta abordagem com a sua génese nos anos oitenta, tem contribuído para a compreensão da mente do ser humano, tomando-o como um ser eminentemente social. Neste artigo procuramos debater a sua contribuição para o progresso científico na conceção da abordagem epistemológica d…
Generation and testing of emergent traits in composite professional stereotypes
Somos frequentemente confrontados com pessoas que fazem parte de múltiplas categorias, por vezes com implicações que conflictuam no que respeita aos estereótipos que lhes estão associados. Investigação anterior demonstra que, quando são gerados atributos para estereótipos compósitos, são criados os chamados atributos novos e emergentes. Estes parecem derivar do conhecimento acerca das categorias constituintes, mas também do conhecimento acerca do…
Good to Bad or Bad to Bad? What is the relationship between valence and the trait content of the Big Two
In this article we directly assessed the relationship between valence and relevant traits of the Big Two dimensions (i.e., communion and agency). Drawing on previous research, we expected that the relationship with valence would be less monotonous and more variable in direction across agency‐related traits, compared to communion‐related traits. In three repeated measures studies we assessed the perceived valence of each trait dimension on a conti…
Dominance and competence face to face: Dissociations obtained with a reverse correlation approach
The article explores whether the traits representing the dimensions underlying the structure of facial and non‐facial impressions are similarly mapped in the face space. Two studies examine whether the trustworthiness‐by‐dominance and the warmth‐by‐competence two‐dimensional models overlap in face perception. In Study 1 ( N = 200), we used a reverse‐correlation task to obtain classification images ( CI s) reflecting how each dimension is mapped o…
Learning what to inhibit: The influence of repeated testing on the encoding of gender and age information
Psychological research has devoted considerable attention to the relationship between the multiple category dimensions that can be extracted from faces. In the present studies, we investigated the role of experience and learning on the way the social perceiver deals with multiple category dimensions. Specifically, we tested whether learning which of 2 dimensions is the most relevant to the task at hand influences the encoding and retrieval of bot…
Acknowledging the role of word-based activation in spontaneous trait inferences
The first goal of the present paper is to call attention to a confounder in studies that explore Spontaneous Trait Inferences (STI). These studies use, most of the times, behavioral descriptions which strongly imply personality traits about the actor of the behavior. However, a potential limitation of this material is the possibility of the trait being activated by specific words in the sentence (wordbased priming) and not, or not only, by an inf…
Spontaneous trait inference and transference: Exploring the link between names and traits
Investigação passada demonstrou que as pessoas realizam inferências espontâneas de traços (IET) a partir de comportamentos e que esses traços de personalidade ficam ligados em memória às faces dos actores. A investigação demonstrou também que os traços inferidos podem ficar associados a faces de comunicadores dos comportamentos, através de um processo de transferência espontânea de traço (TET). No presente estudo, substituimos as faces dos indiví…
The cultural stereotype of professional groups: Consensus, accessibility and typicality of stereotypic contents
The purpose of the present work was to measure the stereotypic content of several professional groups in a Portuguese sample, by determining the culturally shared stereotypic attributes, their accessibility and typicality. Study 1 used a spontaneous attribute-generation-task to collect the stereotypic content of 28 professional groups. The frequency of generation was used to measure consensus on the attributes generated. The order of generated at…
Capturing spontaneous trait inference with the modified free association paradigm
When expectancies harm comprehension: Encoding flexibility in impression formation
Too young to correct: A developmental test of the three-stage model of social inference
The 3-stage model of social inference posits that people categorize behaviors and characterize actors or situations effortlessly, but they correct these characterizations with additional information effortfully. The current article tests this model using developmental data, assuming that the less cognitively demanding processes in the model (i.e., categorization, characterization) should appear earlier in development, whereas the more demanding c…
Os fenÃ3menos das inferÃancias e transferÃancias espontâneas de traço: O que são, de onde vieram, para onde vão
O fenÃ3meno das InferÃancias Espontâneas de Traço (IETs) consiste na constatação de que, no seguimento da exposição a um comportamento implicativo de um traço de personalidade, se verifica uma inferÃancia do traço acerca do respectivo autor, sem que haja intenção nem consciÃancia por parte do observador (Winter & Uleman, 1984). Recentemente, o fenÃ3meno de TransferÃancias Espontâneas de Traço (TETs) veio revelar que os traços implicados pelas des…
Daniel Kahneman: A economia mental e o Nobel da Economia
Em Outubro de 2002, Daniel Kahneman foi galardoado pela Royal Academy of Sciences com o prémio Nobel da economia por ter integrado insights resultantes da investigação psicológica nas ciências económicas, especialmente no que concerne o julgamento humano e a tomada de decisão em condições de incerteza. Em Abril de 2003, os "Encontros ao Fim da Tarde com a Psicologia", da responsabilidade da Associação Portuguesa de Psicologia (APP) em articulação…
À semelhança do estudo de Chase e Simon: Sobre a memória de informação clínica por psicoterapeutas dinâmicos especialistas e não-especialistas
Psicoterapeutas de orientação com diferentes graus de experiência, foram sujeitos, uns à condição de dois casos clínicos típicos e outros à condição de dois casos clínicos atípicos. Todos os psicoterapeutas foram confrontados com dias tarefas: (1) avaliação diagnóstica, e (2) tarefa de memória em que reconheciam a informação contida nos casos, depois de os terem visto separadamente durante seis minutos (para cada um). Os resultados mais important…
Tentativa de resolução da aparente discrepância entre o efeito de incongruência e as correlações ilusórias baseadas nas expectativas
Dois dos mais robustos efeitos da Cognição Social, o efeito de incongruência e as correlações ilusórias baseadas nas expectativas, são aparentemente incompatíveis. Esta incompatibilidade torna-se mais aguda se for levada em consideração a similitude entre os ocntextos experimentais em que, tipicamente, se encontram ambos os efeitos. Não tem existido contudo senão um pequeno nuúmero de tentativas conceptuais d3e resolução deste aparente paradoxo. …
O legado de Harold H. Kelley: O estudo da interdependência e atribuição de causas
Este artigo pretende ser uma homenagem ao psicólogo social Harold Kelley falecido no início do ano de 2003. Nele apresentamos os trabalhos do autor no campo de estudo da Interdependência e da Atribuição Causal, defendendo que o seu brilhantismo deve-se não tanto à defesa de noções complexas ou transcendentesmas antes, à clarividência com que definiu as suas ideias em torno de dois princípios básicos: o de que comportamento é controlado pelas suas…
O papel do reconhecimento do acaso no raciocínio indutivo
Segundo Tversky e Kahneman (1974), a actividade inferencial humana baseia-se em grande medida em heurísticas (regras simplificadas de tomada de decisão) que divergem dos princípios estatísticos apropriados ao julgamento na incerteza. No entanto, Nisbett,Krantz, Jepson e Kunda (1983), defenderam que paralelamente às heurísticas não-estatísticas, as pessoas também possuem heurísticas estatísticas (i.e. representações intuitivas e abstractas de cert…
Para uma revisão da abordagem multidimensional das impressões de personalidade: O culto, o irresponsável, o compreensivo e o arrogante
A estrutura bidimensional das teorias implícitas de personalidade (Rosenberg, Nelson, & Vivekananthan, 1968) é revisitada em dois estudos. O primeiro estudo procurou obter as duas dimensões originais (social e intelectual), replicando o trabalho de Rosenberg e colaboradores. Para o efeito, traços de personalidade utilizados no estudo original foram traduzidos para português. No segundo estudo utilizaram-se traços espontaneamente gerados por uma a…
A dissociação dos efeitos das expectativas nas impressões e memória de pessoas e grupos: O Modelo TRAP
O presente artigo apresenta um novo modelo de memória de pessoas e grupos – o Modelo TRAP (Twofold Retrieval by Associative Pathways). O Modelo TRAP foi primordialmente desenvolvimento para resolver a aparente discrepância entre efeitos de congruência tipicamente obtidos em medidas de julgamento e de incongruência tipicamente obtidos em medidas de recordação livre. O Modelo distingue entre dois modos de recuperação – o modo heurístico e exaustivo…
Em busca da distinção perdida: Acessibilidade versus disponibilidade mnésicas em cognição social
A compreensão da forma como se representa, organiza e recupera informação de memória acerca de pessoas e acontecimentos sociais constitui actualmente uma das áreas fundamentais de desenvolvimento teórico e metodológico da Cognição Social. A literatura produzida neste âmbito permite distinguir quatro grandes abordagens, duas delas subjacentes à maior parte da investigação: as redes associativas e as representações esquemáticas; e duas mais recente…
Stereotypes: Static Abstractions or Dynamic Knowledge Structures
Stereotypes have been assumed to be long-lasting knowledge structures that persist even in the face of contrary evidence. However, there is almost no within-participant research relevant to this assumption. The authors describe 4 studies (N=267), the first 3 of which assessed within-participant stereotype stability over a few weeks with measures of stereotypic trait verification, typicality ratings of exemplar sets, and exemplar retrieval. In the…
Automatic and controlled components of judgment and decision making
The categorization of inductive reasoning into largely automatic processes (heuristic reasoning) and controlled analytical processes (rule-based reasoning) put forward by dual-process approaches of judgment under uncertainty (e.g., K. E. Stanovich & R. F. West, 2000) has been primarily a matter of assumption with a scarcity of direct empirical findings supporting it. The present authors use the process dissociation procedure (L. L. Jacoby, 1991) …
Resolving the apparent discrepancy between the incongruency effect and the expectancy-based illusory correlation effect: The TRAP model
The incongruency effect and the expectancy-based illusory correlation effect seem contradictory because they describe apparently contrasting consequences of previously held expectancies: better recall of incongruent than congruent items but overestimation of congruent items. This article resolves this dilemma by presenting a model that is able to simultaneously predict both of these effects. The Twofold Retrieval by Associative Pathways (TRAP) mo…
The impact of stereotype-incongruent information on perceived group variability and stereotype change
Three experiments showed increases in the perceived variability of social groups after perceivers received stereotype-incongruent information about group members. In Experiment 1, participants generated flatter distributions after exposure to incongruent information, compared with equally deviant congruent information, in the form of typical verbal materials. Experiment 2 indicated similar changes in dispersion after the presentation of numeric i…
Exhaustive and heuristic retrieval processes in person cognition: Further tests of the TRAP model
The twofold retrieval by associative pathways (TRAP) model (L. Garcia-Marques & D. L. Hamilton, 1996) proposes that two distinct modes of retrieval typically underlie recall and frequency estimation. The model accounts for the simultaneous occurrence of greater recall of incongruent information and higher frequency estimation of congruent information. Three experiments provided further tests of the TRAP model. Experiment 1 manipulated cognitive l…
Dominance and competence face to face: Dissociations obtained with a reverse correlation approach
The article explores whether the traits representing the dimensions underlying the structure of facial and non‐facial impressions are similarly mapped in the face space. Two studies examine whether the trustworthiness‐by‐dominance and the warmth‐by‐competence two‐dimensional models overlap in face perception. In Study 1 ( N = 200), we used a reverse‐correlation task to obtain classification images ( CI s) reflecting how each dimension is mapped o…
On the relation between spontaneous trait inferences and intentional inferences: An inference monitoring hypothesis
What I infer depends on who you are: The influence of stereotypes on trait and situational spontaneous inferences
Validation of polemical social representations: Introducing the Intergroup Differentiation of Heterogeneity
Three studies explore the intergroup differentiation of heterogeneity as a strategy for validation of polemical social representations. The first study examines this strategy of validation in a context of simple intergroup differentiation. In the second study the context is one of open political conflict. The last study, also in a political context, introduces the perceptions of the relations between the groups as an independent variable. The fir…
Condom Inclusion in Cognitive Representations of Sexual Encounters
To identify the inclusion of condom use (N = 360 college students), two sexual scripts (stable and casual relationships) were identified by free-generation methods (Study 1) and used to develop open-ended narratives up to the point before sexual intercourse. Participants completed the narratives to verify whether they spontaneously included references to condom use, and these references were related to self-report of sexual protection (Study 2). …
The scaffolded mind: The why of embodied cognition
Break the Ice: A Survey on Socially Aware Engagement for Human–Robot First Encounters
Good to Bad or Bad to Bad? What is the relationship between valence and the trait content of the Big Two
In this article we directly assessed the relationship between valence and relevant traits of the Big Two dimensions (i.e., communion and agency). Drawing on previous research, we expected that the relationship with valence would be less monotonous and more variable in direction across agency‐related traits, compared to communion‐related traits. In three repeated measures studies we assessed the perceived valence of each trait dimension on a conti…
Implicit open-mindedness: Evidence for and limits on stereotype malleability
Effects of correspondence between encoding and retrieval organization in social memory
Effects of schooling and literacy on linguistic abstraction: The role of holistic vs. analytic processing styles
Schooling in a Western cultural environment has been shown to promote context‐free (analytic) at the expense of context‐dependent (holistic) processing. In the present study, we examined whether these differences in processing styles also induce a tendency to use more abstract (i.e., dispositional) language when describing human behaviors. Portuguese literate, illiterate, and ex‐illiterates were asked to freely describe behaviors presented visual…
Too young to correct: A developmental test of the three-stage model of social inference
The 3-stage model of social inference posits that people categorize behaviors and characterize actors or situations effortlessly, but they correct these characterizations with additional information effortfully. The current article tests this model using developmental data, assuming that the less cognitively demanding processes in the model (i.e., categorization, characterization) should appear earlier in development, whereas the more demanding c…
Not all Stereotype-Incongruent Information is Created Equal: The Impact of Sample Variability on Stereotype Change
In two experiments participants saw stereotype-incongruent information that was either high or low in variability. Following exposure participants generated distributions of group members from which central tendency and variability information was calculated. The comprehensive retrieval model (Garcia-Marques & Mackie, 1999) predicted greater change in perceived dispersion following high versus low variability incongruent information, but greater …
Cognição social fora do laboratório não é peixe fora de água: O caso do efeito de ancoragem
A aplicabilidade da investigação laboratorial a contextos "reais" é um problema comummente discutido nas ciências sociais, em particular na psicologia experimental. Ou seja, até que ponto os estudos feitos em ambientes artificiais nos permitem retirar conclusões e aplicações em contextos "reais"? Este artigo propõe?se a contribuir para a desmistificação deste "problema", recorrendo ao caso do efeito de ancoragem. O efeito de ancoragem - a assimil…
Resolving the apparent discrepancy between the incongruency effect and the expectancy-based illusory correlation effect: The TRAP model
The incongruency effect and the expectancy-based illusory correlation effect seem contradictory because they describe apparently contrasting consequences of previously held expectancies: better recall of incongruent than congruent items but overestimation of congruent items. This article resolves this dilemma by presenting a model that is able to simultaneously predict both of these effects. The Twofold Retrieval by Associative Pathways (TRAP) mo…
Psicologia Social em Portugal
Apresentação de secção temática
Validation of polemical social representations: Introducing the Intergroup Differentiation of Heterogeneity
Three studies explore the intergroup differentiation of heterogeneity as a strategy for validation of polemical social representations. The first study examines this strategy of validation in a context of simple intergroup differentiation. In the second study the context is one of open political conflict. The last study, also in a political context, introduces the perceptions of the relations between the groups as an independent variable. The fir…
The impact of stereotype-incongruent information on perceived group variability and stereotype change
Three experiments showed increases in the perceived variability of social groups after perceivers received stereotype-incongruent information about group members. In Experiment 1, participants generated flatter distributions after exposure to incongruent information, compared with equally deviant congruent information, in the form of typical verbal materials. Experiment 2 indicated similar changes in dispersion after the presentation of numeric i…
Not all Stereotype-Incongruent Information is Created Equal: The Impact of Sample Variability on Stereotype Change
In two experiments participants saw stereotype-incongruent information that was either high or low in variability. Following exposure participants generated distributions of group members from which central tendency and variability information was calculated. The comprehensive retrieval model (Garcia-Marques & Mackie, 1999) predicted greater change in perceived dispersion following high versus low variability incongruent information, but greater …
Hypothesis Testing and the Perception of Diagnosticity
Exhaustive and heuristic retrieval processes in person cognition: Further tests of the TRAP model
The twofold retrieval by associative pathways (TRAP) model (L. Garcia-Marques & D. L. Hamilton, 1996) proposes that two distinct modes of retrieval typically underlie recall and frequency estimation. The model accounts for the simultaneous occurrence of greater recall of incongruent information and higher frequency estimation of congruent information. Three experiments provided further tests of the TRAP model. Experiment 1 manipulated cognitive l…
Stereotypes: Static Abstractions or Dynamic Knowledge Structures
Stereotypes have been assumed to be long-lasting knowledge structures that persist even in the face of contrary evidence. However, there is almost no within-participant research relevant to this assumption. The authors describe 4 studies (N=267), the first 3 of which assessed within-participant stereotype stability over a few weeks with measures of stereotypic trait verification, typicality ratings of exemplar sets, and exemplar retrieval. In the…
Automatic and controlled components of judgment and decision making
The categorization of inductive reasoning into largely automatic processes (heuristic reasoning) and controlled analytical processes (rule-based reasoning) put forward by dual-process approaches of judgment under uncertainty (e.g., K. E. Stanovich & R. F. West, 2000) has been primarily a matter of assumption with a scarcity of direct empirical findings supporting it. The present authors use the process dissociation procedure (L. L. Jacoby, 1991) …
Condom Inclusion in Cognitive Representations of Sexual Encounters
To identify the inclusion of condom use (N = 360 college students), two sexual scripts (stable and casual relationships) were identified by free-generation methods (Study 1) and used to develop open-ended narratives up to the point before sexual intercourse. Participants completed the narratives to verify whether they spontaneously included references to condom use, and these references were related to self-report of sexual protection (Study 2). …
The scaffolded mind: The why of embodied cognition
Effects of schooling and literacy on linguistic abstraction: The role of holistic vs. analytic processing styles
Schooling in a Western cultural environment has been shown to promote context‐free (analytic) at the expense of context‐dependent (holistic) processing. In the present study, we examined whether these differences in processing styles also induce a tendency to use more abstract (i.e., dispositional) language when describing human behaviors. Portuguese literate, illiterate, and ex‐illiterates were asked to freely describe behaviors presented visual…
On the relation between spontaneous trait inferences and intentional inferences: An inference monitoring hypothesis
Effects of correspondence between encoding and retrieval organization in social memory
Cognitive and Contextual Variables in Sexual Partner and Relationship Perception
O legado de Harold H. Kelley: O estudo da interdependência e atribuição de causas
Este artigo pretende ser uma homenagem ao psicólogo social Harold Kelley falecido no início do ano de 2003. Nele apresentamos os trabalhos do autor no campo de estudo da Interdependência e da Atribuição Causal, defendendo que o seu brilhantismo deve-se não tanto à defesa de noções complexas ou transcendentesmas antes, à clarividência com que definiu as suas ideias em torno de dois princípios básicos: o de que comportamento é controlado pelas suas…
O papel do reconhecimento do acaso no raciocínio indutivo
Segundo Tversky e Kahneman (1974), a actividade inferencial humana baseia-se em grande medida em heurísticas (regras simplificadas de tomada de decisão) que divergem dos princípios estatísticos apropriados ao julgamento na incerteza. No entanto, Nisbett,Krantz, Jepson e Kunda (1983), defenderam que paralelamente às heurísticas não-estatísticas, as pessoas também possuem heurísticas estatísticas (i.e. representações intuitivas e abstractas de cert…
Para uma revisão da abordagem multidimensional das impressões de personalidade: O culto, o irresponsável, o compreensivo e o arrogante
A estrutura bidimensional das teorias implícitas de personalidade (Rosenberg, Nelson, & Vivekananthan, 1968) é revisitada em dois estudos. O primeiro estudo procurou obter as duas dimensões originais (social e intelectual), replicando o trabalho de Rosenberg e colaboradores. Para o efeito, traços de personalidade utilizados no estudo original foram traduzidos para português. No segundo estudo utilizaram-se traços espontaneamente gerados por uma a…
A dissociação dos efeitos das expectativas nas impressões e memória de pessoas e grupos: O Modelo TRAP
O presente artigo apresenta um novo modelo de memória de pessoas e grupos – o Modelo TRAP (Twofold Retrieval by Associative Pathways). O Modelo TRAP foi primordialmente desenvolvimento para resolver a aparente discrepância entre efeitos de congruência tipicamente obtidos em medidas de julgamento e de incongruência tipicamente obtidos em medidas de recordação livre. O Modelo distingue entre dois modos de recuperação – o modo heurístico e exaustivo…
Em busca da distinção perdida: Acessibilidade versus disponibilidade mnésicas em cognição social
A compreensão da forma como se representa, organiza e recupera informação de memória acerca de pessoas e acontecimentos sociais constitui actualmente uma das áreas fundamentais de desenvolvimento teórico e metodológico da Cognição Social. A literatura produzida neste âmbito permite distinguir quatro grandes abordagens, duas delas subjacentes à maior parte da investigação: as redes associativas e as representações esquemáticas; e duas mais recente…
What I infer depends on who you are: The influence of stereotypes on trait and situational spontaneous inferences
Implicit open-mindedness: Evidence for and limits on stereotype malleability
Too young to correct: A developmental test of the three-stage model of social inference
The 3-stage model of social inference posits that people categorize behaviors and characterize actors or situations effortlessly, but they correct these characterizations with additional information effortfully. The current article tests this model using developmental data, assuming that the less cognitively demanding processes in the model (i.e., categorization, characterization) should appear earlier in development, whereas the more demanding c…
Os fenÃ3menos das inferÃancias e transferÃancias espontâneas de traço: O que são, de onde vieram, para onde vão
O fenÃ3meno das InferÃancias Espontâneas de Traço (IETs) consiste na constatação de que, no seguimento da exposição a um comportamento implicativo de um traço de personalidade, se verifica uma inferÃancia do traço acerca do respectivo autor, sem que haja intenção nem consciÃancia por parte do observador (Winter & Uleman, 1984). Recentemente, o fenÃ3meno de TransferÃancias Espontâneas de Traço (TETs) veio revelar que os traços implicados pelas des…
Psychology (32 works) · Social Psychology (23 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (16 works) · Cognitive psychology (15 works) · Social Psychology (15 works) · Humanities (13 works) · Philosophy (13 works) · Computer Science (12 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (11 works) · Perception (11 works)