Daniel J O’keefe
Biographic Data
| ID | 910903 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Daniel J O’keefe |
| GIVEN NAMES | Daniel J |
| FAMILY NAME | O’keefe |
| SIGNATURE | O’KEEFE D J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1594-8892 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 42 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 243 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 42 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1975 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Message-level Claims Require Message-level Data Analyses: Aligning Claims and Evidence in Communication Research
Researchers often invoke individual-level correlations (correlations between properties of individuals) as a basis for message-level claims (claims about properties of messages).For example: "People who are more transported by a narrative message are generally also more persuaded by it; individuals' transportation and persuasion scores are positively correlated.Therefore narratives that are more transporting will be more persuasive than narrative…
Commentary on “Do Vaping Prevention Messages Impact Adolescents and Young Adults? A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies”
Comparison Conditions in Research on Persuasive Message Effects: Aligning Evidence and Claims About Persuasiveness
In persuasion message effects research, two kinds of research design are common. One compares the persuasiveness of two different advocacy messages on the same topic. The other compares the persuasiveness of an advocacy message against a no-advocacy-message control condition. Because these two designs contain different comparisons they underwrite different claims, but the designs – and their corresponding claims – are prone to misunderstanding an…
Charles Arthur Willard (1945–2021): In Memoriam
The reconstructability of persuasive message variables affects the variability of experimental effect sizes: Evidence and Implications
Whereas the persuasive impact of message variables such as weaker versus stronger threat appeals, vivid versus pallid messages, and one-sided versus two-sided messages has received much research attention, more abstract properties of such message variables have gone largely unexamined. This article reports an analysis of one such property, reconstructability: the degree to which one of the two messages in an experimental pair can be deduced from …
Persuasive Message Pretesting Using Non-Behavioral Outcomes: Differences in Attitudinal and Intention Effects as Diagnostic of Differences in Behavioral Effects
Persuasive message designers would like to be able to pretest messages to see which will be more effective in influencing behavioral outcomes, but pretesting using behavioral measures is commonly not practical. Examination of within-study effect size comparisons from 317 studies of 22 message variations suggests that persuasive messages’ relative effectiveness is strikingly similar across attitudinal, intention, and behavioral outcomes—with messa…
Message Pretesting Using Perceived Persuasiveness Measures: Reconsidering the Correlational Evidence
Perceived message effectiveness (PME) measures have been used in persuasive message pretesting to diagnose differences between messages in actual message effectiveness (AME). This practice has been underwritten by pointing to positive correlations between individuals’ PME and AME scores. This essay argues that such correlations do not – and cannot – show that messages’ relative standing on PME matches their relative standing on AME, and thus corr…
Whistling Past the Graveyard: Response to Commentaries
Misunderstandings of Effect Sizes in Message Effects Research
But in the context of message effects research, it is easy to confuse an effect size—a quantitative representation of the effect of a variable on an outcome—with the size of the effect of a message on an outcome. Illustrations of this misunderstanding are offered, its unhappy consequences specified, and remedies discussed
Persuasion and Social Influence
Because persuasion is a common function of communication, it has been a subject of longstanding research attention. A number of different theoretical approaches have helped illuminate persuasion, including social judgment theory, the elaboration likelihood model, reasoned action theory, and cognitive dissonance theory. And research has yielded insights about how various factors influence persuasive outcomes, including communicator characteristics…
The Relative Persuasiveness of Different Forms of Arguments-From-Consequences: A Review and Integration
Research on persuasive communication has explored a great many different message variations as possible influences on persuasive effectiveness, including image-oriented versus product-quality-oriented advertisements for consumer products, arguments based on long-term or short-term consequences of the advocated action, promotion-oriented versus prevention-oriented appeals, gain-framed versus loss-framed appeals, individualist-oriented appeals vers…
The Relative Persuasiveness of Different Message Types Does Not Vary as a Function of the Persuasive Outcome Assessed: Evidence from 29 Meta-Analyses of 2,062 Effect Sizes for 13 Message Variations
Experiments that compare the persuasiveness of two message types (e.g., strong vs. weak fear appeals) characteristically examine persuasive impact using atti-tudinal, intention, or behavioral outcomes. The equivalence of these three outcomes as indices of relative persuasiveness is assessed by re-analyzing data from 2,062 effect sizes in 29 meta-analyses of 13 different message variations, including one-sided and two-sided messages, negative poli…
The Asymmetry of Predictive and Descriptive Capabilities in Quantitative Communication Research: Implications for Hypothesis Development and Testing
The bulk of hypotheses in quantitative communication research are directional (e.g., the correlation is positive, the treatment mean is larger than the control mean). For testing such hypotheses, null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) and the use of effect sizes and confidence intervals (ES+CI) are functionally equivalent. ES+CI provides more precise descriptions of research results (effect sizes, confidence intervals) than does NHST, but th…
The Relative Persuasiveness of Gain-Framed and Loss-Framed Messages for Encouraging Disease Detection Behaviors: A Meta-Analytic Review
A meta-analytic review of 53 studies (N = 9,145) finds that in messages aimed at encouraging disease detection behaviors, loss-framed appeals (which emphasize the disadvantages of noncompliance with the communicator's recommendation) are only slightly, but statistically significantly, more persuasive than gain-framed appeals (which emphasize the advantages of compliance); the difference corresponds to a correlation of −.04. Loss-framed appeals en…
Adapting Consumer Advertising Appeals to Cultural Values A Meta-Analytic Review of Effects on Persuasiveness and Ad Liking
It is a truism that successful persuasive messages should be adapted to audience values. A substantial research literature—not previously systematically reviewed—has examined whether advertisements with appeals adapted to the audience’s important cultural values (e.g., individualism for North Americans) are more persuasive and better liked than appeals that are unadapted to such values. A meta-analytic review of that research finds that adapted a…
The Relative Persuasiveness of Gain-Framed Loss-Framed Messages for Encouraging Disease Prevention Behaviors: A Meta-Analytic Review
A meta-analytic review of 93 studies (N = 21,656) finds that in disease prevention messages, gain-framed appeals, which emphasize the advantages of compliance with the communicator's recommendation, are statistically significantly more persuasive than loss-framed appeals, which emphasize the disadvantages of noncompliance. This difference is quite small (corresponding to r = .03), however, and appears attributable to a relatively large (and stati…
Narrative communication in cancer prevention and control: A framework to guide research and application
Narrative forms of communication-including entertainment education, journalism, literature, testimonials, and storytelling-are emerging as important tools for cancer prevention and control. To stimulate critical thinking about the role of narrative in cancer communication and promote a more focused and systematic program of research to understand its effects, we propose a typology of narrative application in cancer control. We assert that narrati…
Brief Report: Post Hoc Power, Observed Power, A Priori Power, Retrospective Power, Prospective Power, Achieved Power: Sorting Out Appropriate Uses of Statistical Power Analyses
This brief note hopes to dispel some apparent confusions concerning statistical power, especially ones stemming from power computations based on treating an observed sample effect size as the population effect of interest ("post hoc," "observed," or "retrospective" power). Some after-the-fact power analyses can be useful for presentation purposes but only when based on population effect sizes of independent interest. It is recommended that labels…
The Advantages of Compliance or the Disadvantages of Noncompliance? A Meta-Analytic Review of the Relative Persuasive Effectiveness of Gain-Framed and Loss-Framed Messages
A meta-analytic review of the relative persuasiveness of gain-and loss-framed messages (based on 165 effect sizes, N=50,780) finds that loss-framed appeals are not generally more persuasive than gain-framed appeals. For encouraging disease prevention behaviors, gain-framed appeals are more persuasive than loss-framed appeals; for encouraging disease detection behaviors, gain-and loss-framed appeals do not differ significantly in persuasiveness. T…
Message Properties, Mediating States, and Manipulation Checks: Claims, Evidence, and Data Analysis in Experimental Persuasive Message Effects Research
Journal Article Message Properties, Mediating States, and Manipulation Checks: Claims, Evidence, and Data Analysis in Experimental Persuasive Message Effects Research Get access Daniel J. O'Keefe Daniel J. O'Keefe 1Daniel J. O'Keefe is a professor in the Department of Speech Communication at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2Daniel J. O'Keefe, Department of Speech Communication, 702 S. Wright St., 244 Lincoln Hall, University of Il…
Colloquy: Should Familywise Alpha Be Adjusted? Against Familywise Alpha Adjustment
Searching for a Defensible Application of Alpha-Adjustment Tools
Any principle offered to underwrite the imposition of alpha-adjustment procedures must be applied consistently. Hewes (2003) and Tutzauer (2003) propose that alpha adjustment can appropriately be mandated when the set of tests concerns the key claims of a single theory. But consistent application of this reasoning though, commits one to bizarre beliefs and research practices—which suggests that this reasoning does not provide a satisfactory ratio…
Colloquy: Should Familywise Alpha Be Adjusted
Type I error is a risk undertaken whenever significance tests are conducted, and the chances of committing a Type I error increase as the number of significance tests increases. But adjusting the alpha level because of the number of tests conducted in a given study has no principled basis, commits one to absurd beliefs and practices, and reduces statistical power. The practice of requiring or employing such adjustments should be abandoned
Guilt and Social Influence
Research bearing on the role of guilt in social influence is reviewed in this chapter. Guilt is an emotion naturally suited to exploitation in the service of social influence, by virtue of its action-motivating aspects and its ability to be aroused by relationally significant others. Guilt can be a very powerful influence mechanism, as indicated by studies of guilt arousal in everyday life (where self-reports of behavioral change suggest that gui…
How to Handle Opposing Arguments in Persuasive Messages: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects of One-Sided and Two-Sided Messages
A random-effects meta-analytic review of the effects of one-sided and two-sided persuasive messages identifies two key moderator variables: whether the two-sided message is refutational or nonrefutational and whether the message is consumer advertising or nonadvertising. Compared with one-sided messages, refutational two-sided messages on nonadvertising topics enjoy significantly greater credibility and persuasiveness, nonrefutational two-sided m…
Message Properties, Mediating States, and Manipulation Checks: Claims, Evidence, and Data Analysis in Experimental Persuasive Message Effects Research
Journal Article Message Properties, Mediating States, and Manipulation Checks: Claims, Evidence, and Data Analysis in Experimental Persuasive Message Effects Research Get access Daniel J. O'Keefe Daniel J. O'Keefe 1Daniel J. O'Keefe is a professor in the Department of Speech Communication at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2Daniel J. O'Keefe, Department of Speech Communication, 702 S. Wright St., 244 Lincoln Hall, University of Il…
Cognitive Complexity Measures and the Relationship of Cognitive Complexity to Communication
Journal Article Cognitive Complexity Measures and the Relationship of Cognitive Complexity to Communication Get access Daniel J. O'Keefe, Daniel J. O'Keefe 1Daniel J. O'Keefe (Ph.D., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1976) is an assistant professor of speech communication at the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Howard E. Sypher Howard E. Sypher 2Howar…
Brief Report: Post Hoc Power, Observed Power, A Priori Power, Retrospective Power, Prospective Power, Achieved Power: Sorting Out Appropriate Uses of Statistical Power Analyses
This brief note hopes to dispel some apparent confusions concerning statistical power, especially ones stemming from power computations based on treating an observed sample effect size as the population effect of interest ("post hoc," "observed," or "retrospective" power). Some after-the-fact power analyses can be useful for presentation purposes but only when based on population effect sizes of independent interest. It is recommended that labels…
The Search for Reliable Generalizations About Messages A Comparison of Research Strategies
Two ways of conducting the search for generalizations about messages are considered: Morley's (this volume) proposal that single-message research designs be used, with subsequent meta-analytic summaries, and Jackson and Jacobs's (1983) proposal that multiple-message designs be used, with messages treated as a random factor in the statistical analysis. Jackson and Jacobs's approach is shown to provide a more dependable, efficient, and practical me…
Messages as replications: Toward a message‐centered design strategy
defense of single-message designs from our suggestion that messages be replicated within experiments. We respond to each of these controversies. First, we examine their claim that "controlled " single-message designs completely eliminate all confounding of manipulated variables with other possible inßuences on the dependent variable and show it to rest on manifestly implausible assumptions. Second, we show why researchers should plan for the poss…
Colloquy: Should Familywise Alpha Be Adjusted
Type I error is a risk undertaken whenever significance tests are conducted, and the chances of committing a Type I error increase as the number of significance tests increases. But adjusting the alpha level because of the number of tests conducted in a given study has no principled basis, commits one to absurd beliefs and practices, and reduces statistical power. The practice of requiring or employing such adjustments should be abandoned
Ethnomethodology
Guilt and expected guilt in the door‐in‐the‐face technique
Three studies are reported concerning the guilt‐based explanation of the door‐in‐the‐face (DITF) technique, which proposes that in successful DITF implementations, first‐request refusal generates guilt that is reduced by second‐request compliance. An initial experiment confirmed that, consistent with this explanation, rejection of a prosocial request evoked more guilt than did rejection of a nonprosocial request. A second experiment provided furt…
A Guilt-Based Explanation of the Door-in-the-Face Influence Strategy
A new explanation is proposed for the accumulated research findings concerning the door-in-the-face (DITF) influence strategy. The explanation treats successful DITF implementations as based on guilt: Refusal of the first request creates guilt, and compliance with the second request reduces guilt. In addition to explaining the known effects of DITF moderator variables, the explanation is consistent with current theoretical and empirical understan…
The Relative Persuasiveness of Different Message Types Does Not Vary as a Function of the Persuasive Outcome Assessed: Evidence from 29 Meta-Analyses of 2,062 Effect Sizes for 13 Message Variations
Experiments that compare the persuasiveness of two message types (e.g., strong vs. weak fear appeals) characteristically examine persuasive impact using atti-tudinal, intention, or behavioral outcomes. The equivalence of these three outcomes as indices of relative persuasiveness is assessed by re-analyzing data from 2,062 effect sizes in 29 meta-analyses of 13 different message variations, including one-sided and two-sided messages, negative poli…
Colloquy: Should Familywise Alpha Be Adjusted? Against Familywise Alpha Adjustment
Construct differentiation and the relationship of attitudes and behavioral intentions
Subjects differing in interpersonal construct differentiation completed both an attitude measure and a behavioral intentions measure (in which subjects’ behavioral intentions in each of nine attitude‐relevant interpersonal situations were assessed) toward a subject‐selected target person. While the overall correlation between attitude and the behavioral intentions index was high (r = .85,), low‐differentiation subjects displayed significantly gre…
Guilt and Social Influence
Research bearing on the role of guilt in social influence is reviewed in this chapter. Guilt is an emotion naturally suited to exploitation in the service of social influence, by virtue of its action-motivating aspects and its ability to be aroused by relationally significant others. Guilt can be a very powerful influence mechanism, as indicated by studies of guilt arousal in everyday life (where self-reports of behavioral change suggest that gui…
The Door-in-the-Face Influence Strategy: A Random-Effects Meta-Analytic Review
A random-effects meta-analysis of research concerning the door-in-the-face (DITF) influence strategy provides evidence supporting more confident generalizations about the role of several moderator variables than that provided by previous reviews. Variations in the identity of the requester, the identity of the beneficiary, the prosocialness of the requests, the medium of communication, and the time interval between requests all appear to influenc…
Colloquy: I. Presuppositions, conceptual foundations, and communication theory: On Hawes’ approach to communication
Message Pretesting Using Perceived Persuasiveness Measures: Reconsidering the Correlational Evidence
Perceived message effectiveness (PME) measures have been used in persuasive message pretesting to diagnose differences between messages in actual message effectiveness (AME). This practice has been underwritten by pointing to positive correlations between individuals’ PME and AME scores. This essay argues that such correlations do not – and cannot – show that messages’ relative standing on PME matches their relative standing on AME, and thus corr…
The Asymmetry of Predictive and Descriptive Capabilities in Quantitative Communication Research: Implications for Hypothesis Development and Testing
The bulk of hypotheses in quantitative communication research are directional (e.g., the correlation is positive, the treatment mean is larger than the control mean). For testing such hypotheses, null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) and the use of effect sizes and confidence intervals (ES+CI) are functionally equivalent. ES+CI provides more precise descriptions of research results (effect sizes, confidence intervals) than does NHST, but th…
From Strategy-Based to Feature-Based Analyses of Compliance Gaining Message Classification and Production
Journal Article From Strategy-Based to Feature-Based Analyses of Compliance Gaining Message Classification and Production Get access Daniel J. O'Keefe Daniel J. O'Keefe 1Daniel J. O'Keefe is an associate professor in the Deparfment of Speech Communication, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61 801 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Communication Theory, Volume 4, Issue 1, February 1994, Pa…
Reply to Morley
Journal Article Reply to Morley Get access Daniel J. O'Keefe, Daniel J. O'Keefe 1University of Illinois Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sally Jackson Scott Jacobs Sally Jackson Scott Jacobs 2University of Oklahoma Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Human Communication Research, Volume 15, Issue 1, September 1988, Pages 148–151, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1988.…
Misunderstandings of Effect Sizes in Message Effects Research
But in the context of message effects research, it is easy to confuse an effect size—a quantitative representation of the effect of a variable on an outcome—with the size of the effect of a message on an outcome. Illustrations of this misunderstanding are offered, its unhappy consequences specified, and remedies discussed
Extracting dependable generalizations from the persuasion effects literature: Some issues in meta‐analytic reviews
The relation of theory and analysis in explanations of belief salience: Conditioning, displacement, and constructivist accounts
According a central role to context‐relevant beliefs in the operation of attitudinal saliency is advocated through contrasting Delia et al.’s cognitive‐constructivist analysis with Cronen and Conville's operant conditioning and aggression displacement accounts
The forum
The forum
Colloquy: I. Presuppositions, conceptual foundations, and communication theory: On Hawes’ approach to communication
Construct Individuality, Cognitive Complexity, and the Formation and Remembering of Interpersonal Impressions
Subjects differing in cognitive complexity formed impressions from either (1) three positive and three negative experimenter-selected traits, (2) three traits of each evaluation generated by the subject in a preliminary session, or (3) three experimenter-selected traits of one valence and three subject-generated traits of the opposite valence. Additionally, subjects reconstructed their impressions from memory after eight weeks. Impressions were d…
The relation of theory and analysis in explanations of belief salience: Conditioning, displacement, and constructivist accounts
According a central role to context‐relevant beliefs in the operation of attitudinal saliency is advocated through contrasting Delia et al.’s cognitive‐constructivist analysis with Cronen and Conville's operant conditioning and aggression displacement accounts
Ethnomethodology
The Relationship of Attitudes and Behavior: A Constructivist Analysis
Cognitive Complexity and the Effects of Thought on Attitude Change 1
Subjects varying in cognitive complexity rated 35 six-trait sets according to how much they would like a person who had the qualities listed; then each subject re-read one set, thought about the person described, and wrote an impression of the person and re-rated the person on an evaluative scale. Each subject then completed the same procedures for a second trait set as a same-subjects replication. Contrary to Abraham Tesser's explanation of the …
Construct differentiation and the relationship of attitudes and behavioral intentions
Subjects differing in interpersonal construct differentiation completed both an attitude measure and a behavioral intentions measure (in which subjects’ behavioral intentions in each of nine attitude‐relevant interpersonal situations were assessed) toward a subject‐selected target person. While the overall correlation between attitude and the behavioral intentions index was high (r = .85,), low‐differentiation subjects displayed significantly gre…
Cognitive Complexity Measures and the Relationship of Cognitive Complexity to Communication
Journal Article Cognitive Complexity Measures and the Relationship of Cognitive Complexity to Communication Get access Daniel J. O'Keefe, Daniel J. O'Keefe 1Daniel J. O'Keefe (Ph.D., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1976) is an assistant professor of speech communication at the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Howard E. Sypher Howard E. Sypher 2Howar…
Reply to Morley
Journal Article Reply to Morley Get access Daniel J. O'Keefe, Daniel J. O'Keefe 1University of Illinois Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sally Jackson Scott Jacobs Sally Jackson Scott Jacobs 2University of Oklahoma Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Human Communication Research, Volume 15, Issue 1, September 1988, Pages 148–151, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1988.…
The Search for Reliable Generalizations About Messages A Comparison of Research Strategies
Two ways of conducting the search for generalizations about messages are considered: Morley's (this volume) proposal that single-message research designs be used, with subsequent meta-analytic summaries, and Jackson and Jacobs's (1983) proposal that multiple-message designs be used, with messages treated as a random factor in the statistical analysis. Jackson and Jacobs's approach is shown to provide a more dependable, efficient, and practical me…
Messages as replications: Toward a message‐centered design strategy
defense of single-message designs from our suggestion that messages be replicated within experiments. We respond to each of these controversies. First, we examine their claim that "controlled " single-message designs completely eliminate all confounding of manipulated variables with other possible inßuences on the dependent variable and show it to rest on manifestly implausible assumptions. Second, we show why researchers should plan for the poss…
Extracting dependable generalizations from the persuasion effects literature: Some issues in meta‐analytic reviews
From Strategy-Based to Feature-Based Analyses of Compliance Gaining Message Classification and Production
Journal Article From Strategy-Based to Feature-Based Analyses of Compliance Gaining Message Classification and Production Get access Daniel J. O'Keefe Daniel J. O'Keefe 1Daniel J. O'Keefe is an associate professor in the Deparfment of Speech Communication, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61 801 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Communication Theory, Volume 4, Issue 1, February 1994, Pa…
A Guilt-Based Explanation of the Door-in-the-Face Influence Strategy
A new explanation is proposed for the accumulated research findings concerning the door-in-the-face (DITF) influence strategy. The explanation treats successful DITF implementations as based on guilt: Refusal of the first request creates guilt, and compliance with the second request reduces guilt. In addition to explaining the known effects of DITF moderator variables, the explanation is consistent with current theoretical and empirical understan…
The Door-in-the-Face Influence Strategy: A Random-Effects Meta-Analytic Review
A random-effects meta-analysis of research concerning the door-in-the-face (DITF) influence strategy provides evidence supporting more confident generalizations about the role of several moderator variables than that provided by previous reviews. Variations in the identity of the requester, the identity of the beneficiary, the prosocialness of the requests, the medium of communication, and the time interval between requests all appear to influenc…
How to Handle Opposing Arguments in Persuasive Messages: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects of One-Sided and Two-Sided Messages
A random-effects meta-analytic review of the effects of one-sided and two-sided persuasive messages identifies two key moderator variables: whether the two-sided message is refutational or nonrefutational and whether the message is consumer advertising or nonadvertising. Compared with one-sided messages, refutational two-sided messages on nonadvertising topics enjoy significantly greater credibility and persuasiveness, nonrefutational two-sided m…
Guilt and expected guilt in the door‐in‐the‐face technique
Three studies are reported concerning the guilt‐based explanation of the door‐in‐the‐face (DITF) technique, which proposes that in successful DITF implementations, first‐request refusal generates guilt that is reduced by second‐request compliance. An initial experiment confirmed that, consistent with this explanation, rejection of a prosocial request evoked more guilt than did rejection of a nonprosocial request. A second experiment provided furt…
Guilt and Social Influence
Research bearing on the role of guilt in social influence is reviewed in this chapter. Guilt is an emotion naturally suited to exploitation in the service of social influence, by virtue of its action-motivating aspects and its ability to be aroused by relationally significant others. Guilt can be a very powerful influence mechanism, as indicated by studies of guilt arousal in everyday life (where self-reports of behavioral change suggest that gui…
Message Properties, Mediating States, and Manipulation Checks: Claims, Evidence, and Data Analysis in Experimental Persuasive Message Effects Research
Journal Article Message Properties, Mediating States, and Manipulation Checks: Claims, Evidence, and Data Analysis in Experimental Persuasive Message Effects Research Get access Daniel J. O'Keefe Daniel J. O'Keefe 1Daniel J. O'Keefe is a professor in the Department of Speech Communication at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 2Daniel J. O'Keefe, Department of Speech Communication, 702 S. Wright St., 244 Lincoln Hall, University of Il…
Colloquy: Should Familywise Alpha Be Adjusted? Against Familywise Alpha Adjustment
Searching for a Defensible Application of Alpha-Adjustment Tools
Any principle offered to underwrite the imposition of alpha-adjustment procedures must be applied consistently. Hewes (2003) and Tutzauer (2003) propose that alpha adjustment can appropriately be mandated when the set of tests concerns the key claims of a single theory. But consistent application of this reasoning though, commits one to bizarre beliefs and research practices—which suggests that this reasoning does not provide a satisfactory ratio…
Colloquy: Should Familywise Alpha Be Adjusted
Type I error is a risk undertaken whenever significance tests are conducted, and the chances of committing a Type I error increase as the number of significance tests increases. But adjusting the alpha level because of the number of tests conducted in a given study has no principled basis, commits one to absurd beliefs and practices, and reduces statistical power. The practice of requiring or employing such adjustments should be abandoned
The Advantages of Compliance or the Disadvantages of Noncompliance? A Meta-Analytic Review of the Relative Persuasive Effectiveness of Gain-Framed and Loss-Framed Messages
A meta-analytic review of the relative persuasiveness of gain-and loss-framed messages (based on 165 effect sizes, N=50,780) finds that loss-framed appeals are not generally more persuasive than gain-framed appeals. For encouraging disease prevention behaviors, gain-framed appeals are more persuasive than loss-framed appeals; for encouraging disease detection behaviors, gain-and loss-framed appeals do not differ significantly in persuasiveness. T…
The Relative Persuasiveness of Gain-Framed Loss-Framed Messages for Encouraging Disease Prevention Behaviors: A Meta-Analytic Review
A meta-analytic review of 93 studies (N = 21,656) finds that in disease prevention messages, gain-framed appeals, which emphasize the advantages of compliance with the communicator's recommendation, are statistically significantly more persuasive than loss-framed appeals, which emphasize the disadvantages of noncompliance. This difference is quite small (corresponding to r = .03), however, and appears attributable to a relatively large (and stati…
Psychology (35 works) · Social Psychology (27 works) · Social Psychology (20 works) · Behavioral Health and Interventions (15 works) · Computer Science (15 works) · Persuasion (13 works) · Media Influence and Health (12 works) · Mathematics (11 works) · Sociology (11 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (10 works)