Frederick T L Leong
Biographic Data
| ID | 91357 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Frederick T L Leong |
| GIVEN NAMES | Frederick T L |
| FAMILY NAME | Leong |
| SIGNATURE | LEONG F T L |
| AFFILIATIONS | Michigan State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5598-0390 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 76 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 372 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 73 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 3 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1983 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 12 |
Could occupational well-being contribute to job crafting? The roles of career adaptability and harmony in Chinese workplace
Do grit and interdependent personality predict adaptive performance in the Chinese workplace? The moderating role of work–life balance
A longitudinal investigation of parenting, depression, and counseling use among Asian American adolescents
INTRODUCTION: Asian American adolescents are equally or more likely to experience depression but less likely to seek treatment for depression than adolescents from other racial and ethnic groups in the US. The current study examined the long-term effects of parental care, parental control, and parental closeness on depression and counseling use among Asian American adolescents. METHODS: Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescen…
Stanley Sue (1944–2024)
Memorializes Stanley Sue (1944-2024). Stan Sue was a second-generation Chinese American who became interested in ethnicity as an undergraduate at the University of Oregon where he received his B.S. degree in 1966. He completed his PhD in psychology at University of California, Los Angeles in 1971. He was an assistant and associate professor of psychology at the University of Washington (1971-1981) and professor of psychology at the University of …
The Five-Factor Career Adapt-Abilities Scale’s Predictive and Incremental Validity With Work-Related and Life Outcomes
Career adaptability, often measured using the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS), has been conceptualized as consisting of four factors (Concern, Control, Curiosity, and Confidence). However, recent research has produced evidence in support of the inclusion of a fifth factor, Cooperation. The following pair of studies intends to extend the aforementioned work, to examine how the CAAS-5 predicts a number of work and life-relevant outcomes. Result…
APA handbook of psychotherapy: Evidence-based practice, practice-based evidence, and contextual participant-driven practice (Vol. 2)
Psychometric assessment of the Grit Scale: Evidence from US and Chinese samples
To further understand the validity and generalizability of grit, this research investigated the psychometric properties of the Grit Scale in both individualistic (i.e., the US) and collectivistic (i.e., the Chinese) populations. Moreover, this research broadened the contributions of grit to vocational outcomes and showed that grit might be essential to success in other life domains beyond the academic context. Specifically, this cross-cultural re…
Antecedents of Rowe and Kahn’s successful aging model for Asian Americans
Diversified Portfolio Model of Adaptability: A Natural History Perspective
Using a natural history perspective, the diversified portfolio model (DPM) of adaptability developed by Chandra and Leong (2016) is described in this article as a representation of the latter author’s life work in researching diversity and adaptability. The primary thesis of the DPM is that a diversified portfolio of activities, roles, and experiences will lead to greater adaptability in life. The DPM was intended to address a gap in the literatu…
Reducing mental health disparities by increasing the personal relevance of interventions
One of the most persistent health disparities is the underutilization of mental health services by people of color. Neither evidence-based treatments (universal focus) nor culturally adapted treatments (group focus) have reduced these disparities. We propose the personal relevance of psychotherapy (PROP) model, which integrates universal, group, and individual dimensions to determine the personal relevance of interventions. A cultural example of …
Cultural Factors, Depressive and Somatic Symptoms Among Chinese American and European American College Students
This study seeks to fill a gap in the existing empirical literature about the relationship between somatic and depressive symptoms and their associations with cultural factors among Chinese American and European American college students. In particular, the study examined how three culturally relevant psychological constructs, self-construal, loss of face, and emotion regulation, associate with depressive and somatic symptoms among Chinese Americ…
Loss of face, intergenerational family conflict, and depression among Asian American and European American college students
APA efforts in promoting human rights and social justice
This article reviews the American Psychological Association's (APA) efforts in promoting human rights and social justice. Beginning with a historical review of the conceptualizations of human rights and social justice, the social challenges that have faced the United States over time are discussed in relation to the APA's evolving mission and strategic initiatives enacted through its boards, committees, and directorates. From early efforts on the…
Big 5 personality and subjective well-being in Asian Americans: Testing optimism and pessimism as mediators
Career Barriers for Chinese Immigrants in the United States
To assist career counselors working with diverse populations, this article examines the career barriers experienced by Chinese immigrants in the United States. It begins with an overview of the history and background of Chinese immigrants. The rest of the article is based on an adapted ecological model for studying career barriers for Chinese immigrants that is an integration of Bogardus's ( ) social distance theory and Bronfenbrenner's ( , ) eco…
Mapping Cross-Cultural Psychology Models and Methods Onto Societal Challenges: Focus on Psychological Mechanisms Across Levels of Analysis
In response to Kashima's article, this commentary uses the levels of analysis (LOAs) perspective to discuss how we may map cross-cultural psychology models and methods onto societal challenges. In our own LOA within psychology, it is pointed out that we have our own deficiencies such as the problem of WEIRD science where much of our so-called universal laws of human behavior have been built on a restricted sample from Western Educated Industriali…
APA handbook of multicultural psychology, Vol. 1: Theory and research.
APA handbook of multicultural psychology
"Consistent with the goals for the APA Handbooks in PsychologyTM series, the purpose of the two-volume APA Handbook of Multicultural Psychology is to present the best science and best practice within this cross-cutting perspective of psychology. Volume 1, covering theory and research, comprises chapters concerning conceptual and professional issues, ethnic minority research and methods, individual differences, social and developmental process, an…
Outgoing editor’s farewell remarks
How racial/ethnic bullying affects rejection sensitivity: The role of social dominance orientation
The authors built upon models of workplace bullying to examine how racial/ethnic bullying can lead to racial/ethnic minorities' sensitivity to future discrimination via its effects on race/ethnic-related stress. With a sample of racial/ethnic minorities, they found support for this process. Individual differences in social dominance orientation (SDO) also attenuated the mediation: The indirect effect of race/ethnic-related stress was weaker for m…
Acculturation, Acculturative Stress, Religiosity and Psychological Adjustment among Muslim Arab American Adolescents
Whether born in the United States or being immigrants, Arab American youth may experience challenges related to maintaining their heritage culture's traditions and values and the degree to which they participate in mainstream American tra
Clinical Research with Culturally Diverse Populations
'The Oxford Handbook of Research Strategies for Clinical Psychology' has recruited some of the field's foremost experts to explicate the essential research strategies currently used across the modern clinical psychology landscape that maximize both scientific rigour and clinical relevance.
Disentangling immigrant status in mental health: Psychological protective and risk factors among Latino and Asian American immigrants
This study aimed to disentangle the psychological mechanisms underlying immigrant status by testing a model of psychological protective and risk factors to predict the mental health prevalence rates among Latino and Asian American immigrants based on secondary analysis of the National Latino and Asian American Study. The first research question examined differences on the set of protective and risk factors between immigrants and their U.S.-born c…
A meta‐analytic study: The relationship between acculturation and depression among Asian Americans
Acculturation is an important and popular cultural research variable among specific ethnic populations that is used to explain the process of assimilating into the host culture. Acculturation has often been used to account for psychosocial changes and health outcomes and has been used to explain health disparities among ethnic groups. Using Asian Americans as an illustrative ethnic group, the authors see that researchers have highlighted the infl…
Ethnic Minority Psychology
In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive review of the history of racial and ethnic minority psychology across five groups: African Americans, American Indians/Alaskan Natives, Asian Americans, Latinos, and Native Hawaiians. The coverage of this topic in the Handbook of Psychology is quite fitting and serves as a counterpoint to historical neglect of the contributions of people of color in American psychology. The chapter also includes pertine…
The “model minority myth: Internalized racialism of positive stereotypes as correlates of psychological distress, and attitudes toward help-seeking
A Proposal for Internationalizing Counseling Psychology in the United States: Rationale, Recommendations, and Challenges
This article, written by the coeditors of The Counseling Psychologist' s (TCP) International Forum section, reviews the status of counseling psychology from an international perspective and presents a rational and modest proposal for promoting counseling psychology's commitment to global perspectives. The brief history of TCP' s International Forum section is reviewed and specific recommendations for internationalizing counseling psychology are p…
Toward a Global Vision of Counseling Psychology
Boston CollegeWith this Major Contribution to The Counseling Psychologist (TCP), weseek to move the discourse about international issues within our field to amore central place in the conceptualization, scholarship, and practice ofcounseling psychology. We believe that the current multiculturalism move-ment shaping our country needs to take place at two levels. On the first level,wearecomingtorecognize,learnabout,andappreciatetheculturaldiversity…
Cross-Cultural Counseling Supervision: What do we Know? What do we Need to Know
This article provides a critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature on cross-cultural counseling supervision. In addition to summarizing and critiquing this literature, recommendations for future research or "what do we need to know" are presented
Cultural Differences in Psychological Distress Between Asian and Caucasian American College Students
The authors examined possible cultural differences in psychological distress between Asian and Caucasion American college students using the Brief Symptom Inventory
Factor Structure of the Self-Construal Scale Revisited: Implications for the Multidimensionality of Self-Construal
The Self-Construal Scale (SCS) is an important measure of self-construal. However, new data are needed on the structure of the SCS using more appropriate statistical techniques and investigating the existence of multiple (i.e., more than two) factors. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of data from two groups of European American and Asian/Asian American college students reveal six factors underlying items on the SCS that seem to repres…
Validity Ofvertical and Horizontal Individualism and Collectivism in Singapore: Relationships with Values and Interests
The cross-cultural construct validity of vertical and horizontal individualism (VI and HI) and horizontal and vertical collectivism (HC and VC) at the individual level of analysis is examined across 180 U.S. and 184 Singapore students. The findings showed that the four-factor structure was invariant for a 16-item attitudinal measure (although one item did not fit well), the U.S. students were more HI and the Singapore students were more VC, and t…
Acculturation, Acculturative Stress, Religiosity and Psychological Adjustment among Muslim Arab American Adolescents
Whether born in the United States or being immigrants, Arab American youth may experience challenges related to maintaining their heritage culture's traditions and values and the degree to which they participate in mainstream American tra
Counseling in an International Context
Estimates of psychological distress among Vietnamese refugees: Adolescents, unaccompanied minors and young adults
The English Version of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory
The article examines the structure of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI), an indigenous Chinese assessment instrument, in two English-speaking samples. In Study 1, the English version of the CPAI was developed and administered to a sample of 675 Singaporean Chinese. Factor analysis showed that the factor structure of the English version CPAI was similar to the structure of the original Chinese version in the normative sample. Joi…
Suicide among Asian Americans: What Do We Know? What Do We Need to Know
In analyzing what is known and what still needs to be learned about suicide among Asian Americans, the current article provides a critical review of significant factors such as age, gender, religious and spirituality issues, acculturation, social support, familial dynamics, social integration as well as gay/lesbian/bisexual orientations. In examining these factors, recommendations related to interventions and the existing research gaps are also d…
Group counseling expectations among Asian American students: The role of culture-specific factors
The present study investigated the influence of loss of face and acculturation on the group psychotherapy expectations of Asian American students (N = 134) with the Positive Attitudes subscale from Y. S. Slocum's (1987) Group Therapy Survey. Results showed that loss of face was not a significant predictor of positive attitudes toward group counseling, whereas acculturation was. U. Kim's (1988) measure of acculturation was based on J. W. Berry's (…
History of Asian American psychology
An overview of the history of Asian American psychology is provided by reviewing the context for the development of the field as well as the early founding of the Asian American Psychological Association (AAPA). The presidents of AAPA as well as key events and conferences are noted. The involvement of AAPA leaders in national mental health policies and activities are reviewed. The substantive areas of Asian American psychology and the education a…
Relevance of Openness as a Personality Dimension in Chinese Culture: Aspects of its Cultural Relevance
The Openness factor was missing from the original Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI). We used a combined emic-etic approach to generate six culturally relevant Openness scales. In Study 1, the Openness scales were added to the revised CPAI and standardized using a representative sample of 1,911 adults in China and Hong Kong. Factor analysis showed that the Openness scales merged with the original factors of the CPAI. In Study 2, 1,09…
On Traits and Values: With Special Reference to Openness to Experience
Construction and validation of the Measurement of Acculturation Strategies for People of African Descent (Maspad)
This paper describes the development of the Measurement of Acculturation Strategies for People of African Descent (MASPAD), a bidimensional instrument designed to assess acculturation strategies (i.e., Traditionalist, Integrationist, Assimilationist, and Marginalist). Two studies were conducted to describe the development of the MASPAD and to assess its psychometric properties. Data were collected from 367 African American participants in Atlanta…
Reducing mental health disparities by increasing the personal relevance of interventions
One of the most persistent health disparities is the underutilization of mental health services by people of color. Neither evidence-based treatments (universal focus) nor culturally adapted treatments (group focus) have reduced these disparities. We propose the personal relevance of psychotherapy (PROP) model, which integrates universal, group, and individual dimensions to determine the personal relevance of interventions. A cultural example of …
Cultural accommodation as method and metaphor
The author summarizes the cultural accommodation model (CAM) of cross-cultural psychotherapy (F. T. L. Leong & S. H. Lee, 2006). This summary is divided into 2 parts, with the 1st part describing the theoretical development of the CAM as a method of psychotherapy and the research approach underlying it. This section includes a description of the author's program of research in which the development of the CAM, as well as its precursors, is embedd…
Cross-Cultural Issues in Personality and Career Assessment
The purpose of this article is to discuss some important issues regarding cross-cultural personality and career assessment. Within the last decade, this topic has received increased attention because of a growing awareness of the cultural bias inherent in many of our major personality assessment instruments (e.g., Dana; 1993, Marsella & Kameoka, 1989). The present article is divided into four major sections. The first section discusses the import…
Career Barriers for Chinese Immigrants in the United States
To assist career counselors working with diverse populations, this article examines the career barriers experienced by Chinese immigrants in the United States. It begins with an overview of the history and background of Chinese immigrants. The rest of the article is based on an adapted ecological model for studying career barriers for Chinese immigrants that is an integration of Bogardus's ( ) social distance theory and Bronfenbrenner's ( , ) eco…
Cross‐Cultural Variations in Stress and Adjustment Among Asian and Caucasian Graduate Students
Needs and Perceptions of Female and Male International Undergraduate Students
APA efforts in promoting human rights and social justice
This article reviews the American Psychological Association's (APA) efforts in promoting human rights and social justice. Beginning with a historical review of the conceptualizations of human rights and social justice, the social challenges that have faced the United States over time are discussed in relation to the APA's evolving mission and strategic initiatives enacted through its boards, committees, and directorates. From early efforts on the…
Guest editor’s introduction: History of racial and ethnic minority psychology
Michigan State UniversityBeginning with an observation about the neglect of the historyof racial and ethnic minority psychology in our mainstream pub-lications, this Guest Editor s Introduction to the special issuemoves on to provide a overview of the contributors and their foci.The special issue consists of seven lead articles covering AfricanAmericans, American Indians, Asian Americans, Native Hawai-ians, Hispanic Americans, the American Psycho…
Male responses to female competence
Counseling and psychotherapy with Asian-Americans: Review of the literature.
This article is divided into three sections. The first section concerns the diagnosis and assessment of Asian-America ns and covers the following issues: (a) symptom expression, (b) therapist bias, (c) problems with the use of interpreters, and (d) problems with the use of clinical and personality tests. The second section, on counseling and psychotherapy, is divided into three subsections: (a) client variables, (b) therapist variables, and (c) c…
Help seeking and problem perception among Asian Americans
Needs and Perceptions of Female and Male International Undergraduate Students
Assessing the Construct Validity of Holland, Daiger, and Power's Measure of Vocational Identity
In order to assess the construct validity of Holland, Daiger, and Power's (1980) measure of Vocational Identity (VI), three personality and four vocational variables were correlated to the VI scale. The results provided evidence of both convergent and discriminant validity for the VI scale
An Evaluation of Allport's Religious Orientation Scale Across One Australian and Two United States Samples
A psychometric evaluation of the Religious Orientation Scale is reported in order to address a flaw in the existing literature. Presented are the results of a factor analysis for two samples of United States students and one sample of Australian students. Also included are internal-consistency indices for the factored scales, and Spearman-Brown projections for scale reliabilities if additional items were to be added to the scales. It is suggested…
Cross‐Cultural Variations in Stress and Adjustment Among Asian and Caucasian Graduate Students
Estimates of psychological distress among Vietnamese refugees: Adolescents, unaccompanied minors and young adults
A Problem of Personality: Scientist and Practitioner Differences in Psychology
Differences between scientists and practitioners have been one of the most consistent and controversial topics throughout the history of American psychology. Even though many qualitative arguments and indirect quantitative studies have been offered in the literature, scientist and practitioner personality perspectives have never been measured directly. We have done so in this study, and we argue that these differences can be conceptualized within…
Choice of Medical Specialty: Analysis of Students' Needs
The purposes of this study were to assess the career development needs of entering medical students as measured by the Medical Career Development Inventory and to examine gender differences in responses to the inventory. A total of 115 entering medical students (representing two entering classes) took the inventory two months prior to matriculation. Analysis suggested that this sample of entering students had formed a vocational identity and that…
Cultural Differences in Psychological Distress Between Asian and Caucasian American College Students
The authors examined possible cultural differences in psychological distress between Asian and Caucasion American college students using the Brief Symptom Inventory
Individualism-collectivism, social-network orientation, and acculturation as predictors of attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help among Chinese Americans.
Several culturally based variables were used to predict the patterns of help-seeking attitudes among a sample of Chinese-American students (TV = 219) in a large midwestern university. Cultural values operationalized by H. C. Triandis, R. Bontempo, M. J. Villareal, M. Asai, and N. Lucca's (1988) Individualism-Collectivism Scale, social support attitudes operationalized by A. Vaux's (1985) Network Orientation Scale, and the continuous variable of a…
Asian Americans' differential patterns of utilization of inpatient and outpatient public mental health services in Hawaii
The major purpose of the present study was to examine Asian Americans' differential patterns of utilization of mental health services in Hawaii. It was proposed that an analysis of Asian Americans' differential patterns of utilization of inpatient and outpatient mental health services may provide some clues to the reasons behind their overall pattern of underutilization. More specifically, whereas it has been established in many studies that Asia…
Emergence of the Cultural Dimension: The Roles and Impact of Culture on Counseling Supervision
No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. ... From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour. By the time he can talk, he…
Cross-Cultural Counseling Supervision: What do we Know? What do we Need to Know
This article provides a critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature on cross-cultural counseling supervision. In addition to summarizing and critiquing this literature, recommendations for future research or "what do we need to know" are presented
Group counseling expectations among Asian American students: The role of culture-specific factors
The present study investigated the influence of loss of face and acculturation on the group psychotherapy expectations of Asian American students (N = 134) with the Positive Attitudes subscale from Y. S. Slocum's (1987) Group Therapy Survey. Results showed that loss of face was not a significant predictor of positive attitudes toward group counseling, whereas acculturation was. U. Kim's (1988) measure of acculturation was based on J. W. Berry's (…
Cross-Cultural Issues in Personality and Career Assessment
The purpose of this article is to discuss some important issues regarding cross-cultural personality and career assessment. Within the last decade, this topic has received increased attention because of a growing awareness of the cultural bias inherent in many of our major personality assessment instruments (e.g., Dana; 1993, Marsella & Kameoka, 1989). The present article is divided into four major sections. The first section discusses the import…
On Traits and Values: With Special Reference to Openness to Experience
Counseling in an International Context
White Americans' Attitudes Toward Asian Americans in Social Situations: An Empirical Examination of Potential Stereotypes, Bias, and Prejudice
The purpose of this study was to investigate the stereotypical attitudes of college students toward a variety of social situations involving Asian Americans. The authors were also interested in the effects of differential labeling of Asian Americans on the attitudes held toward them (i.e., "Asian" versus "Oriental
Toward a Global Vision of Counseling Psychology
Boston CollegeWith this Major Contribution to The Counseling Psychologist (TCP), weseek to move the discourse about international issues within our field to amore central place in the conceptualization, scholarship, and practice ofcounseling psychology. We believe that the current multiculturalism move-ment shaping our country needs to take place at two levels. On the first level,wearecomingtorecognize,learnabout,andappreciatetheculturaldiversity…
Barriers to Providing Effective Mental Health Services to Asian Americans
The role of acculturation in the career adjustment of Asian American workers: A test of Leong and Chou's (1994) formulations
F.T.L. Leong and E.L. Chou (1994) provided a theoretical model for understanding the acculturation process among Asian Americans and applied that model to predicting the potential career adjustment problems encountered by Asians in the United States. Several of the hypotheses proposed by Leong and Chou were empirically tested in 2 separate studies. In Study 1, acculturation (R.M. Suinn, K. Rickard-Figueroa, S. Lew, & P. Vigil, 1987) was found to …
A Cultural Accommodation Approach to Career Assessment with Asian Americans
Validity Ofvertical and Horizontal Individualism and Collectivism in Singapore: Relationships with Values and Interests
The cross-cultural construct validity of vertical and horizontal individualism (VI and HI) and horizontal and vertical collectivism (HC and VC) at the individual level of analysis is examined across 180 U.S. and 184 Singapore students. The findings showed that the four-factor structure was invariant for a 16-item attitudinal measure (although one item did not fit well), the U.S. students were more HI and the Singapore students were more VC, and t…
Psychology (66 works) · Social Psychology (36 works) · Sociology (32 works) · Ethnic group (30 works) · Social Psychology (27 works) · Racial and Ethnic Identity Research (21 works) · Clinical Psychology (18 works) · Asian americans (17 works) · Political science (17 works) · Anthropology (16 works)