Joan T Richtsmeier
Biographic Data
| ID | 91738 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Joan T Richtsmeier |
| GIVEN NAMES | Joan T |
| FAMILY NAME | Richtsmeier |
| SIGNATURE | RICHTSMEIER J T |
| AFFILIATIONS | Johns Hopkins University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0239-5822 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 28 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 220 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 28 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1984 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2020 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
From Phenotype to Genotype And Back Again
Traditionally, anthropologists study evolutionary change throughmorphological analysis of fossils and comparative primate data. For the analysis of the genotypephenotype continuum, the current emphasis on genes is misplaced because genes don't make structure. Developmental processes make structure through the activity of cells that use instructions specified by genes. A critical mechanism underlying any phenotypic trait is the genetically guided …
Craniofacial skeletal response to encephalization: How do we know what we think we know
Dramatic changes in cranial capacity have characterized human evolution. Important evolutionary hypotheses, such as the spatial packing hypothesis, assert that increases in relative brain size (encephalization) have caused alterations to the modern human skull, resulting in a suite of traits unique among extant primates, including a domed cranial vault, highly flexed cranial base, and retracted facial skeleton. Most prior studies have used fossil…
Participation, representation, and shared experiences of women scholars in biological anthropology
American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) membership surveys from 1996 and 1998 revealed significant gender disparities in academic status. A 2014 follow‐up survey showed that gender equality had improved, particularly with respect to the number of women in tenure‐stream positions. However, although women comprised 70% of AAPA membership at that time, the percentage of women full professors remained low. Here, we continue to conside…
A century of development
"The first step in the argument is one which will scarcely be denied but is perhaps often overlooked. The capacity to respond to an external stimulus by some developmental reaction, such as the formation of a callosity, must itself be under genetic control" (Waddington, 1942) This brief account of the role of developmental biology in anthropology largely reflects my personal journey as I followed my intellectual curiosity and professional interes…
Additive genetic variation in the craniofacial skeleton of baboons (genus Papio ) and its relationship to body and cranial size
Objectives Determining the genetic architecture of quantitative traits and genetic correlations among them is important for understanding morphological evolution patterns. We address two questions regarding papionin evolution: (1) what effect do body and cranial size, age, and sex have on phenotypic ( V P ) and additive genetic ( V A ) variation in baboon crania, and (2) how might additive genetic correlations between craniofacial traits and body…
How are we made: Even well‐controlled experiments show the complexity of our traits
Trisomy 21 and facial developmental instability
The most common live‐born human aneuploidy is trisomy 21, which causes Down syndrome (DS). Dosage imbalance of genes on chromosome 21 (Hsa21) affects complex gene‐regulatory interactions and alters development to produce a wide range of phenotypes, including characteristic facial dysmorphology. Little is known about how trisomy 21 alters craniofacial morphogenesis to create this characteristic appearance. Proponents of the "amplified developmenta…
Morphological integration of soft-tissue facial morphology in down syndrome and siblings
Down syndrome (DS), resulting from trisomy of chromosome 21, is the most common live-born human aneuploidy. The phenotypic expression of trisomy 21 produces variable, though characteristic, facial morphology. Although certain facial features have been documented quantitatively and qualitatively as characteristic of DS (e.g., epicanthic folds, macroglossia, and hypertelorism), all of these traits occur in other craniofacial conditions with an unde…
Genetic and environmental contributions to variation in baboon cranial morphology
The development, function, and integration of morphological characteristics are all hypothesized to influence the utility of traits for phylogenetic reconstruction by affecting the way in which morphological characteristics evolve. We use a baboon model to test the hypotheses about phenotypic and quantitative genetic variation of traits in the cranium that bear on a phenotype's propensity to evolve. We test the hypotheses that: 1) individual trai…
A quantitative method for the evaluation of three-dimensional structure of temporal bone pneumatization
Growth‐related shape changes in the fetal craniofacial complex of humans ( Homo sapiens ) and pigtailed macaques ( Macaca nemestrina ): A 3D‐CT comparative analysis
This study investigates whether macaques and humans possess a common pattern of relative growth during the fetal period. The fetal samples consist of 16 male pigtailed macaques (mean age, 20.5 gestational weeks) and 17 humans (9 males and 8 females; mean age, 29.5 gestational weeks). For each individual, three‐dimensional coordinates of 18 landmarks on the skull were collected from three‐dimensional computed tomographic (CT) reconstructed images …
The promise of geometric morphometrics
Nontraditional or geometric morphometric methods have found wide application in the biological sciences, especially in anthropology, a field with a strong history of measurement of biological form. Controversy has arisen over which method is the "best" for quantifying the morphological difference between forms and for making proper statistical statements about the detected differences. This paper explains that many of these arguments are superflu…
Capturing data from three‐dimensional surfaces using fuzzy landmarks
Anatomical landmarks are defined as biologically meaningful loci that can be unambiguously defined and repeatedly located with a high degree of accuracy and precision. The neurocranial surface is characteristically void of such loci. We define a new class of landmarks, termed fuzzy landmarks, that will allow us to represent the form of the neurocranium. A fuzzy landmark represents the position of a biological structure that is precisely delineate…
Capturing data from three-dimensional surfaces using fuzzy landmarks
Anatomical landmarks are defined as biologically meaningful loci that can be unambiguously defined and repeatedly located with a high degree of accuracy and precision. The neurocranial surface is characteristically void of such loci. We define a new class of landmarks, termed fuzzy landmarks, that will allow us to represent the form of the neurocranium. A fuzzy landmark represents the position of a biological structure that is precisely delineate…
A simple method for visualization of influential landmarks when using euclidean distance matrix analysis
Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA) differs from most other morphometric methods for the analysis of landmark coordinate data in that it is coordinate-system invariant. However, strict adherence to coordinate-system invariance (for both biological and statistical reasons) introduces some difficulty in using graphic aids for the analysis and interpretation of EDMA results. We present a simple and effective graphic method to help localize imp…
Brief communication: A sample of pediatric skulls available for study
Brief communication: A sample of pediatric skulls available for study
Euclidean distance matrix analysis: Confidence intervals for form and growth differences
Analysis of biological forms using landmark data has received substantial attention recently. Much of the statistical work in this area has concentrated on the estimation of average form, average form difference, and average growth difference. From the statistical, as well as the scientific point of view, it is important that any estimate of a scientifically relevant quantity be accompanied by a statement regarding its accuracy. Such a statement …
Cranial growth and growth dimorphism in Ateles geoffroyi
With the exception of the work of Schultz (1960), cranial growth in Ateles is not well documented. This paper describes the results of a detailed quantitative study of cranial ontogeny in male and female Ateles geoffroyi . Using Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA), local areas of form change due to growth within spider monkey crania are identified. We found substantial change local to the zygomatic region in the face, identified mediolatera…
Sexual dimorphism of ontogeny in the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
Advances in Anthropological Morphometrics
Infrastructures are material forms that allow for the possibility of exchange over space. They are the physical networks through which goods, ideas, waste, power, people, and finance are trafficked. In this article I trace the range of anthropological ...Read More
On comparing biological shapes: Detection of influential landmarks
For problems of classification and comparison in biological research, the primary focus is on the similarity of forms. A biological form consists of size and shape. Several approaches for comparing biological forms using landmark data are available. If the two biological forms are demonstrated to be different, the next important issue is to localize the differences by identifying those areas which differ most between the two objects. In this pape…
Cranial growth in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus ): A quantitative analysis using three dimensional coordinate data
Improvements in data gathering technology have made it possible to quickly and accurately digitize large numbers of objects. The three dimensional coordinates of 44 homologous landmarks were obtained from a sample of 104 squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus ) crania. After sorting by sex, the crania were assigned to one of four dental age groups. Two quantitative methods, Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA) and finite element scaling analysis…
Morphometric analysis of craniofacial growth in Cebus apella
The present study was undertaken to provide a quantitative description of craniofacial growth in Cebus apella in three dimensions. Landmarks from a cross‐sectional sample of sexed and dentally aged crania were collected using a 3Space digitizer. Two methods of three‐dimensional form analysis, euclidian distance matrix analysis (EDMA) and finite‐element scaling analysis (FESA), were used to investigate growth changes in the cranium. Male and femal…
Euclidean distance matrix analysis: A coordinate‐free approach for comparing biological shapes using landmark data
For problems of classification and comparison in biological research, the primary focus is on the similarity of forms. A biological form can be conveniently defined as consisting of size and shape. Several approaches for comparing biological shapes using landmark data are available. Lele (1991a) critically discusses these approaches and proposes a new method based on the Euclidean distance matrix representation of the form of an object. The purpo…
Euclidean distance matrix analysis: A coordinate‐free approach for comparing biological shapes using landmark data
For problems of classification and comparison in biological research, the primary focus is on the similarity of forms. A biological form can be conveniently defined as consisting of size and shape. Several approaches for comparing biological shapes using landmark data are available. Lele (1991a) critically discusses these approaches and proposes a new method based on the Euclidean distance matrix representation of the form of an object. The purpo…
The promise of geometric morphometrics
Nontraditional or geometric morphometric methods have found wide application in the biological sciences, especially in anthropology, a field with a strong history of measurement of biological form. Controversy has arisen over which method is the "best" for quantifying the morphological difference between forms and for making proper statistical statements about the detected differences. This paper explains that many of these arguments are superflu…
Morphometric analysis of craniofacial growth in Cebus apella
The present study was undertaken to provide a quantitative description of craniofacial growth in Cebus apella in three dimensions. Landmarks from a cross‐sectional sample of sexed and dentally aged crania were collected using a 3Space digitizer. Two methods of three‐dimensional form analysis, euclidian distance matrix analysis (EDMA) and finite‐element scaling analysis (FESA), were used to investigate growth changes in the cranium. Male and femal…
Cranial growth in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus ): A quantitative analysis using three dimensional coordinate data
Improvements in data gathering technology have made it possible to quickly and accurately digitize large numbers of objects. The three dimensional coordinates of 44 homologous landmarks were obtained from a sample of 104 squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus ) crania. After sorting by sex, the crania were assigned to one of four dental age groups. Two quantitative methods, Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA) and finite element scaling analysis…
Sexual dimorphism of ontogeny in the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
Genetic and environmental contributions to variation in baboon cranial morphology
The development, function, and integration of morphological characteristics are all hypothesized to influence the utility of traits for phylogenetic reconstruction by affecting the way in which morphological characteristics evolve. We use a baboon model to test the hypotheses about phenotypic and quantitative genetic variation of traits in the cranium that bear on a phenotype's propensity to evolve. We test the hypotheses that: 1) individual trai…
Euclidean distance matrix analysis: Confidence intervals for form and growth differences
Analysis of biological forms using landmark data has received substantial attention recently. Much of the statistical work in this area has concentrated on the estimation of average form, average form difference, and average growth difference. From the statistical, as well as the scientific point of view, it is important that any estimate of a scientifically relevant quantity be accompanied by a statement regarding its accuracy. Such a statement …
Participation, representation, and shared experiences of women scholars in biological anthropology
American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) membership surveys from 1996 and 1998 revealed significant gender disparities in academic status. A 2014 follow‐up survey showed that gender equality had improved, particularly with respect to the number of women in tenure‐stream positions. However, although women comprised 70% of AAPA membership at that time, the percentage of women full professors remained low. Here, we continue to conside…
Comparative study of normal, Crouzon, and Apert craniofacial morphology using finite element scaling analysis
Finite element scaling analysis is used to study differences in morphology between the craniofacial complex of normal individuals and those affected with the syndromes of Apert and Crouzon. Finite element scaling quantifies the differences in shape and size between forms without reference to any fixed, arbitrary registration point or orientation line and measures the amount of form change required to deform one object into another. Two dimensiona…
Cranial growth and growth dimorphism in Ateles geoffroyi
With the exception of the work of Schultz (1960), cranial growth in Ateles is not well documented. This paper describes the results of a detailed quantitative study of cranial ontogeny in male and female Ateles geoffroyi . Using Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA), local areas of form change due to growth within spider monkey crania are identified. We found substantial change local to the zygomatic region in the face, identified mediolatera…
On comparing biological shapes: Detection of influential landmarks
For problems of classification and comparison in biological research, the primary focus is on the similarity of forms. A biological form consists of size and shape. Several approaches for comparing biological forms using landmark data are available. If the two biological forms are demonstrated to be different, the next important issue is to localize the differences by identifying those areas which differ most between the two objects. In this pape…
Quantitative genetics of cranial nonmetric traits in randombred mice: Heritability and etiology
Cheverud and Buikstra (1981) demonstrated a tendency for nonmetric traits representing the number of foramina to have lower heritabilities than those representing hyperstotic or hypostotic traits in a sample of rhesus macaques. Based on this observation, Cheverud and Buikstra hypothesize that differences in the heritability of the two sets of traits may be due to differences in trait etiology. This study addresses the proposed relationship betwee…
The relationship between cranial metric and nonmetric traits in the rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago
This study addresses the relationship between cranial metric variables and nonmetric traits using the skeletal sample of rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago. Discriminant function analysis is used to study the metric differences between macaque crania grouped according to the presence or absence of nine nonmetric traits. The computation of total structure coefficients from the discriminant function analyses provides information regarding how close…
Additive genetic variation in the craniofacial skeleton of baboons (genus Papio ) and its relationship to body and cranial size
Objectives Determining the genetic architecture of quantitative traits and genetic correlations among them is important for understanding morphological evolution patterns. We address two questions regarding papionin evolution: (1) what effect do body and cranial size, age, and sex have on phenotypic ( V P ) and additive genetic ( V A ) variation in baboon crania, and (2) how might additive genetic correlations between craniofacial traits and body…
A quantitative method for the evaluation of three-dimensional structure of temporal bone pneumatization
Growth‐related shape changes in the fetal craniofacial complex of humans ( Homo sapiens ) and pigtailed macaques ( Macaca nemestrina ): A 3D‐CT comparative analysis
This study investigates whether macaques and humans possess a common pattern of relative growth during the fetal period. The fetal samples consist of 16 male pigtailed macaques (mean age, 20.5 gestational weeks) and 17 humans (9 males and 8 females; mean age, 29.5 gestational weeks). For each individual, three‐dimensional coordinates of 18 landmarks on the skull were collected from three‐dimensional computed tomographic (CT) reconstructed images …
Craniofacial skeletal response to encephalization: How do we know what we think we know
Dramatic changes in cranial capacity have characterized human evolution. Important evolutionary hypotheses, such as the spatial packing hypothesis, assert that increases in relative brain size (encephalization) have caused alterations to the modern human skull, resulting in a suite of traits unique among extant primates, including a domed cranial vault, highly flexed cranial base, and retracted facial skeleton. Most prior studies have used fossil…
A century of development
"The first step in the argument is one which will scarcely be denied but is perhaps often overlooked. The capacity to respond to an external stimulus by some developmental reaction, such as the formation of a callosity, must itself be under genetic control" (Waddington, 1942) This brief account of the role of developmental biology in anthropology largely reflects my personal journey as I followed my intellectual curiosity and professional interes…
Trisomy 21 and facial developmental instability
The most common live‐born human aneuploidy is trisomy 21, which causes Down syndrome (DS). Dosage imbalance of genes on chromosome 21 (Hsa21) affects complex gene‐regulatory interactions and alters development to produce a wide range of phenotypes, including characteristic facial dysmorphology. Little is known about how trisomy 21 alters craniofacial morphogenesis to create this characteristic appearance. Proponents of the "amplified developmenta…
The relationship between cranial metric and nonmetric traits in the rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago
This study addresses the relationship between cranial metric variables and nonmetric traits using the skeletal sample of rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago. Discriminant function analysis is used to study the metric differences between macaque crania grouped according to the presence or absence of nine nonmetric traits. The computation of total structure coefficients from the discriminant function analyses provides information regarding how close…
Quantitative genetics of cranial nonmetric traits in randombred mice: Heritability and etiology
Cheverud and Buikstra (1981) demonstrated a tendency for nonmetric traits representing the number of foramina to have lower heritabilities than those representing hyperstotic or hypostotic traits in a sample of rhesus macaques. Based on this observation, Cheverud and Buikstra hypothesize that differences in the heritability of the two sets of traits may be due to differences in trait etiology. This study addresses the proposed relationship betwee…
Comparative study of normal, Crouzon, and Apert craniofacial morphology using finite element scaling analysis
Finite element scaling analysis is used to study differences in morphology between the craniofacial complex of normal individuals and those affected with the syndromes of Apert and Crouzon. Finite element scaling quantifies the differences in shape and size between forms without reference to any fixed, arbitrary registration point or orientation line and measures the amount of form change required to deform one object into another. Two dimensiona…
Morphometric analysis of craniofacial growth in Cebus apella
The present study was undertaken to provide a quantitative description of craniofacial growth in Cebus apella in three dimensions. Landmarks from a cross‐sectional sample of sexed and dentally aged crania were collected using a 3Space digitizer. Two methods of three‐dimensional form analysis, euclidian distance matrix analysis (EDMA) and finite‐element scaling analysis (FESA), were used to investigate growth changes in the cranium. Male and femal…
Euclidean distance matrix analysis: A coordinate‐free approach for comparing biological shapes using landmark data
For problems of classification and comparison in biological research, the primary focus is on the similarity of forms. A biological form can be conveniently defined as consisting of size and shape. Several approaches for comparing biological shapes using landmark data are available. Lele (1991a) critically discusses these approaches and proposes a new method based on the Euclidean distance matrix representation of the form of an object. The purpo…
Advances in Anthropological Morphometrics
Infrastructures are material forms that allow for the possibility of exchange over space. They are the physical networks through which goods, ideas, waste, power, people, and finance are trafficked. In this article I trace the range of anthropological ...Read More
On comparing biological shapes: Detection of influential landmarks
For problems of classification and comparison in biological research, the primary focus is on the similarity of forms. A biological form consists of size and shape. Several approaches for comparing biological forms using landmark data are available. If the two biological forms are demonstrated to be different, the next important issue is to localize the differences by identifying those areas which differ most between the two objects. In this pape…
Cranial growth in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus ): A quantitative analysis using three dimensional coordinate data
Improvements in data gathering technology have made it possible to quickly and accurately digitize large numbers of objects. The three dimensional coordinates of 44 homologous landmarks were obtained from a sample of 104 squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus ) crania. After sorting by sex, the crania were assigned to one of four dental age groups. Two quantitative methods, Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA) and finite element scaling analysis…
Cranial growth and growth dimorphism in Ateles geoffroyi
With the exception of the work of Schultz (1960), cranial growth in Ateles is not well documented. This paper describes the results of a detailed quantitative study of cranial ontogeny in male and female Ateles geoffroyi . Using Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis (EDMA), local areas of form change due to growth within spider monkey crania are identified. We found substantial change local to the zygomatic region in the face, identified mediolatera…
Sexual dimorphism of ontogeny in the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
Euclidean distance matrix analysis: Confidence intervals for form and growth differences
Analysis of biological forms using landmark data has received substantial attention recently. Much of the statistical work in this area has concentrated on the estimation of average form, average form difference, and average growth difference. From the statistical, as well as the scientific point of view, it is important that any estimate of a scientifically relevant quantity be accompanied by a statement regarding its accuracy. Such a statement …
Brief communication: A sample of pediatric skulls available for study
Brief communication: A sample of pediatric skulls available for study
Capturing data from three‐dimensional surfaces using fuzzy landmarks
Anatomical landmarks are defined as biologically meaningful loci that can be unambiguously defined and repeatedly located with a high degree of accuracy and precision. The neurocranial surface is characteristically void of such loci. We define a new class of landmarks, termed fuzzy landmarks, that will allow us to represent the form of the neurocranium. A fuzzy landmark represents the position of a biological structure that is precisely delineate…
Capturing data from three-dimensional surfaces using fuzzy landmarks
Anatomical landmarks are defined as biologically meaningful loci that can be unambiguously defined and repeatedly located with a high degree of accuracy and precision. The neurocranial surface is characteristically void of such loci. We define a new class of landmarks, termed fuzzy landmarks, that will allow us to represent the form of the neurocranium. A fuzzy landmark represents the position of a biological structure that is precisely delineate…
A simple method for visualization of influential landmarks when using euclidean distance matrix analysis
Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA) differs from most other morphometric methods for the analysis of landmark coordinate data in that it is coordinate-system invariant. However, strict adherence to coordinate-system invariance (for both biological and statistical reasons) introduces some difficulty in using graphic aids for the analysis and interpretation of EDMA results. We present a simple and effective graphic method to help localize imp…
The promise of geometric morphometrics
Nontraditional or geometric morphometric methods have found wide application in the biological sciences, especially in anthropology, a field with a strong history of measurement of biological form. Controversy has arisen over which method is the "best" for quantifying the morphological difference between forms and for making proper statistical statements about the detected differences. This paper explains that many of these arguments are superflu…
Growth‐related shape changes in the fetal craniofacial complex of humans ( Homo sapiens ) and pigtailed macaques ( Macaca nemestrina ): A 3D‐CT comparative analysis
This study investigates whether macaques and humans possess a common pattern of relative growth during the fetal period. The fetal samples consist of 16 male pigtailed macaques (mean age, 20.5 gestational weeks) and 17 humans (9 males and 8 females; mean age, 29.5 gestational weeks). For each individual, three‐dimensional coordinates of 18 landmarks on the skull were collected from three‐dimensional computed tomographic (CT) reconstructed images …
A quantitative method for the evaluation of three-dimensional structure of temporal bone pneumatization
Genetic and environmental contributions to variation in baboon cranial morphology
The development, function, and integration of morphological characteristics are all hypothesized to influence the utility of traits for phylogenetic reconstruction by affecting the way in which morphological characteristics evolve. We use a baboon model to test the hypotheses about phenotypic and quantitative genetic variation of traits in the cranium that bear on a phenotype's propensity to evolve. We test the hypotheses that: 1) individual trai…
Morphological integration of soft-tissue facial morphology in down syndrome and siblings
Down syndrome (DS), resulting from trisomy of chromosome 21, is the most common live-born human aneuploidy. The phenotypic expression of trisomy 21 produces variable, though characteristic, facial morphology. Although certain facial features have been documented quantitatively and qualitatively as characteristic of DS (e.g., epicanthic folds, macroglossia, and hypertelorism), all of these traits occur in other craniofacial conditions with an unde…
Trisomy 21 and facial developmental instability
The most common live‐born human aneuploidy is trisomy 21, which causes Down syndrome (DS). Dosage imbalance of genes on chromosome 21 (Hsa21) affects complex gene‐regulatory interactions and alters development to produce a wide range of phenotypes, including characteristic facial dysmorphology. Little is known about how trisomy 21 alters craniofacial morphogenesis to create this characteristic appearance. Proponents of the "amplified developmenta…
How are we made: Even well‐controlled experiments show the complexity of our traits
Participation, representation, and shared experiences of women scholars in biological anthropology
American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) membership surveys from 1996 and 1998 revealed significant gender disparities in academic status. A 2014 follow‐up survey showed that gender equality had improved, particularly with respect to the number of women in tenure‐stream positions. However, although women comprised 70% of AAPA membership at that time, the percentage of women full professors remained low. Here, we continue to conside…
A century of development
"The first step in the argument is one which will scarcely be denied but is perhaps often overlooked. The capacity to respond to an external stimulus by some developmental reaction, such as the formation of a callosity, must itself be under genetic control" (Waddington, 1942) This brief account of the role of developmental biology in anthropology largely reflects my personal journey as I followed my intellectual curiosity and professional interes…
Biology (23 works) · Morphological variations and asymmetry (15 works) · Anatomy (13 works) · Anatomy (13 works) · Computer Science (11 works) · Craniofacial (11 works) · Skull (9 works) · Crania (8 works) · Evolutionary biology (8 works) · Craniofacial Disorders and Treatments (7 works)