Sławomir Bralewski
Biographic Data
| ID | 9280146 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Sławomir Bralewski |
| GIVEN NAMES | Sławomir |
| FAMILY NAME | Bralewski |
| SIGNATURE | BRALEWSKI S |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Lodz |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4708-0103 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 30 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 0 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 30 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1996 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 0 |
Stary Kościół (Παλαιά) jako najstarsze znane miejsce kultu chrześcijańskiego w Antiochii Syryjskiej
Celem badawczym artykułu jest przedstawienie i przeanalizowanie przekazów historycznych (głównie z IV i V wieku) na temat Starego Kościoła (Παλαιά) / Kościoła Apostolskiego znajdującego się w Antiochii nad Orontesem. Problem ten jest istotny między innymi z tego względu, iż we współczesnych opracowaniach naukowych na temat starożytnej Antiochii kościół ten jest jedynie wspominany. Najpierw wyjaśniono nazwę kościoła oraz przedstawiono i omówiono p…
Był wieśniakiem, miał żonę i dzieci, ale nie był przez to gorszy w sprawach Bożych ” – instytucja małżeństwa w "Historii kościelnej" Sozomena z Bethelii
Sozomen z Bethelii, autor Historii kościelnej, zawarł w swoim dziele szereg refleksji na przeróżne poboczne tematy związane z biegiem życia bohaterów swej narracji. Jednym z nich była niewątpliwie instytucja małżeństwa. W niniejszym artykule, wychodząc od konstatacji Sozomena dotyczącej Spirydona, biskupa Tremituntu na Cyprze, podjąłem próbę zrekonstruowania, na podstawie rozrzuconych w całym dziele luźnych myśli dotyczących małżeństwa, ogólnego …
Macedonius, Bishop of Constantinople – the Villain of Socrates' Ecclesiastical History
Socrates of Constantinople devoted much space in his Ecclesiastical History to Macedonius. In it, he portrayed the bishop of the eastern imperial capital in black colors. He saw him as a heresiarch and attributed to him the brutal persecution of his religious opponents, including murder, torture and the demolition of churches. Many modern scholars seem to accept this extremely negative picture of Macedonius as true. The author attempted to clarif…
Mars Pater – in the Strategy of Constantine the Great
During his reign Constantine the Great sought protection of various gods, finally choosing the Christian God as his main protector. The iconographic material gathered from the mints remaining under his power in the early period of his rule shows that in the years 306–309 Constantine regarded Mars as his guardian deity. The author attempts to explain why the emperor sought Mars’s protection during that period and why he later began to look for a n…
Zwycięstwo podąża za Bogiem” - ideologia triumfu w „Historii Kościelnej” Teodoreta z Cyru
Ideologia zwycięstwa w Historii kościelnej Teodoreta ma, podobnie jak w dziele Euzebiusza z Cezarei, którego był kontynuatorem, trzy wymiary: militarny, męczeński i doktrynalny. Wszystkie trzy związane były z wojną prowadzoną przez złego ducha przeciwko Bogu i sprowadzały się do odnoszenia zwycięstw w imię Chrystusa. Dla chrześcijanina Teodoreta zwycięstwa militarne w konfrontacji z pogańskimi wrogami miały aspekt sakralny i dowodziły prawdziwośc…
“Ex Marte se procreatum” – Did the Roman Emperor Galerius Make Mars his Personal Protective Deitie
Lactantius referred in his work On the Deaths of the Persecutors (De mortibus persecutorum) to a great victory which Caesar Galerius won over the Persians. From then on, he demanded for himself the title of Augustus and, we are made to believe, insisted upon being called a son of Mars as second Romulus. Did he thus deviate from the truth? Or, on the contrary, did Galerius render Mars his divine patron and does Lactantius’ account remain in agreem…
Decreta caelestia versus princeps bonus w świetle "Res Gestae" Ammiana Marcellina
Ammian Marcellin w Res Gestae uczynił z cesarza Juliana wzór dobrego władcy, mimo że bogowie zadecydowali o klęsce jego wyprawy perskiej, w której on sam poniósł śmierć. Dokonując oceny jego charakteru przypisał mu konkretny katalog cnót. Na ich czele znalazły się najpierw cztery cnoty kardynalne: temperantia, prudentia, iustitia i fortitudo, które zostały uzupełnione dodatkowo przez scientia rei militaris, auctoritas, felicitas i liberalitas. Za…
“Where do these terrible diseases and pestilences come from?”. Illness in the Roman World in Light of the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius of Caesarea
Eusebius of Caesarea did not put diseases at the center of his introduction to Church History. He used them instrumentally to promote his theses. Therefore, he neither referred to the medical knowledge of that time nor did he conduct their scientific classification or description. Nevertheless, Eusebius’ account contains observations about the sick and their afflictions. The Bishop of Caesarea clearly distinguished between diseases suffered by in…
The Catalogue of Virtues in the "Ecclesiastical History" of Sozomen of Bethelia
On the one hand, in his Ecclesiastical History, Sozomen presented the qualities of the ruler he held in high esteem – Theodosius II; on the other, he listed characteristics of the ascetics he admired, the new sages, living – in his view – according to the principles of the best philosophy. Interestingly, in this presentation, he applied an almost identical set of virtues that he attributed to both rulers and monks. In both cases he equated piety …
Mądrość kontra ignorancja – spór o tytuł Theotokos w świetle "Historii kościelnej" Sokratesa z Konstantynopola
Konflikt o tytuł przysługujący Maryi, Matce Jezusa Chrystusa - Theotokos, w rzeczywistości spór chrystologiczny, dotyczył najważniejszych kwestii doktrynalnych rozpatrywanych w piątym wieku. Przekaz Sokratesa z Konstantynopola odnoszący się do genezy i przebiegu owej kontrowersji jest zaś najstarszym znanym nam źródłem zdającym relację na ten temat. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza Historii kościelnej Sokratesa pod kątem punktu widzenia je…
The Labarum – from Crux Dissimulata and Chi-Rho to the Open Image Cross
Based on the testimony of emperor Constantine the Great himself, Eusebius of Caesarea presented a labarum in the form of crux dissimulata crowned with the Chi-Rho. The continuers of his Church History in the next century, Rufinus of Aquileia, Philostorgius, Socrates of Constantinople, and Sozomen, only kept the cross-shape of the banner, excluding the christogram. This might have happened because in two main sources informing about the vision of …
Empress Eudoxia in the Light of the 5th-Century Ecclesiastical Histories
In the dispute between John Chrysostom, Bishop of Constantinople, and the imperial court the main role is generally attributed to Empress Eudoxia, who was blamed for causing his exile. How did the authors of Ecclesiastical histories, writing in the first half of the 5th century, perceive this empress? The first of them, Philostorgius, clearly suggested that although initially the status of Eudoxia at the imperial court was not strong because of h…
Was Constantine the Great Aware of the Constantinian Shift
In this article, I try to answer the following question: was Constantine himself aware of the revolution that he was carrying out? Did he realise that his actions were going to change the course of the history of the Empire? An analysis of sources seems to indicate that emperor Constantine the Great saw in his reign a fundamental change not only in the history of the Imperium Romanum, but also of the entire world. He believed that this change had…
The Pious Life of Empress Helena, Constantine the Great’s Mother, in the Light of Socrates of Constantinople and Sozomen
In his Ecclesiastical history, Socrates depicts Helena as a pious, strong and independent woman, the mother of the emperor, realizing her own ideas and acting as a tool in the hands of God – the ultimate inspiration of her actions. The emperor, her son, only supported her in her undertakings. According to Socrates, Helena travelled to Jerusalem to answer God’s call; there, she organized the search for the Sepulchre and the Holy Cross and found th…
La connaissance de la loi ecclésiastique chez Socrate de Constantinople en confrontation avec l‘oeuvre de Hermias Sozomène
Wokół soboru nicejskiego (325)
The Council convened by emperor Constantine the Great to Nicea in the year 325 still arouses keen interest of researchers around the world. Against the background of international scholarship, the achievements of Polish academics look quite modest. That is why one should especially appreciate the publication of a book (written in Polish) on the subject by Henryk Pietras, an acclaimed Polish patrologist. The monograph is noteworthy for a number o…
Bałkany w ujęciu historiografii kościelnej V wieku związanej ze środowiskiem konstantynopolitańskim
In the accounts of Socrates of Constantinople, Hermias Sozomenus and Philostorgius, i.e. those ecclesiastical historians who represented the Constantinopolitan point of view in church history, the region of the Balkans was neither administratively nor culturally or religiously uniform. Contents of their works suggest, however, that the area was very important strategically, which was indirectly stressed in Sozomenus’ and Phlilostorgius’ accou…
Boże zwycięstwo (ενθεοσ νικη) – „ideologia tryumfu” w "Historii kościelnej" Euzebiusza z Cezarei
“Ideology of victory” occupied a very important place in Ecclesiastical History by Eusebius of Caesarea. The victory which he described had a sacred dimension. It was God’s triumph in a war which mankind declared on God himself. Its turning point was the appearance of the Word of God, Wisdom, Jesus Christ, who taught people how to worship God the Father and who was given the power, the eternal reign of the everlasting kingdom. Together with his…
Constantinian shift – the truth or a myth
Zdefiniowanie zjawiska nazwanego przełomem czy rewolucją konstantyńską nie jest łatwe. Wydaje się, że trzeba w nim widzieć epokowy czyn cesarza, który nie tylko uznał i otoczył opieką Kościół, ale związał go z państwem i doprowadził do wielkiego znaczenia, pozyskując w zamian, w swoim głębokim przekonaniu, błogosławieństwo samego Boga dla Imperium Romanum i jego władców. Konsekwencją wydarzeń określanych tym mianem –według wielu badaczy – była …
Praktykowanie postu w świetle historiografii kościelnej IV-V wieku
The ecclesiastical histories of the fourth and the fifth centuries confirm the fasting as a practice popularly observed by the Christians of that time. From the account of the historians one can conclude that fasting combined with prayer was a distinctive feature of Christian piety. From the fourth century the principal practice of abstention from food included the concept of a forty-day fasting period before Easter, i.e. Lent, and additionally …
Hierarchia wschodnich biskupów w historiografii kościelnej V wieku
Francis Dvornik has expressed the view that, in the Eastern part of the Empire, the principle of accommodation dominated over the principle of the apostolic origin. The situation, he maintained, resulted from the fact that the aforementioned area included excessively numerous sees which were either established by one of the Apostles or were considered to be somehow connected with their activities. Does the conclusion of the Czech researcher find…
Zagłada filozofów helleńskich w Imperium Romanum – obraz mędrców w relacji Sokratesa z Konstantynopola i Hermiasza Sozomena
Socrates of Constantinople, the author of the Ecclesiastical History, distinguishes between two types of philosophy: one practised by the use of words and the second reflected in deeds. The reason why the latter was considered by Socrates to be the true philosophy was the fact that it was the way to find God. That, at the same time, was the most important exercise for philosophers. According to historians even an ordinary uneducated man, could …
The Porphyry Column in Constantinople and Тhe Relics of the True Cross
The complicated fates of the Porphyry Column of emperor Constantine resemble the reach and difficult history of Constantinople, the New Rome and capital of the eastern Empire from its very beginnings. Perceived by the Constantinopolitans as both Christian and pagan monument, adorned with legends repeated and enriched by generations, it was always a landmark of the city. The article summarizes, compares and analyzes the accounts of Byzantine histo…
Porfirowa kolumna w Konstantynopolu i jej wczesnobizantyńska legenda
La colonne de porphyre à Constantinople qui a été créée pendant les règnes de Constantin le Grand dans les années 324- 330, occupe une place extraordinaire dans l’histoire de la capitale orientale d’Imperium Romanum. Elle est devenue même le symbole légendaire de la ville. Mesurant 37 mètres d’hauteur et finie par la statue de l’empereur Constantin- Helios, la colonne devait comporter des reliques de grande valeur pour les chrétiens. Elle constit…
L’image de la papauté dans l’Histoire ecclésiastique de Socrate
Obraz papiestwa lansowany przez Sokratesa jest dość skomplikowany. Z jednej strony kreuje on wizerunek wyjątkowego biskupstwa, którego zwierzchnik przewodzi Kościołowi powszechnemu. Z drugiej poddaje je ostrej krytyce. Historyk wskazuje na uprzywilejowaną pozycję biskupa Rzymu
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Le choix du lieu pour la délibération des conciles convoqués par les empereurs du bas-empire romain
Imperatorzy rzymscy zwołując synody, czy sobory, kierowali do biskupów listy konwokacyjne, w których wskazywali kto m a w konkretnym zgromadzeniu uczestniczyć, jakie stawiają przed nim i zadania, oraz określali term in rozpoczęcia debat i miejsce, w którym miały się one odbywać. Władający późnym Cesarstwem Rzymskim, w ciągu niespełna trzech stuleci od Konstantyna Wielkiego począwszy, a n a Justynianie skończywszy, polecali biskupom gromadzić się …
Polityka Konstantyna Wielkiego wobec arian po soborze w Nicei
Dans les recherches sur l’empereur Constantin I souvent on exprime l'opinion selon laquelle cet empereur aurait change totalement son attitude envers les ariens apres le concile de Nicee. Beaucoup de chercheurs soulignent que pendant la reunion des eveques a Nicee, Constantin se declarait contre les ariens
Czy cesarz Konstantyn Wielki zabiegał o kompromis z donatystami
Constantin, au cours du conflit entre Cecilien, l'eveque de Carthage, et les donatistes est toujours reste trees critique envers ces derniers. Il a pris parti pour l'eveque et ses allies de 313 jusqu'a la fin de son regne
Wątki polityczne w oskarżeniach kierowanych przeciwko biskupom w późnym cesarstwie rzymskim
The Church, which since the time of Constantine the Great had participated in the political life of the Empire, clashed continually with institutions of the state. That is why a political accusations also appeared frequently in the charges put against clergymen. It is worth noticing that such charges were levelled not only by emperors and their officials but also bishops themselves. The emperors utilised the indictments as a means of eliminating …
Kanony kościelne w sporze między Wschodem a Zachodem na tle schizmy antiocheńskiej w IV wieku
Les évêques de l’Occident et ceux de l’Orient se sont divisés essentiellement sur le schisme survenu dans l’Eglise d’Antioche au IV éme siècle. Or ils se sont prononcés en faveur des lideurs des camps opposés qui aspiraient au trône de l’évêque à Antioche. Us basaient leur opinion en recourant à la loi ecclésiastique. L’Occident désapprouvait Mélèce d’avoir transgressé les canons défendant à l’évèque d’échanger une Église contre une autre. En eff…
L’image de la papauté dans l’Histoire ecclésiastique de Socrate
Obraz papiestwa lansowany przez Sokratesa jest dość skomplikowany. Z jednej strony kreuje on wizerunek wyjątkowego biskupstwa, którego zwierzchnik przewodzi Kościołowi powszechnemu. Z drugiej poddaje je ostrej krytyce. Historyk wskazuje na uprzywilejowaną pozycję biskupa Rzymu
Porfirowa kolumna w Konstantynopolu i jej wczesnobizantyńska legenda
La colonne de porphyre à Constantinople qui a été créée pendant les règnes de Constantin le Grand dans les années 324- 330, occupe une place extraordinaire dans l’histoire de la capitale orientale d’Imperium Romanum. Elle est devenue même le symbole légendaire de la ville. Mesurant 37 mètres d’hauteur et finie par la statue de l’empereur Constantin- Helios, la colonne devait comporter des reliques de grande valeur pour les chrétiens. Elle constit…
The Porphyry Column in Constantinople and Тhe Relics of the True Cross
The complicated fates of the Porphyry Column of emperor Constantine resemble the reach and difficult history of Constantinople, the New Rome and capital of the eastern Empire from its very beginnings. Perceived by the Constantinopolitans as both Christian and pagan monument, adorned with legends repeated and enriched by generations, it was always a landmark of the city. The article summarizes, compares and analyzes the accounts of Byzantine histo…
Hierarchia wschodnich biskupów w historiografii kościelnej V wieku
Francis Dvornik has expressed the view that, in the Eastern part of the Empire, the principle of accommodation dominated over the principle of the apostolic origin. The situation, he maintained, resulted from the fact that the aforementioned area included excessively numerous sees which were either established by one of the Apostles or were considered to be somehow connected with their activities. Does the conclusion of the Czech researcher find…
Zagłada filozofów helleńskich w Imperium Romanum – obraz mędrców w relacji Sokratesa z Konstantynopola i Hermiasza Sozomena
Socrates of Constantinople, the author of the Ecclesiastical History, distinguishes between two types of philosophy: one practised by the use of words and the second reflected in deeds. The reason why the latter was considered by Socrates to be the true philosophy was the fact that it was the way to find God. That, at the same time, was the most important exercise for philosophers. According to historians even an ordinary uneducated man, could …
Praktykowanie postu w świetle historiografii kościelnej IV-V wieku
The ecclesiastical histories of the fourth and the fifth centuries confirm the fasting as a practice popularly observed by the Christians of that time. From the account of the historians one can conclude that fasting combined with prayer was a distinctive feature of Christian piety. From the fourth century the principal practice of abstention from food included the concept of a forty-day fasting period before Easter, i.e. Lent, and additionally …
Constantinian shift – the truth or a myth
Zdefiniowanie zjawiska nazwanego przełomem czy rewolucją konstantyńską nie jest łatwe. Wydaje się, że trzeba w nim widzieć epokowy czyn cesarza, który nie tylko uznał i otoczył opieką Kościół, ale związał go z państwem i doprowadził do wielkiego znaczenia, pozyskując w zamian, w swoim głębokim przekonaniu, błogosławieństwo samego Boga dla Imperium Romanum i jego władców. Konsekwencją wydarzeń określanych tym mianem –według wielu badaczy – była …
Boże zwycięstwo (ενθεοσ νικη) – „ideologia tryumfu” w "Historii kościelnej" Euzebiusza z Cezarei
“Ideology of victory” occupied a very important place in Ecclesiastical History by Eusebius of Caesarea. The victory which he described had a sacred dimension. It was God’s triumph in a war which mankind declared on God himself. Its turning point was the appearance of the Word of God, Wisdom, Jesus Christ, who taught people how to worship God the Father and who was given the power, the eternal reign of the everlasting kingdom. Together with his…
La connaissance de la loi ecclésiastique chez Socrate de Constantinople en confrontation avec l‘oeuvre de Hermias Sozomène
Wokół soboru nicejskiego (325)
The Council convened by emperor Constantine the Great to Nicea in the year 325 still arouses keen interest of researchers around the world. Against the background of international scholarship, the achievements of Polish academics look quite modest. That is why one should especially appreciate the publication of a book (written in Polish) on the subject by Henryk Pietras, an acclaimed Polish patrologist. The monograph is noteworthy for a number o…
Bałkany w ujęciu historiografii kościelnej V wieku związanej ze środowiskiem konstantynopolitańskim
In the accounts of Socrates of Constantinople, Hermias Sozomenus and Philostorgius, i.e. those ecclesiastical historians who represented the Constantinopolitan point of view in church history, the region of the Balkans was neither administratively nor culturally or religiously uniform. Contents of their works suggest, however, that the area was very important strategically, which was indirectly stressed in Sozomenus’ and Phlilostorgius’ accou…
The Pious Life of Empress Helena, Constantine the Great’s Mother, in the Light of Socrates of Constantinople and Sozomen
In his Ecclesiastical history, Socrates depicts Helena as a pious, strong and independent woman, the mother of the emperor, realizing her own ideas and acting as a tool in the hands of God – the ultimate inspiration of her actions. The emperor, her son, only supported her in her undertakings. According to Socrates, Helena travelled to Jerusalem to answer God’s call; there, she organized the search for the Sepulchre and the Holy Cross and found th…
Was Constantine the Great Aware of the Constantinian Shift
In this article, I try to answer the following question: was Constantine himself aware of the revolution that he was carrying out? Did he realise that his actions were going to change the course of the history of the Empire? An analysis of sources seems to indicate that emperor Constantine the Great saw in his reign a fundamental change not only in the history of the Imperium Romanum, but also of the entire world. He believed that this change had…
The Labarum – from Crux Dissimulata and Chi-Rho to the Open Image Cross
Based on the testimony of emperor Constantine the Great himself, Eusebius of Caesarea presented a labarum in the form of crux dissimulata crowned with the Chi-Rho. The continuers of his Church History in the next century, Rufinus of Aquileia, Philostorgius, Socrates of Constantinople, and Sozomen, only kept the cross-shape of the banner, excluding the christogram. This might have happened because in two main sources informing about the vision of …
Empress Eudoxia in the Light of the 5th-Century Ecclesiastical Histories
In the dispute between John Chrysostom, Bishop of Constantinople, and the imperial court the main role is generally attributed to Empress Eudoxia, who was blamed for causing his exile. How did the authors of Ecclesiastical histories, writing in the first half of the 5th century, perceive this empress? The first of them, Philostorgius, clearly suggested that although initially the status of Eudoxia at the imperial court was not strong because of h…
Mądrość kontra ignorancja – spór o tytuł Theotokos w świetle "Historii kościelnej" Sokratesa z Konstantynopola
Konflikt o tytuł przysługujący Maryi, Matce Jezusa Chrystusa - Theotokos, w rzeczywistości spór chrystologiczny, dotyczył najważniejszych kwestii doktrynalnych rozpatrywanych w piątym wieku. Przekaz Sokratesa z Konstantynopola odnoszący się do genezy i przebiegu owej kontrowersji jest zaś najstarszym znanym nam źródłem zdającym relację na ten temat. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza Historii kościelnej Sokratesa pod kątem punktu widzenia je…
“Where do these terrible diseases and pestilences come from?”. Illness in the Roman World in Light of the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius of Caesarea
Eusebius of Caesarea did not put diseases at the center of his introduction to Church History. He used them instrumentally to promote his theses. Therefore, he neither referred to the medical knowledge of that time nor did he conduct their scientific classification or description. Nevertheless, Eusebius’ account contains observations about the sick and their afflictions. The Bishop of Caesarea clearly distinguished between diseases suffered by in…
The Catalogue of Virtues in the "Ecclesiastical History" of Sozomen of Bethelia
On the one hand, in his Ecclesiastical History, Sozomen presented the qualities of the ruler he held in high esteem – Theodosius II; on the other, he listed characteristics of the ascetics he admired, the new sages, living – in his view – according to the principles of the best philosophy. Interestingly, in this presentation, he applied an almost identical set of virtues that he attributed to both rulers and monks. In both cases he equated piety …
“Ex Marte se procreatum” – Did the Roman Emperor Galerius Make Mars his Personal Protective Deitie
Lactantius referred in his work On the Deaths of the Persecutors (De mortibus persecutorum) to a great victory which Caesar Galerius won over the Persians. From then on, he demanded for himself the title of Augustus and, we are made to believe, insisted upon being called a son of Mars as second Romulus. Did he thus deviate from the truth? Or, on the contrary, did Galerius render Mars his divine patron and does Lactantius’ account remain in agreem…
Decreta caelestia versus princeps bonus w świetle "Res Gestae" Ammiana Marcellina
Ammian Marcellin w Res Gestae uczynił z cesarza Juliana wzór dobrego władcy, mimo że bogowie zadecydowali o klęsce jego wyprawy perskiej, w której on sam poniósł śmierć. Dokonując oceny jego charakteru przypisał mu konkretny katalog cnót. Na ich czele znalazły się najpierw cztery cnoty kardynalne: temperantia, prudentia, iustitia i fortitudo, które zostały uzupełnione dodatkowo przez scientia rei militaris, auctoritas, felicitas i liberalitas. Za…
Byzantine Studies and History (23 works) · Philosophy (21 works) · History (16 works) · Ancient history (14 works) · Art (14 works) · Law (13 works) · Theology (13 works) · Political science (12 works) · Historical and Religious Studies of Rome (11 works) · Classical Antiquity Studies (10 works)