Lisa M Herzog
Biographic Data
| ID | 938427 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Lisa M Herzog |
| GIVEN NAMES | Lisa M |
| FAMILY NAME | Herzog |
| SIGNATURE | HERZOG L M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Groningen |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9348-1154 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 59 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 188 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 59 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2011 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Which Value Counts? Towards a Decolonial Perspective on Value Creation
Business ethics theories often start from an assumption of moral egalitarianism: the equal moral value of all humans. But if combined with theories of value, they may inadvertently reinforce unequal valuations of products, services, and ultimately human beings. This paper joins recent debates about value and value production, critiquing the dominant Western view that value can be expressed in price. We build on feminist and environmental critique…
Does parenthood have an epistemic problem
Capital as mere means: Re-reading Tawney’s The Acquisitive Society in times of ecological crisis
How institutions decay: Towards an endogenous theory
When organizations solve collective action problems or realize values, they do so by means of institutions. These are commonly regarded as self-stabilizing. Yet, they can also be subject to endogenous processes of decay, or so we argue. We explain this in terms of psychological and cultural processes, which can change even if the formal structures remain unchanged. One key implication is that the extent to which norms, values and ideals motivate …
Work, Bad Infinity and Habit: A Hegelian Approach to Sustainability and Freedom
What can a Hegelian perspective contribute to addressing the ecological crisis? This paper argues that, for Hegel, a transformative yet sustainable relation with nature is a requirement for a free form of life. Drawing on both the Phenomenology of Spirit and the Philosophy of Right , it contends that Hegel’s notions of work, bad infinity and habit help us understand how societies become entrenched in unsustainable practices. At the same time, by …
Introduction to the Special Feature “Sustainable work: Exploring the requirements of a social-ecological approach to work”
The exact meaning of “sustainable work” remains unclear. Its various dimensions have so far been explored mainly in separate literatures, while the political implications of calls for “sustainable work” have received little attention. This Special Feature points to the need for an integrated approach that addresses the political conflicts raised by the concept, its different dimensions and their potential. Our introduction discusses how the vario…
Introduction – Le travail soutenable: Exploration des exigences d’une approche sociale-écologique du travail
Le «travail soutenable» n’a pas de définition claire. Ses diverses dimensions ont jusqu’à présent été étudiées par des courants de la recherche différents, alors que les implications politiques des appels en faveur d’un «travail soutenable» ont suscité peu d’intérêt. Ce dossier spécial montre qu’il est nécessaire d’adopter une approche intégrant ces différents courants pour appréhender les conflits politiques inhérents au concept, ainsi que ses d…
Travail soutenable: Une carte conceptuelle en vue d’une approche sociale-écologique
Les autrices cartographient le concept de «travail soutenable» à partir de publications académiques et d’organisations internationales. Elles élaborent sur cette base un cadre multidimensionnel d’analyse qui intègre soutenabilité écologique et soutenabilité sociale, travail rémunéré et non rémunéré, interdépendances locales et mondiales et s’attache à expliciter les fondements normatifs de la soutenabilité. Les autrices soutiennent que, étant don…
Sustainable work: A conceptual map for a social-ecological approach
In this article, we map the concept of “sustainable work” in the international policy and academic literatures. On this basis, we develop a multidimensional framework, arguing that sustainable work needs to integrate ecological and social sustainability, address work beyond paid labour, attend to local and global interdependencies and make its normative foundations explicit. Articulating these sometimes conflicting requirements in a context-sensi…
The democratic case against fissuring work
This article explores what is problematic about the “fissuring” of work—the breaking up of large work organizations through subcontracting or franchising—from a democratic perspective. After describing the empirical evidence on fissuring, it explores two types of arguments. Arguments from “good work” ask whether fissured work is less likely to offer conditions of such good work. Here, however, one must expect a lot of variety; many arguments can …
Villages, protocols, and the AI-driven future of work: Some Wittgensteinian reflections
How will the future of work organizations be affected by the spread of generative AI? Based on Wittgensteinian reflections on the nature of rules and rule-following, this paper argues that so far, in many jobs the interpretation of rules had to lie with those doing the actual work. In the future, it might become more and more embodied in AI systems that advise, monitor, and sanction workers. This shifts power to employers and reduces the necessit…
Big data and the risk of misguided responsibilization
The arrival of “big data” promises new degrees of precision in understanding human behavior. Could it also allow drawing a finer line between “choice” and “circumstances”? In a culture in which individual responsibility continues to be celebrated, this raises questions about new opportunities for institutional design with a stronger focus on individual responsibility. But what is it that can be learned from big data? In this paper I argue that we…
Bodies at Work: The Normative Dimensions of the Geography of Work
“Home office” has become a reality for many employees. What is normatively at stake in this shift in the geography of work, given the various forms of structural injustice in our societies? Drawing on the normative criteria of employee well-being and protection from harm, autonomy, non-discrimination, environmental impact, and the role of workplaces as spaces of social encounters, I defend two claims: First, decisions about where individuals work…
Response to Comments
I am deeply grateful to Gijs van Maanen, Samuel Ferey, and Antoinette Baujard for their thoughtful engagement with my book, and to Cyril Hédoin for organizing the symposium. One of the purposes of writing the book was to bring together different discourses on the relation between politics and knowledge. I am therefore very happy to engage in the interdisciplinary discussions that these comments invite. As van Maanen rightly notes, the book tries …
Cook Ding meets homo oeconomicus . Contrasting Daoist and economistic imaginaries of work
In this paper, we attempt to de-naturalize the prevailing economistic imaginary of work that Max Weber and later commentators described as 'protestant work ethic,' epitomized in the figure of homo economicus.We do so by contrasting it with the imaginary of skillful work that can be found in vignettes about artisans in the Zhuangzi.We argue that there are interesting contrasts between these views concerning 1) direct goal achievement vs. indirect …
The democratic public and the practices of the oppressed
Democratic theory, especially deliberative democracy, centrally focuses on verbal communication. In contrast, social movements, especially those fighting against oppression, often use practices such as dance, theatre, or other practical activities. In recent years, theorists have also turned to practices beyond words, for example, artistic expressions and the contributions they can make to democratic life. We expand this line of argument by explo…
You're Free to Choose, But do You have Time to Choose? Structural Injustice and the Epistemic Burdens of Market Societies
Markets are often seen as beneficial epistemic institutions because they can transmit information via the price mechanism. But real-life markets often create various epistemic pitfalls for participants. In market societies, individuals, qua consumers, must make numerous difficult decisions for which they need to find relevant information. Depending on their positions in society—which tends to disadvantage women, non-white individuals, and working…
Education, Authority, and the Critical Citizen. Democratic Schooling and the Disestablishment of Education and State
Journal Article Education, Authority, and the Critical Citizen. Democratic Schooling and the Disestablishment of Education and State Get access Education, Authority, and the Critical Citizen. Democratic Schooling and the Disestablishment of Education and State. By Neil Wilcock. (London and New York: Routledge, 2024. Pp. viii + 157. Price £104.00, Ebook £31.19.) Lisa Herzog Lisa Herzog University of Groningen, Netherlands Search for other works by…
Descobrindo os sujeitos do mercado: Quem somos nós quando trabalhamos
O artigo de Lisa Herzog examina como Adam Smith e G. W. F. Hegel conceitualizam a identidade de trabalhadores no mercado. Embora ambos vejam seres humanos como indivíduos formados dentro de relações sociais e por meio delas, a relação entre o trabalhador e seu trabalho é vista por eles de modos diferentes. Para Smith, trabalhadores "possuem" capital humano, enquanto, para Hegel, trabalhadores "são" cervejeiros, açougueiros ou padeiros, pois sua p…
Urban–rural justice
Shared Standards versus Competitive Pressures in Journalism
Democratic societies need media that uphold journalistic standards of truthfulness and objectivity. But sensationalism has always been a temptation for journalists, and given the intense competition between news outlets, especially in the online world, there is pressure on them to ‘chase the clicks’. The article analyzes the incentive structures for journalists – focusing on the harmfulness of sensationalist framing as an example – and the challe…
A realist epistemic utopia? Epistemic practices in a climate camp
Participatory democratic practices are often seen as caught between two ideals: inclusiveness and efficiency. On the one hand, they are meant to provide “democratic deepening” by using inclusive processes and giving everyone a voice; on the other hand, they are expected to deliver good results (Gilman, 2012). But can one have both at once? Can deliberation be more than an “endless meeting” (Polletta, 2004)? And can the positive epistemic potentia…
Corporate knowledge and corporate power. Reining in the power of corporations as epistemic agents
In this paper I discuss the power of corporations as epistemic agents. Corporations need to hold certain forms of knowledge in order to develop and produce goods and services. Intellectual property is meant to incentivize them to do so, in ways that orient their activities towards the public good. However, corporations often use their knowledge strategically, not only within markets, but also in the processes that set the rules for markets. I dis…
Citizen Science in Deliberative Systems: Participation, Epistemic Injustice, and Civic Empowerment
In this paper, we bring together the literature on citizen science and on deliberative democracy and epistemic injustice. We argue that citizen science can be seen as one element of "deliberative systems," as described by Mansbridge et al. But in order to fulfil its democratic potential, citizen science needs to be attentive to various forms of exclusion and epistemic injustice, as analyzed by Fricker, Medina and others. Moreover, to tap the pote…
The Importance of Being First: Economic and Non-economic Dimensions of Inventorship in American and German Law
This Article examines the right to be acknowledged as the first inventor of a new technology in patent law. Technological inventions usually result from cumulative research and development, and several people sometimes arrive at the same invention almost simultaneously. However, only one person is usually considered to be the “inventor,” and receives all the credit and honor. This Article focuses on the legal systems of Germany and the United Sta…
Fieldwork in Political Theory: Five Arguments for an Ethnographic Sensibility
This article makes a positive case for an ethnographic sensibility in political theory. Drawing on published ethnographies and original fieldwork, it argues that an ethnographic sensibility can contribute to normative reflection in five distinct ways. It can help uncover the nature of situated normative demands (epistemic argument); diagnose obstacles encountered when responding to these demands (diagnostic argument); evaluate practices and insti…
Workplace democracy-The recent debate
The article reviews the recent debate about workplace democracy. It first presents and critically discusses arguments in favor of democratizing the firm that are based on the analogy with states, meaningful work, the avoidance of unjustified hierarchies, and beneficial effects on political democracy. The second part presents and critically discusses arguments against workplace democracy that are based on considerations of efficiency, the difficul…
Why economic agency matters: An account of structural domination in the economic realm
Authors like Iris Young and Philip Pettit have come up with proposals for theorizing ‘structural injustice’ and social relations marred by ‘domination’. These authors provide conceptual tools for focusing on concrete economic structures and re-focus the debate about justice onto questions of power. In this article we build on their work, but we argue that a positive notion of economic agency is needed as a criterion for what makes economic struct…
Durkheim on Social Justice: "The Argument from "Organic Solidarity
This article reintroduces a long-forgotten argument into the debate about social justice: Durkheim's argument from "organic solidarity," as presented inThe Division of Labor in Society. "Organic solidarity" is solidarity based on differentiation. According to Durkheim, it grows out of the division of labor, but only if the latter happens "spontaneously." Social inequality creates obstacles to such spontaneity because it distorts prices, such that…
What Could Be Wrong with a Mortgage? Private Debt Markets from a Perspective of Structural Injustice
The Normative Stakes of Economic Growth; Or, Why Adam Smith Does Not Rely on “Trickle Down
This article analyzes Adam Smith's endorsement of economic growth and asks what it might mean for a scenario of low or zero growth in the Western economies. It distinguishes two models of economic growth in Smith's writing. The first, a "trickle down" scenario, plays a marginal role; Smith's main focus is on a model in which the growth of productive capital and of jobs reinforce one another. There are three desiderata that this second model of gr…
The Limits of Transparency: Expert Knowledge and Meaningful Accountability in Central Banking
Recent discussions of accountability in contexts of expert knowledge raise questions about the limits of transparency. Against this background, we discuss the nexus between expert knowledge and meaningful accountability – that is, context-sensitive accountability based on a genuine understanding of a situation. We argue that the concentration of expertise in certain institutions makes it difficult to hold those institutions accountable. In partic…
The epistemic potentials of workplace democracy
Can the alleged conflict between efficiency and justice in the debate about workplace democracy be overcome? We argue that this might be possible by applying arguments from epistemic democratic theory to workplaces. To do so, we first define our notion of workplace democracy, and argue that the relevant decisions in companies concern the search for mutually beneficial solutions for workers, owners and society at large, or the fair management of c…
Corporate knowledge and corporate power. Reining in the power of corporations as epistemic agents
In this paper I discuss the power of corporations as epistemic agents. Corporations need to hold certain forms of knowledge in order to develop and produce goods and services. Intellectual property is meant to incentivize them to do so, in ways that orient their activities towards the public good. However, corporations often use their knowledge strategically, not only within markets, but also in the processes that set the rules for markets. I dis…
Citizen Science in Deliberative Systems: Participation, Epistemic Injustice, and Civic Empowerment
In this paper, we bring together the literature on citizen science and on deliberative democracy and epistemic injustice. We argue that citizen science can be seen as one element of "deliberative systems," as described by Mansbridge et al. But in order to fulfil its democratic potential, citizen science needs to be attentive to various forms of exclusion and epistemic injustice, as analyzed by Fricker, Medina and others. Moreover, to tap the pote…
Global reserve currencies from the perspective of structural global justice: Distribution and domination
This paper discusses global reserve currencies from the perspective of structural global justice. Drawing on notions of structural justice and background justice, it suggests that the structures of global finance, by creating positions of privilege and disadvantage, can lead to injustices both with regard to distributive outcomes and with regard to domination. While the role of the dollar and Euro as global reserve currencies is not the only fact…
Urban–rural justice
Digital behavioral technology, vulnerability and justice: Towards an integrated approach
The paper introduces the notion of ‘digital behavioral technologies’ and discusses them from the perspectives of vulnerability and justice, thereby integrating perspectives from bioethics or public health ethics and political philosophy. Digital behavioral technologies have seen a massive uptake in recent years, but the market for them is hardly regulated. We argue that understanding the impact of digital behavioral technologies requires understa…
Adam Smith on Markets and Justice
This paper discusses Adam Smith's views of social justice. It first describes Smith's optimistic view of markets, for example with regard to the absence of negative externalities, which implies that he considered certain normative problems to be the exception rather than the rule. Then, Smith's views on redistribution are discussed: although he is sympathetic to progressive taxation, his main focus remains on free markets, which can partly be exp…
But it’s your job!’ the moral status of jobs and the dilemma of occupational duties
Do individuals have moral duties to fulfil all the demands of their jobs? In this paper, we discuss how to understand such 'occupational duties' and their normative bases, with a specific focus on duties that go beyond contractually agreed upon duties. Against views that reduce occupational duties to contractual duties, we argue that they often have greater moral weight, based on skills, roles, and the duty of social cooperation. We discuss what …
Lying, Misleading, and the Argument from Cultural Slopes
This paper discusses a novel kind of argument for assessing the moral significance of acts of lying and misleading. It is based on considerations about valuable social norms that might be eroded by these actions, because these actions function as signals. Given that social norms can play an important role in supporting morality, individuals have a responsibility to preserve such norms and to prevent ‘cultural slopes’ that erode them. Depending on…
Higher and lower virtues in commercial society: Adam Smith and motivation crowding out
Motivation crowding out can lead to a reduction of ‘higher’ virtues, such as altruism or public spirit, in market contexts. This article discusses the role of virtue in the moral and economic theory of Adam Smith. It argues that because Smith’s account of commercial society is based on ‘lower’ virtue, ‘higher’ virtue has a precarious place in it; this phenomenon is structurally similar to motivation crowding out. The article analyzes and systemat…
Inventing the Market. Smith, Hegel, and Political Theory
This thesis analyses the constructions of the market in the thought of Adam Smith and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and their relevance for contemporary political philosophy. Combining the history of ideas with systematic analysis, it contrasts Smith’s view of the market as a benevolently designed ‘contrivance of nature’ with Hegel’s view of the market as a ‘relic of the state of nature.’ In two interpretative chapters these two constructions of …
Inventing the Market: Smith, Hegel, and Political Theory
Inventing the Market: Smith, Hegel, and Political Theory analyses the constructions of the market in the thought of Adam Smith and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and discusses their relevance for contemporary political philosophy. Combining the history of ideas with systematic analysis, it contrasts Smith's view of the market as a benevolently designed 'contrivance of nature' with Hegel's view of the market as a 'relic of the state of nature.' The…
Freiheit gehört nicht nur den Reichen: Plädoyer für einen zeitgemäßen Liberalismus
Freiheit ist mehr als die Freiheit zu wirtschaften. Dieses Buch stellt dar, wie Liberalismus heute gedacht werden muss, damit er nicht im Widerspruch zu Gerechtigkeit, Nachhaltigkeit und einem gelingenden Leben steht. Freiheit, so das Plädoyer, muss vielschichtiger verstanden werden, um zu sehen, welche Rolle Märkte für eine gute Gesellschaft spielen können. Jenseits des politischen Schubladendenkens wird das Bild einer Gesellschaft entworfen, di…
Adam Smith’s Account of Justice Between Naturalness and Historicity
Adam Smith’s Account of Justice Between Naturalness and Historicity Lisa Herzog (bio) 1. introduction adam smith1 is often taken to be an heir to the natural jurisprudence tradition, to which he explicitly refers in several places in his oeuvre.2 He combines it with an account of the moral sentiments, in which he sees the origin of morality and justice.3 The moral sentiments, as explored in The Theory of Moral Sentiments, are the basis for justic…
Qualified market access and inter-disciplinarity
This note offers reflections on qualified market access (QMA)—the practice of linking trade agreements to values such as human rights, labour standards, or environmental protection. This idea has been suggested by political theorists as a way of fulfilling our duties to the global poor and of making the global economic system more just, and it has influenced a number of concrete policies, such as European Union (EU) trade policies. Yet, in order …
Adam Smith on Markets and Justice
This paper discusses Adam Smith's views of social justice. It first describes Smith's optimistic view of markets, for example with regard to the absence of negative externalities, which implies that he considered certain normative problems to be the exception rather than the rule. Then, Smith's views on redistribution are discussed: although he is sympathetic to progressive taxation, his main focus remains on free markets, which can partly be exp…
The Goods of Work (Other Than Money!)
The evaluation of labour markets and of particular jobs ought to be sensitive to a plurality of benefits and burdens of work. We use the term 'the goods of work' to refer to those benefits of work that cannot be obtained in exchange for money and that can be enjoyed mostly or exclusively in the context of work. Drawing on empirical research and various philosophical traditions of thinking about work we identify four goods of work: 1) attaining va…
Basic Income and the Ideal of Epistemic Equality
In this short paper I explore whether a pro tanto argument for an unconditional basic income can be developed from a specific normative basis: the idea of epistemic equality as applied to organizations. In a broad sense, epistemic equality describes the idea that every individual has an equal right to speak up and to be heard if she has relevant information or knowledge to share, questions to ask, or complaints to bring forward. Epistemic equalit…
What Could Be Wrong with a Mortgage? Private Debt Markets from a Perspective of Structural Injustice
The Normative Stakes of Economic Growth; Or, Why Adam Smith Does Not Rely on “Trickle Down
This article analyzes Adam Smith's endorsement of economic growth and asks what it might mean for a scenario of low or zero growth in the Western economies. It distinguishes two models of economic growth in Smith's writing. The first, a "trickle down" scenario, plays a marginal role; Smith's main focus is on a model in which the growth of productive capital and of jobs reinforce one another. There are three desiderata that this second model of gr…
The game you are in: Misleading through social norms and what’s wrong with it
This paper discusses the phenomenon of misleading about ?the game you are in.? Individuals who mislead others in this way draw on the fact that we rely on social norms for regulating the levels of alertness, openness, and trust we use in different epistemic situations. By pretending to be in a certain game with a certain epistemic situation, they can entice others to reveal information or to exhibit low levels of alertness, thereby acting against…
Fieldwork in Political Theory: Five Arguments for an Ethnographic Sensibility
This article makes a positive case for an ethnographic sensibility in political theory. Drawing on published ethnographies and original fieldwork, it argues that an ethnographic sensibility can contribute to normative reflection in five distinct ways. It can help uncover the nature of situated normative demands (epistemic argument); diagnose obstacles encountered when responding to these demands (diagnostic argument); evaluate practices and insti…
Teoria do reconhecimento e democracia econômica: Potenciais não exauridos
O texto discute a relação entre reconhecimento e economia, primeiro ao abordar a interpretação teórica de reconhecimento atribuído por Adam Smith ao autointeresse humano, sentido este que no entanto foi perdido na construção posterior da teoria econômica. A seguir, serão apresentadas vertentes da teoria econômica que possuem ressonâncias na teoria do reconhecimento, assim como a discussão de Axel Honneth a respeito dos mercados a partir do ponto …
Durkheim on Social Justice: "The Argument from "Organic Solidarity
This article reintroduces a long-forgotten argument into the debate about social justice: Durkheim's argument from "organic solidarity," as presented inThe Division of Labor in Society. "Organic solidarity" is solidarity based on differentiation. According to Durkheim, it grows out of the division of labor, but only if the latter happens "spontaneously." Social inequality creates obstacles to such spontaneity because it distorts prices, such that…
Response to Maxwell A. Cameron’s review of Reclaiming the System: Moral Responsibility, Divided Labour, and the Role of Organizations in Society
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Global reserve currencies from the perspective of structural global justice: Distribution and domination
This paper discusses global reserve currencies from the perspective of structural global justice. Drawing on notions of structural justice and background justice, it suggests that the structures of global finance, by creating positions of privilege and disadvantage, can lead to injustices both with regard to distributive outcomes and with regard to domination. While the role of the dollar and Euro as global reserve currencies is not the only fact…
Work, Identity, and the Regulation of Markets: A Study of Trademark Law in the United States and Germany
This article considers how legal systems capture different cultural perceptions of work in an individual’s life. We inquire how two models—“human capital,” based on the works of Adam Smith; and “vocation,” based on the works of G. W. F. Hegel—are reflected in legal regulations and judicial rhetoric in the United States and Germany. Specifically, we examine how these two legal systems treat the practice of using personal names—the most direct refe…
Workplace democracy-The recent debate
The article reviews the recent debate about workplace democracy. It first presents and critically discusses arguments in favor of democratizing the firm that are based on the analogy with states, meaningful work, the avoidance of unjustified hierarchies, and beneficial effects on political democracy. The second part presents and critically discusses arguments against workplace democracy that are based on considerations of efficiency, the difficul…
An ethical framework for global vaccine allocation
The Fair Priority Model offers a practical way to fulfill pledges to distribute vaccines fairly and equitably
The epistemic division of labour in markets: Knowledge, global trade and the preconditions of morally responsible agency
Markets allow for the processing of decentralized information through the price mechanism. But in addition, many markets rely on other mechanisms in markets, or non-market institutions, that provide and manage other forms of knowledge. Within national economies, these institutions form an ‘epistemic infrastructure’ for markets. In global markets, in contrast, this epistemic infrastructure is very patchy, undermining the preconditions for morally …
Should users participate in governing social media? Philosophical and technical considerations of democratic social media
In recent years, a plethora of well-known data scandals has led to calls for alternative forms of social media governance. What challenges of institutional design would have to be met for developing meaningful democratic governance structures for a social media platform? Intertwining philosophical and technological considerations, this article explores the possibility and feasibility of democratically governed social media. We focus on the necess…
Preface to the Special Issue on Workplace Democracy
International audience
Lying, Misleading, and the Argument from Cultural Slopes
This paper discusses a novel kind of argument for assessing the moral significance of acts of lying and misleading. It is based on considerations about valuable social norms that might be eroded by these actions, because these actions function as signals. Given that social norms can play an important role in supporting morality, individuals have a responsibility to preserve such norms and to prevent ‘cultural slopes’ that erode them. Depending on…
The epistemic potentials of workplace democracy
Can the alleged conflict between efficiency and justice in the debate about workplace democracy be overcome? We argue that this might be possible by applying arguments from epistemic democratic theory to workplaces. To do so, we first define our notion of workplace democracy, and argue that the relevant decisions in companies concern the search for mutually beneficial solutions for workers, owners and society at large, or the fair management of c…
Sociology (41 works) · Political science (40 works) · Law (32 works) · Economics (22 works) · Philosophy (22 works) · Epistemology (21 works) · Politics (20 works) · Law (18 works) · Law and economics (18 works) · Political Philosophy and Ethics (18 works)