Takashi Nara
Biographic Data
| ID | 94417 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Takashi Nara |
| GIVEN NAMES | Takashi |
| FAMILY NAME | Nara |
| SIGNATURE | NARA T |
| AFFILIATIONS | Niigata University of Health and Welfare |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 22 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 57 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 22 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1991 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Verification of the family tree of the Makino family of the Nagaoka domain by DNA analysis
During the Edo period in Japan, the Makino family served for generations as the feudal lords of the Nagaoka domain, which ruled the northern part of the Chuetsu region and the western part of the Kaetsu region in present-day Niigata Prefecture. Two different family histories have been handed down regarding Makino Tadahiro, the 8th lord of the Nagaoka domain. According to official records, Tadahiro was from the Kasama Makino family (relatives of t…
Severe kyphoscoliosis observed in a human skeleton from the Edo period
A severe case of kyphoscoliosis was observed in the skeletal remains of a male from the late Edo period in Japan. This individual exhibited left curvature thoracic scoliosis and kyphotic deformity, with ankylosis of the fifth to twelfth thoracic vertebrae at the intervertebral joints. The Cobb angle was 77° and the kyphotic angle was 76°. The superior articular facet of the cervical vertebrae was lower on the left side than the right side. Additi…
Fundamental research of burned human bones: A case analysis of the C316 burned human bones from the Dobashi Site, Niigata Prefecture, Japan
新潟県阿賀野市土橋遺跡から出土した縄文時代後期前葉のC316焼人骨について,骨の焼成変化に関する分析を実施した。C316焼人骨は,遺体が焼かれた後に土坑に再葬された1体の全身骨格であり,左右の上腕骨を対称位置に配置するなど,四肢骨が意図的に並べられた特異な出土状況が認められた。年齢および性別は25歳から壮年期後半の男性と推定され,上顎の右側切歯および犬歯部に抜歯痕が確認された。四肢骨を中心に,焼成に伴う骨の収縮・変形,および骨表面に生じた亀裂について観察と分析を行った。骨の収縮は焼成初期に生じ,特に長さよりも幅や厚さの収縮が顕著であったと推定された。また,焼成による骨の変形や亀裂の様相について,法医人類学的観点から比較分析を行った結果,軟部組織が付着した状態で長時間焼成された焼死体と共通する特徴が見られた。C316焼人骨は,死後比較的短時間のうちに焼かれたと推定され,その葬法は,遺体を十分に高温で焼く方法であった可能性が極めて高くなった。C316焼人骨は,従来情報量が少ないとされていた焼…
Ancient genomes from the initial Jomon period: New insights into the genetic history of the Japanese archipelago
Starting 16000 years ago, the Neolithic lifestyle known as the Jomon culture spread across the Japanese archipelago. Although extensively studied by archaeology and physical anthropology, little is known about the genetic characteristics of the Jomon people. Here, we report the entire mitogenome and partial nuclear genome of skeletal remains from the initial Jomon period that were excavated from the Higashimyo shell midden site at Saga City, Kyus…
Aristocratic characteristics in the skulls of the Nagai hatamotos of the Tokugawa Shogunate in the Edo period
本研究では,2017年に東京都港区湖雲寺跡遺跡から出土した幕府旗本永井家の歴代当主・正室の頭骨に貴族的特徴が認められるか,形態学的に検討した。貴族的特徴は江戸時代の身分制社会の頂点に位置する徳川将軍家や大名家の頭骨にみられる,極端に幅狭い顔面部,高く大きな眼窩,狭く高い鼻根部,華奢な下顎,微かな歯冠咬耗など,庶民とは異なる特有の特徴を表す。永井家の人骨は,当主10体・正室7体を含む約200年の系譜にわたる,これまで報告例のなかった旗本家の貴重な家系人骨資料である。本研究の結果,旗本永井家には当主・正室ともに貴族的特徴の傾向が認められ,当主は大名に近く,正室は将軍正室と大名正室に近い傾向がみられた。ただし,当主の下顎は庶民に近い頑丈性がみられ,貴族的特徴も世代を経るごとに強くなる傾向はみられなかった。また,顔面頭蓋形態と武家階層の高低との関連を調べた結果,特に男性において明瞭な対応関係が認められ,武家の家格や石高が高いほど典型的な貴族的特徴を呈し,低いほど庶民的特徴に近付くという階層性が示…
Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the human skeletons excavated from the Shomyoji shell midden site, Kanagawa, Japan
Recent studies have revealed that the Jomon people are considerably genetically different from any other population, including modern-day Japanese. This gives rise to an intriguing question: when after the Jomon era did this drastic change of genetic features occur? The Shomyoji shell midden site in Kanagawa, Japan can provide some clues to address this question. The skeletons buried at this site include some that are more recent than the Jomon-e…
Heian-period human skeletal remains from the Shomyoji shell midden in Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture
The excavation of the Shomyoji shell midden in 2017 recovered more than 26 human skeletal remains belonging to the Jomon, Kofun, and Heian periods. In this paper, we describe one Heianperiod (AD 794–1185) individual (SK1), who was dated to 957–900 calBP by radiocarbon dating. SK1 is well preserved, presumably a male, and aged approximately 20–35 years. The morphology of the cranium and teeth are not similar to that seen in the Kanto Jomon and Kam…
Diaphyseal cross‐sectional geometry of the metatarsal bones in the Jomon population
Objectives This study aimed to investigate differences in the diaphyseal cross‐sectional geometry (CSG) of the metatarsal bones (MTs) between two populations with different habitual activities: the Jomon hunter‐gatherers and modern Japanese people. Materials and methods We evaluated the first through fifth MTs of 117 skeleton samples: 59 (33 men and 26 women) were obtained from Late and Final Jomon period archeological sites and 58 (31 men and 27…
The characteristic mid‐shaft cross‐sectional shape of the ulna in Jomon hunter‐gatherers
OBJECTIVES: The Jomon people were hunter-gatherers who inhabited the Japanese archipelago between 10,000 BC and 300 BC. Here, we focus on the mid-shaft cross-sectional shape of the ulna in the Jomon population and compare it with modern Japanese people. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Jomon specimens, including 32 males and 22 females, were excavated from shell mound sites in the Pacific and Seto inland coastal area of Honshu island in the Japanese archip…
Morphological features of the fibula in Jomon hunter‐gatherers from the shell mounds of the Pacific coastal area
Analyzing the Final Jomon human remains from the Nonomae shellmound, Ofunato City, Iwate Prefecture
岩手県大船渡市野々前貝塚から出土した縄文時代晩期の熟年男性1体(1号),胎児ないし新生児1体(2号),壮年後半から熟年前半の女性1体(3号),熟年女性1体(4号),3歳程度の幼児1体(5号)の計5体について,形態人類学的および理化学的分析を実施した。人骨の年代は放射性炭素年代測定により3150~3000年前(cal BP)と推定された。形態学的検討およびDNA分析の双方から,野々前貝塚人骨が縄文時代人に一般的な形質を有することが明らかとなった。ミトコンドリアDNAのハプログループが判明した3体(1号N9b1,4号N9b*,5号M7a2)に母系の血縁関係は認められなかった。特筆すべき古病理学的所見として,出土成人3体全ての外耳道に明瞭な外耳道骨腫が確認された。これは,野々前貝塚の人々が水中(潜水)ないし水面域での漁撈活動に従事していた可能性を示唆するものである。炭素・窒素同位体比の分析では海産物を多く摂取していた食性が提示されており,外耳道骨腫の多発との関連がうかがわれた。また,出土成人3…
Severe erosive polyarthritis in a human skeleton dated to the early modern period of Japan
Histomorphological species identification of tiny bone fragments from a Paleolithic site in the Northern Japanese Archipelago
Bone histomorphology is an effective method for species identification of fragmentary osseous remains. The 1997–1998 excavations of the Kashiwadai 1 Upper Paleolithic site (ca. 22–20.5 kyBP) in Hokkaido (the northern island of the Japanese Archipelago) yielded tiny bone fragments, which had been burned to white and broken into pieces less than 1 cm in size, making their species identification by gross morphology alone impossible. For the purpose …
Transverse basilar cleft detected in prehistoric Jomon skulls from Japan
The basilar part of the occipital bone is occasionally partially divided by lateral notches, termed transverse basilar clefts (TBCs). In the present paper, we describe the condition of the TBC in six skulls from prehistoric Jomon sites in the Japanese archipelago and then compare TBC frequencies between the Jomon and recent Japanese cranial series. The frequencies of TBCs in Jomon skulls from the southern Hokkaido and Tohoku districts are higher …
Personal identification of the two molars excavated from the Shitsukari-Abe cave, Aomori, Japan
青森県尻労安部洞窟より出土した2本の遊離歯について,理化学分析に基づいた個人識別をおこなった。これら2本の歯は1つが下顎左第三あるいは第二大臼歯,もう1つが上顎右第二大臼歯と同定され,重複はなかった。これらの試料の炭素・窒素安定同位体比は非常に近似しており,同一人物に由来すると考えて矛盾しない結果であった。また,較正放射性炭素年代はそれぞれ4286–4080 calBP(68.2%)および4280–4080 calBP(68.2%)と測定され,同時代のものと考えて矛盾しなかった。ミトコンドアリアDNA(mtDNA)解析の結果,これらの試料は解析した範囲で塩基配列が一致し,ハプログループは北海道縄文時代人およびアムール川下流域の先住民・ウリチにみられるD4h2と判定された。mtDNA解析の成功を踏まえて,より個人識別能力の高い核DNAのShort Tandem Repeat(STR)解析をおこなったところ,解析した座位の全てで正確な判定が可能であり,その判定結果は完全に一致した。上記の分析…
Histomorphological Discrimination between Human and Nonhuman Bones of Fragmentary Osteal Remains: Analyses of Burnt Bones from the Ancient Heian Site in the Northern Tohoku District, Japan
骨の組織形態学的検討は,動物種の同定に有効な方法である。青森県朝日山(2)遺跡から平安時代の焼骨片が出土したが,小片のため肉眼形態観察では種の同定が困難であった。そこでヒトかそれ以外の動物なのか鑑別することを目的として,出土四肢骨骨幹部片4点を薄切し,骨組織形態の観察と計測的検討を行なった。比較資料として,ヒト・クマ・ウマ・イノシシ・ニホンジカ・カモシカ・ウシの四肢長骨を用いた。比較資料の骨組織形態計測の結果,ヒトのハバース管の面積(H.Ar)とオステオンの面積に対するハバース管の面積の比(H-On示数)は他の動物より有意に大きい傾向があり,人獣鑑別の指標として優れていた。朝日山(2)遺跡出土焼骨について,焼成による収縮の影響を考慮しながら検討した結果,出土骨試料4点のうち3点は人骨とみなしてさしつかえないと考えられた。残る1点はヒトあるいはウマの可能性があるが,どちらかといえばヒトに近いと考えられた。出土焼骨は火葬された人骨と推察され,平安時代の青森地方に火葬習俗が存在した可能性が示唆…
Things French Anthropology
フランスの人類学が組織的に活動し始めたのは,1859年,P. BROCAによって設立されたパリ人類学会からである。150年近い歴史の中で1832回にも及ぶ例会や会誌の発行などの日常的な活動のほかに,フランス国内のみならずベルギーやスイス等でも開催されるフランス語圏人類学大会(GALF)の中心的な役割を果たしており,英語圏とは一線を画した活動がみられる。1980年頃から会員数の減少に悩まされたが,ここ3年は,若い会員を中心に増加傾向にある。会員数増加への取り組み方や日本とは違った研究制度・組織であるCNRS(国立科学研究所)等のフランスの人類学事情について報告したい
Bone histomorphology of the Dederiyeh Neanderthal child
To clarify bone formation and growth in Neanderthal children, we prepared a femoral midshaft cross-section of the Dederiyeh 1 Neanderthal child (ca. 2 years old) discovered in Syria, and compared its bone histomorphology with that of modern children aged 0–6 years. Bone histomorphometry was performed with regard to six parameters, i.e. cortical width, percent osteonal bone, osteon population density, non-Haversian canal population density, second…
Bony Bridging of the Mylohyoid Groove of the Human Mandible
Bony bridging of the mylohyoid groove of the mandible (mylohyoid bridging) is one of the minor cranial variants and its frequencies in human groups have been used for population studies. Its value as a genetic marker, however, has not yet been established. Formalin-fixed human lower jaws of 16 individuals and human mandibles of 2, 158 individuals were morphologically and statistically examined. The findings indicate that the two basic types of my…
Intra- and Interobserver Errors in Facial Flatness Measurements
This study examines intra-and interobserver errors in the facial flatness measurements defined by Yamaguchi (1973) using two-way ANOVA with replication.The sample used consists of 10 recent Japanese skulls from Tohoku District.These skulls are measured twice by each of 6 observers.The interactions between skulls and observers are significant in the frontal chord, the simotic subtense, and the zygomaxillary chord.In the latter 2 items, interobserv…
Influence of the Interproximal Attrition of Teeth on the Formation of Neanderthal Retromolar Space
Sixteen Neanderthal mandibles together with those of five European middle Pleistocene Homo specimens, and over one hundred prehistoric Jomon crania from Japan were examined to clarify whether the presence of large retromolar space, one of the unique facial features of Neanderthals, is at least in part a consequence of forward migration of the teeth caused by heavy interproximal attrition. When the Neanderthal and the Jomon samples were divided ac…
Première découverte de restes humains dans les niveaux moustériens de Syrie: Le site de Dederiyeh
Nara Takashi, Tillier Anne-Marie. Première découverte de restes humains dans les niveaux moustériens de Syrie : le site de Dederiyeh. In: Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, Nouvelle Série. Tome 3 fascicule 1-2, 1991. pp. 153-154
Morphological features of the fibula in Jomon hunter‐gatherers from the shell mounds of the Pacific coastal area
Bone histomorphology of the Dederiyeh Neanderthal child
To clarify bone formation and growth in Neanderthal children, we prepared a femoral midshaft cross-section of the Dederiyeh 1 Neanderthal child (ca. 2 years old) discovered in Syria, and compared its bone histomorphology with that of modern children aged 0–6 years. Bone histomorphometry was performed with regard to six parameters, i.e. cortical width, percent osteonal bone, osteon population density, non-Haversian canal population density, second…
Bony Bridging of the Mylohyoid Groove of the Human Mandible
Bony bridging of the mylohyoid groove of the mandible (mylohyoid bridging) is one of the minor cranial variants and its frequencies in human groups have been used for population studies. Its value as a genetic marker, however, has not yet been established. Formalin-fixed human lower jaws of 16 individuals and human mandibles of 2, 158 individuals were morphologically and statistically examined. The findings indicate that the two basic types of my…
Intra- and Interobserver Errors in Facial Flatness Measurements
This study examines intra-and interobserver errors in the facial flatness measurements defined by Yamaguchi (1973) using two-way ANOVA with replication.The sample used consists of 10 recent Japanese skulls from Tohoku District.These skulls are measured twice by each of 6 observers.The interactions between skulls and observers are significant in the frontal chord, the simotic subtense, and the zygomaxillary chord.In the latter 2 items, interobserv…
Histomorphological species identification of tiny bone fragments from a Paleolithic site in the Northern Japanese Archipelago
Bone histomorphology is an effective method for species identification of fragmentary osseous remains. The 1997–1998 excavations of the Kashiwadai 1 Upper Paleolithic site (ca. 22–20.5 kyBP) in Hokkaido (the northern island of the Japanese Archipelago) yielded tiny bone fragments, which had been burned to white and broken into pieces less than 1 cm in size, making their species identification by gross morphology alone impossible. For the purpose …
Ancient genomes from the initial Jomon period: New insights into the genetic history of the Japanese archipelago
Starting 16000 years ago, the Neolithic lifestyle known as the Jomon culture spread across the Japanese archipelago. Although extensively studied by archaeology and physical anthropology, little is known about the genetic characteristics of the Jomon people. Here, we report the entire mitogenome and partial nuclear genome of skeletal remains from the initial Jomon period that were excavated from the Higashimyo shell midden site at Saga City, Kyus…
Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the human skeletons excavated from the Shomyoji shell midden site, Kanagawa, Japan
Recent studies have revealed that the Jomon people are considerably genetically different from any other population, including modern-day Japanese. This gives rise to an intriguing question: when after the Jomon era did this drastic change of genetic features occur? The Shomyoji shell midden site in Kanagawa, Japan can provide some clues to address this question. The skeletons buried at this site include some that are more recent than the Jomon-e…
Influence of the Interproximal Attrition of Teeth on the Formation of Neanderthal Retromolar Space
Sixteen Neanderthal mandibles together with those of five European middle Pleistocene Homo specimens, and over one hundred prehistoric Jomon crania from Japan were examined to clarify whether the presence of large retromolar space, one of the unique facial features of Neanderthals, is at least in part a consequence of forward migration of the teeth caused by heavy interproximal attrition. When the Neanderthal and the Jomon samples were divided ac…
Diaphyseal cross‐sectional geometry of the metatarsal bones in the Jomon population
Objectives This study aimed to investigate differences in the diaphyseal cross‐sectional geometry (CSG) of the metatarsal bones (MTs) between two populations with different habitual activities: the Jomon hunter‐gatherers and modern Japanese people. Materials and methods We evaluated the first through fifth MTs of 117 skeleton samples: 59 (33 men and 26 women) were obtained from Late and Final Jomon period archeological sites and 58 (31 men and 27…
Transverse basilar cleft detected in prehistoric Jomon skulls from Japan
The basilar part of the occipital bone is occasionally partially divided by lateral notches, termed transverse basilar clefts (TBCs). In the present paper, we describe the condition of the TBC in six skulls from prehistoric Jomon sites in the Japanese archipelago and then compare TBC frequencies between the Jomon and recent Japanese cranial series. The frequencies of TBCs in Jomon skulls from the southern Hokkaido and Tohoku districts are higher …
Heian-period human skeletal remains from the Shomyoji shell midden in Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture
The excavation of the Shomyoji shell midden in 2017 recovered more than 26 human skeletal remains belonging to the Jomon, Kofun, and Heian periods. In this paper, we describe one Heianperiod (AD 794–1185) individual (SK1), who was dated to 957–900 calBP by radiocarbon dating. SK1 is well preserved, presumably a male, and aged approximately 20–35 years. The morphology of the cranium and teeth are not similar to that seen in the Kanto Jomon and Kam…
The characteristic mid‐shaft cross‐sectional shape of the ulna in Jomon hunter‐gatherers
OBJECTIVES: The Jomon people were hunter-gatherers who inhabited the Japanese archipelago between 10,000 BC and 300 BC. Here, we focus on the mid-shaft cross-sectional shape of the ulna in the Jomon population and compare it with modern Japanese people. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Jomon specimens, including 32 males and 22 females, were excavated from shell mound sites in the Pacific and Seto inland coastal area of Honshu island in the Japanese archip…
Analyzing the Final Jomon human remains from the Nonomae shellmound, Ofunato City, Iwate Prefecture
岩手県大船渡市野々前貝塚から出土した縄文時代晩期の熟年男性1体(1号),胎児ないし新生児1体(2号),壮年後半から熟年前半の女性1体(3号),熟年女性1体(4号),3歳程度の幼児1体(5号)の計5体について,形態人類学的および理化学的分析を実施した。人骨の年代は放射性炭素年代測定により3150~3000年前(cal BP)と推定された。形態学的検討およびDNA分析の双方から,野々前貝塚人骨が縄文時代人に一般的な形質を有することが明らかとなった。ミトコンドリアDNAのハプログループが判明した3体(1号N9b1,4号N9b*,5号M7a2)に母系の血縁関係は認められなかった。特筆すべき古病理学的所見として,出土成人3体全ての外耳道に明瞭な外耳道骨腫が確認された。これは,野々前貝塚の人々が水中(潜水)ないし水面域での漁撈活動に従事していた可能性を示唆するものである。炭素・窒素同位体比の分析では海産物を多く摂取していた食性が提示されており,外耳道骨腫の多発との関連がうかがわれた。また,出土成人3…
Première découverte de restes humains dans les niveaux moustériens de Syrie: Le site de Dederiyeh
Nara Takashi, Tillier Anne-Marie. Première découverte de restes humains dans les niveaux moustériens de Syrie : le site de Dederiyeh. In: Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris, Nouvelle Série. Tome 3 fascicule 1-2, 1991. pp. 153-154
Influence of the Interproximal Attrition of Teeth on the Formation of Neanderthal Retromolar Space
Sixteen Neanderthal mandibles together with those of five European middle Pleistocene Homo specimens, and over one hundred prehistoric Jomon crania from Japan were examined to clarify whether the presence of large retromolar space, one of the unique facial features of Neanderthals, is at least in part a consequence of forward migration of the teeth caused by heavy interproximal attrition. When the Neanderthal and the Jomon samples were divided ac…
Intra- and Interobserver Errors in Facial Flatness Measurements
This study examines intra-and interobserver errors in the facial flatness measurements defined by Yamaguchi (1973) using two-way ANOVA with replication.The sample used consists of 10 recent Japanese skulls from Tohoku District.These skulls are measured twice by each of 6 observers.The interactions between skulls and observers are significant in the frontal chord, the simotic subtense, and the zygomaxillary chord.In the latter 2 items, interobserv…
Bony Bridging of the Mylohyoid Groove of the Human Mandible
Bony bridging of the mylohyoid groove of the mandible (mylohyoid bridging) is one of the minor cranial variants and its frequencies in human groups have been used for population studies. Its value as a genetic marker, however, has not yet been established. Formalin-fixed human lower jaws of 16 individuals and human mandibles of 2, 158 individuals were morphologically and statistically examined. The findings indicate that the two basic types of my…
Bone histomorphology of the Dederiyeh Neanderthal child
To clarify bone formation and growth in Neanderthal children, we prepared a femoral midshaft cross-section of the Dederiyeh 1 Neanderthal child (ca. 2 years old) discovered in Syria, and compared its bone histomorphology with that of modern children aged 0–6 years. Bone histomorphometry was performed with regard to six parameters, i.e. cortical width, percent osteonal bone, osteon population density, non-Haversian canal population density, second…
Things French Anthropology
フランスの人類学が組織的に活動し始めたのは,1859年,P. BROCAによって設立されたパリ人類学会からである。150年近い歴史の中で1832回にも及ぶ例会や会誌の発行などの日常的な活動のほかに,フランス国内のみならずベルギーやスイス等でも開催されるフランス語圏人類学大会(GALF)の中心的な役割を果たしており,英語圏とは一線を画した活動がみられる。1980年頃から会員数の減少に悩まされたが,ここ3年は,若い会員を中心に増加傾向にある。会員数増加への取り組み方や日本とは違った研究制度・組織であるCNRS(国立科学研究所)等のフランスの人類学事情について報告したい
Histomorphological Discrimination between Human and Nonhuman Bones of Fragmentary Osteal Remains: Analyses of Burnt Bones from the Ancient Heian Site in the Northern Tohoku District, Japan
骨の組織形態学的検討は,動物種の同定に有効な方法である。青森県朝日山(2)遺跡から平安時代の焼骨片が出土したが,小片のため肉眼形態観察では種の同定が困難であった。そこでヒトかそれ以外の動物なのか鑑別することを目的として,出土四肢骨骨幹部片4点を薄切し,骨組織形態の観察と計測的検討を行なった。比較資料として,ヒト・クマ・ウマ・イノシシ・ニホンジカ・カモシカ・ウシの四肢長骨を用いた。比較資料の骨組織形態計測の結果,ヒトのハバース管の面積(H.Ar)とオステオンの面積に対するハバース管の面積の比(H-On示数)は他の動物より有意に大きい傾向があり,人獣鑑別の指標として優れていた。朝日山(2)遺跡出土焼骨について,焼成による収縮の影響を考慮しながら検討した結果,出土骨試料4点のうち3点は人骨とみなしてさしつかえないと考えられた。残る1点はヒトあるいはウマの可能性があるが,どちらかといえばヒトに近いと考えられた。出土焼骨は火葬された人骨と推察され,平安時代の青森地方に火葬習俗が存在した可能性が示唆…
Histomorphological species identification of tiny bone fragments from a Paleolithic site in the Northern Japanese Archipelago
Bone histomorphology is an effective method for species identification of fragmentary osseous remains. The 1997–1998 excavations of the Kashiwadai 1 Upper Paleolithic site (ca. 22–20.5 kyBP) in Hokkaido (the northern island of the Japanese Archipelago) yielded tiny bone fragments, which had been burned to white and broken into pieces less than 1 cm in size, making their species identification by gross morphology alone impossible. For the purpose …
Transverse basilar cleft detected in prehistoric Jomon skulls from Japan
The basilar part of the occipital bone is occasionally partially divided by lateral notches, termed transverse basilar clefts (TBCs). In the present paper, we describe the condition of the TBC in six skulls from prehistoric Jomon sites in the Japanese archipelago and then compare TBC frequencies between the Jomon and recent Japanese cranial series. The frequencies of TBCs in Jomon skulls from the southern Hokkaido and Tohoku districts are higher …
Personal identification of the two molars excavated from the Shitsukari-Abe cave, Aomori, Japan
青森県尻労安部洞窟より出土した2本の遊離歯について,理化学分析に基づいた個人識別をおこなった。これら2本の歯は1つが下顎左第三あるいは第二大臼歯,もう1つが上顎右第二大臼歯と同定され,重複はなかった。これらの試料の炭素・窒素安定同位体比は非常に近似しており,同一人物に由来すると考えて矛盾しない結果であった。また,較正放射性炭素年代はそれぞれ4286–4080 calBP(68.2%)および4280–4080 calBP(68.2%)と測定され,同時代のものと考えて矛盾しなかった。ミトコンドアリアDNA(mtDNA)解析の結果,これらの試料は解析した範囲で塩基配列が一致し,ハプログループは北海道縄文時代人およびアムール川下流域の先住民・ウリチにみられるD4h2と判定された。mtDNA解析の成功を踏まえて,より個人識別能力の高い核DNAのShort Tandem Repeat(STR)解析をおこなったところ,解析した座位の全てで正確な判定が可能であり,その判定結果は完全に一致した。上記の分析…
Severe erosive polyarthritis in a human skeleton dated to the early modern period of Japan
Morphological features of the fibula in Jomon hunter‐gatherers from the shell mounds of the Pacific coastal area
Analyzing the Final Jomon human remains from the Nonomae shellmound, Ofunato City, Iwate Prefecture
岩手県大船渡市野々前貝塚から出土した縄文時代晩期の熟年男性1体(1号),胎児ないし新生児1体(2号),壮年後半から熟年前半の女性1体(3号),熟年女性1体(4号),3歳程度の幼児1体(5号)の計5体について,形態人類学的および理化学的分析を実施した。人骨の年代は放射性炭素年代測定により3150~3000年前(cal BP)と推定された。形態学的検討およびDNA分析の双方から,野々前貝塚人骨が縄文時代人に一般的な形質を有することが明らかとなった。ミトコンドリアDNAのハプログループが判明した3体(1号N9b1,4号N9b*,5号M7a2)に母系の血縁関係は認められなかった。特筆すべき古病理学的所見として,出土成人3体全ての外耳道に明瞭な外耳道骨腫が確認された。これは,野々前貝塚の人々が水中(潜水)ないし水面域での漁撈活動に従事していた可能性を示唆するものである。炭素・窒素同位体比の分析では海産物を多く摂取していた食性が提示されており,外耳道骨腫の多発との関連がうかがわれた。また,出土成人3…
The characteristic mid‐shaft cross‐sectional shape of the ulna in Jomon hunter‐gatherers
OBJECTIVES: The Jomon people were hunter-gatherers who inhabited the Japanese archipelago between 10,000 BC and 300 BC. Here, we focus on the mid-shaft cross-sectional shape of the ulna in the Jomon population and compare it with modern Japanese people. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Jomon specimens, including 32 males and 22 females, were excavated from shell mound sites in the Pacific and Seto inland coastal area of Honshu island in the Japanese archip…
Diaphyseal cross‐sectional geometry of the metatarsal bones in the Jomon population
Objectives This study aimed to investigate differences in the diaphyseal cross‐sectional geometry (CSG) of the metatarsal bones (MTs) between two populations with different habitual activities: the Jomon hunter‐gatherers and modern Japanese people. Materials and methods We evaluated the first through fifth MTs of 117 skeleton samples: 59 (33 men and 26 women) were obtained from Late and Final Jomon period archeological sites and 58 (31 men and 27…
Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the human skeletons excavated from the Shomyoji shell midden site, Kanagawa, Japan
Recent studies have revealed that the Jomon people are considerably genetically different from any other population, including modern-day Japanese. This gives rise to an intriguing question: when after the Jomon era did this drastic change of genetic features occur? The Shomyoji shell midden site in Kanagawa, Japan can provide some clues to address this question. The skeletons buried at this site include some that are more recent than the Jomon-e…
Heian-period human skeletal remains from the Shomyoji shell midden in Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture
The excavation of the Shomyoji shell midden in 2017 recovered more than 26 human skeletal remains belonging to the Jomon, Kofun, and Heian periods. In this paper, we describe one Heianperiod (AD 794–1185) individual (SK1), who was dated to 957–900 calBP by radiocarbon dating. SK1 is well preserved, presumably a male, and aged approximately 20–35 years. The morphology of the cranium and teeth are not similar to that seen in the Kanto Jomon and Kam…
Ancient genomes from the initial Jomon period: New insights into the genetic history of the Japanese archipelago
Starting 16000 years ago, the Neolithic lifestyle known as the Jomon culture spread across the Japanese archipelago. Although extensively studied by archaeology and physical anthropology, little is known about the genetic characteristics of the Jomon people. Here, we report the entire mitogenome and partial nuclear genome of skeletal remains from the initial Jomon period that were excavated from the Higashimyo shell midden site at Saga City, Kyus…
Aristocratic characteristics in the skulls of the Nagai hatamotos of the Tokugawa Shogunate in the Edo period
本研究では,2017年に東京都港区湖雲寺跡遺跡から出土した幕府旗本永井家の歴代当主・正室の頭骨に貴族的特徴が認められるか,形態学的に検討した。貴族的特徴は江戸時代の身分制社会の頂点に位置する徳川将軍家や大名家の頭骨にみられる,極端に幅狭い顔面部,高く大きな眼窩,狭く高い鼻根部,華奢な下顎,微かな歯冠咬耗など,庶民とは異なる特有の特徴を表す。永井家の人骨は,当主10体・正室7体を含む約200年の系譜にわたる,これまで報告例のなかった旗本家の貴重な家系人骨資料である。本研究の結果,旗本永井家には当主・正室ともに貴族的特徴の傾向が認められ,当主は大名に近く,正室は将軍正室と大名正室に近い傾向がみられた。ただし,当主の下顎は庶民に近い頑丈性がみられ,貴族的特徴も世代を経るごとに強くなる傾向はみられなかった。また,顔面頭蓋形態と武家階層の高低との関連を調べた結果,特に男性において明瞭な対応関係が認められ,武家の家格や石高が高いほど典型的な貴族的特徴を呈し,低いほど庶民的特徴に近付くという階層性が示…
Verification of the family tree of the Makino family of the Nagaoka domain by DNA analysis
During the Edo period in Japan, the Makino family served for generations as the feudal lords of the Nagaoka domain, which ruled the northern part of the Chuetsu region and the western part of the Kaetsu region in present-day Niigata Prefecture. Two different family histories have been handed down regarding Makino Tadahiro, the 8th lord of the Nagaoka domain. According to official records, Tadahiro was from the Kasama Makino family (relatives of t…
Severe kyphoscoliosis observed in a human skeleton from the Edo period
A severe case of kyphoscoliosis was observed in the skeletal remains of a male from the late Edo period in Japan. This individual exhibited left curvature thoracic scoliosis and kyphotic deformity, with ankylosis of the fifth to twelfth thoracic vertebrae at the intervertebral joints. The Cobb angle was 77° and the kyphotic angle was 76°. The superior articular facet of the cervical vertebrae was lower on the left side than the right side. Additi…
Fundamental research of burned human bones: A case analysis of the C316 burned human bones from the Dobashi Site, Niigata Prefecture, Japan
新潟県阿賀野市土橋遺跡から出土した縄文時代後期前葉のC316焼人骨について,骨の焼成変化に関する分析を実施した。C316焼人骨は,遺体が焼かれた後に土坑に再葬された1体の全身骨格であり,左右の上腕骨を対称位置に配置するなど,四肢骨が意図的に並べられた特異な出土状況が認められた。年齢および性別は25歳から壮年期後半の男性と推定され,上顎の右側切歯および犬歯部に抜歯痕が確認された。四肢骨を中心に,焼成に伴う骨の収縮・変形,および骨表面に生じた亀裂について観察と分析を行った。骨の収縮は焼成初期に生じ,特に長さよりも幅や厚さの収縮が顕著であったと推定された。また,焼成による骨の変形や亀裂の様相について,法医人類学的観点から比較分析を行った結果,軟部組織が付着した状態で長時間焼成された焼死体と共通する特徴が見られた。C316焼人骨は,死後比較的短時間のうちに焼かれたと推定され,その葬法は,遺体を十分に高温で焼く方法であった可能性が極めて高くなった。C316焼人骨は,従来情報量が少ないとされていた焼…
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