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John Dumbrell

Biographic Data

ID977060
NAMEJohn Dumbrell
GIVEN NAMESJohn
FAMILY NAMEDumbrell
SIGNATUREDUMBRELL J
AFFILIATIONSDurham University
VERIFIEDNo
TOTAL WORKS46
TOTAL CITATIONS67
AUTHOR COUNT45
EDITOR COUNT1
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR1966
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR2023
H-INDEX5
  • Speaking of spooks

    Open Access•John Dumbrell, John W Dumbrell•ARTICLE•The Political Quarterly•2023

    Spies, Lies, and Algorithms: The History and Future of American Intelligence, by Amy B. Zegart. Princeton University Press. 424 pp. £25 Amy Zegart offers us a tour d'horizon of the state of American intelligence gathering and analysis. Despite its subtitle, Spies, Lies, and Algorithms is far less rooted in history than in present and future analysis. According to Zegart, ‘intelligence has gone from a world of information scarcity to information o…

  • Grand Improvisation: America Confronts the British Superpower, 1945-1957

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•2019•Cited by: 2

    Derek Leebaert has produced a lively, scholarly, and generally persuasive reinterpretation of Anglo-American international history after 1945. He does not see an abrupt and inevitable transfer of global sway from London to Washington occurring during the period. Rather, he suggests that British elites remained committed to their policies of global reach. Their American equivalents were jittery and uncertain about assuming new responsibilities. Le…

  • America in the 1990s: Searching for purpose

    John Dumbrell•CHAPTER•US foreign policy•2018

    This chapter examines how the external environment of US foreign policy and internal pressures on policy makers both shifted radically in the 1990s. Internationally, the ‘long 1990s’ were characterized by intense democratic possibility. Yet they were also years of atavistic negativity and irrationality, as seen in Rwanda and Bosnia. Two questions arise: First, how should the United States respond to a world which was apparently both rapidly integ…

  • Huw Dylan. Defence Intelligence and the Cold War: Britain’s Joint Intelligence Bureau, 1945–1964

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•The American Historical Review•2016

    Precursor to the Defence Intelligence Staff, the Joint Intelligence Bureau (JIB) was a major defense intelligence agency in early Cold War London. It was located in the Ministry of Defence and typically employed nearly two hundred analysts, most engaged in assessments of an interservice orientation. It was primarily the bureaucratic creation of Kenneth Strong, a senior British defense intelligence figure who had worked on the staff of General Dwi…

  • Nixon's Nuclear Specter: The Secret Alert of 1969, Madman Diplomacy, and the Vietnam War

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•2016

    In this original and meticulously researched study, William Burr and Jeffrey P. Kimball unravel the nuclear diplomacy—in effect, a species of nuclear “signaling” to Moscow—associated with White House efforts to extricate the United States from the Vietnam War in the first year of the Richard M. Nixon presidency. In outline terms, Nixon, abetted by Henry Kissinger, drew on earlier Cold War “brinksmanship” experiences in an attempt to pressure Mosc…

  • Christian Emery. US Foreign Policy and the Iranian Revolution: The Cold War Dynamics of Engagement and Strategic Alliance

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•The American Historical Review•2015

    Christian Emery here offers a detailed, analytical study of the Jimmy Carter administration's policy toward Iran, focusing particularly on the period following the exit from Tehran of the Shah in January 1979. He sees Carter's pre-1979 policy toward Tehran as a muddle, vitiated by “weak intelligence gathering, pressures to adhere to prevailing views, and a mindset that the Shah would be able to rule indefinitely” (p. 42). The failure to develop s…

  • ‘Rethinking the Vietnam War’ by John Dumbrell

    Open Access•Andrew Preston, Timothy J Lynch et al.•ARTICLE•International Politics Reviews•2013

  • Rethinking the Vietnam War

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•BOOK•Rethinking the Vietnam War•2012

    Western popular memory of the Vietnam War is dominated by persistent myths and stereotypes. Some of the more familiar stereotypes include the morale-shattered ‘grunt’ or American infantryman, turning eventually into the traumatized veteran; the female Viet Cong fighter with a pistol at her hip; and the far-sighted and relentlessly determined North Vietnamese Politburo. Among the more prominent myths of the conflict are that of an American public …

  • First Do No Harm: Humanitarian Intervention and the Destruction of Yugoslavia – By David N. Gibbs

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Presidential Studies Quarterly•2012

  • Selling War in a Media Age: The Presidency and Public Opinion in the American Century

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•The International History Review•2011•Cited by: 1

    Selling War in a Media Age: The Presidency and Public Opinion in the American Century." The International History Review, 33(4), pp. 750–751

  • President Bill Clinton and US transatlantic foreign policy

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Journal of Transatlantic Studies•2010•References: 1

  • Piercing the bamboo curtain: Tentative bridge-building to China during the Johnson years

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Cold War History•2010•References: 1

  • American Power: Crisis or Renewal

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Politics•2010•Cited by: 7•References: 6

    Perceptions of American international decline are not new. This article considers the current debate over US decline in historical context, noting that current forecasts of decline are less apocalyptic than those of the later Cold War period. The foreign policy legacy of George W. Bush is assessed. Perceptions of domestic US political paralysis are discussed, along with the need for the Obama administration to move clearly in the direction of glo…

  • The United States, Britain and the Transatlantic Crisis: Rising to the Gaullist Challenge, 1963–68

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Journal of Transatlantic Studies•2009

  • The US–UK Special Relationship: Taking the 21st-Century Temperature

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•The British Journal of Politics…•2009•Cited by: 13•References: 4

    Although highly contested, the concept of the US–UK ‘special relationship’ does have real existence, primarily in the fields of defence and intelligence co-operation. The end of the premiership of Tony Blair saw the emergence of a significant public debate in the United Kingdom about the future appropriate trajectory for the relationship. This article assesses the state of the special relationship under Prime Minister Gordon Brown, placing it in …

  • Plans Unraveled: The Foreign Policy of the Carter Administration

    John Dumbrell, Scott Barry Kaufman et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•2009•Cited by: 5

    Scott Kaufman has written a first-rate scholarly study of the foreign policy of President Jimmy Carter. This is a work of original synthesis and reinterpretation, rather than of revelatory archival discovery. Kaufman draws on a wide range of secondary academic literature, as well as on conscientious research in the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and elsewhere. The story he tells—of human rights commitments being compromised, of hopes for an en…

  • President Clinton's Secretaries of State: Warren Christopher and Madeleine Albright

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Journal of Transatlantic Studies•2008•Cited by: 1•References: 9

  • Vietnam in Iraq: Tactics, Lessons, Legacies and Ghosts

    Richard Lock-Pullan, David Ryan et al.•BOOK•Vietnam in Iraq•2007

    Introduction 1. The Final Chapter? The Iraq War and the End of History 2. The Vietnam Laugh Track 3. Unraveling the Domestic Foreign Policy Consensus: Presidential Rhetoric, American Public Opinion, and the Wars in Vietnam and Iraq 4. Iraq and Vietnam: Military Lessons and Legacies 5. 'A National Symphony of Theft, Corruption and Bribery': Anatomy of State Building from Iraq to Vietnam 6. Vietnam, Victory Culture and Iraq: Struggling with Lessons…

  • Working with Allies: The United States, the United Kingdom, and the War on Terror

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Politics & Policy•2006•Cited by: 3•References: 12

    This article considers the special case of the United States’ relationship with Great Britain—America’s closest ally—in the context of the post‐9/11 debate over unilateralism and multilateralism. It explains the development of unilateral preferences in the post‐Cold War order and, latterly, in the foreign policies of the George W. Bush Administration. The Bush Administration’s outlook is seen as much more complex than many commentators assume, no…

  • Introduction: Politics and Policy in America’s “War” on Terror

    Open Access•John E Owens, John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Politics & Policy•2006•References: 9

  • The American Presence in Ulster: A Diplomatic History, 1796-1996

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•2006

    Journal Article The American Presence in Ulster: A Diplomatic History, 1796–1996 Get access The American Presence in Ulster: A Diplomatic History, 1796–1996. By Carroll Francis M.. (Washington: Catholic University of America, 2005. xii, 281 pp. Paper, $29.95, isbn0-8132-1420-3.) John Dumbrell John Dumbrell University of LeicesterLeicester, England Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History…

  • A Special Relationship: Anglo American Relations from the Cold War to Iraq

    John Dumbrell•BOOK•A Special Relationship•2006

  • Winston Churchill and American foreign relations: John F. Kennedy to George W. Bush

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Journal of Transatlantic Studies•2005•Cited by: 1•References: 9

  • American Isolationism: A response to david hastings dunn

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Review of International Studies•2005•Cited by: 2

    in an excellent and thoughtful piece in the april 2005 issue of review of international studies , david dunn draws our attention to seven myths about american isolationism. his points are well made and generally unexceptionable. however, since david dunn takes an article i wrote in 1999 as the starting point for several of his criticisms, i thought i would take the opportunity to offer a response. i have three main points to make

  • The US–UK 'Special Relationship' in a world twice transformed

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Cambridge Review of International…•2004•Cited by: 7•References: 2

    The international politics of recent years have seen a resurgence and refashioning of the US-UK 'Special Relationship'. Widely seen as likely to expire with the end of the Cold War, the relationship, defined mainly in military terms, revived following the 9/11 terror attacks on the United States. The article considers various possible explanations for the longevity of US-UK 'special relations'. Such explanations include simple inertia and the sub…

Next
  • The US–UK Special Relationship: Taking the 21st-Century Temperature

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•The British Journal of Politics…•2009•Cited by: 13•References: 4

    Although highly contested, the concept of the US–UK ‘special relationship’ does have real existence, primarily in the fields of defence and intelligence co-operation. The end of the premiership of Tony Blair saw the emergence of a significant public debate in the United Kingdom about the future appropriate trajectory for the relationship. This article assesses the state of the special relationship under Prime Minister Gordon Brown, placing it in …

  • Was There a Clinton Doctrine? President Clinton's Foreign Policy Reconsidered

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Diplomacy and Statecraft•2002•Cited by: 9

    This article discusses the concept of 'doctrine' within American foreign policy and seeks to locate a possible Clinton Doctrine. It argues, against some interpretations of the Clinton presidency, that Clinton's foreign policy did have a degree of coherence necessary to sustain a 'doctrine'. The broad development of Clinton's foreign policy between 1993 and 2001 is summarized and assessed. Five possible Clinton doctrines are investigated. The arti…

  • American Power: Crisis or Renewal

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Politics•2010•Cited by: 7•References: 6

    Perceptions of American international decline are not new. This article considers the current debate over US decline in historical context, noting that current forecasts of decline are less apocalyptic than those of the later Cold War period. The foreign policy legacy of George W. Bush is assessed. Perceptions of domestic US political paralysis are discussed, along with the need for the Obama administration to move clearly in the direction of glo…

  • The US–UK 'Special Relationship' in a world twice transformed

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Cambridge Review of International…•2004•Cited by: 7•References: 2

    The international politics of recent years have seen a resurgence and refashioning of the US-UK 'Special Relationship'. Widely seen as likely to expire with the end of the Cold War, the relationship, defined mainly in military terms, revived following the 9/11 terror attacks on the United States. The article considers various possible explanations for the longevity of US-UK 'special relations'. Such explanations include simple inertia and the sub…

  • Unilateralism and ‘America First’? President George W. Bush’s Foreign Policy

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•The Political Quarterly•2002•Cited by: 6

  • Plans Unraveled: The Foreign Policy of the Carter Administration

    John Dumbrell, Scott Barry Kaufman et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•2009•Cited by: 5

    Scott Kaufman has written a first-rate scholarly study of the foreign policy of President Jimmy Carter. This is a work of original synthesis and reinterpretation, rather than of revelatory archival discovery. Kaufman draws on a wide range of secondary academic literature, as well as on conscientious research in the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and elsewhere. The story he tells—of human rights commitments being compromised, of hopes for an en…

  • Working with Allies: The United States, the United Kingdom, and the War on Terror

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Politics & Policy•2006•Cited by: 3•References: 12

    This article considers the special case of the United States’ relationship with Great Britain—America’s closest ally—in the context of the post‐9/11 debate over unilateralism and multilateralism. It explains the development of unilateral preferences in the post‐Cold War order and, latterly, in the foreign policies of the George W. Bush Administration. The Bush Administration’s outlook is seen as much more complex than many commentators assume, no…

  • Presidential Pocket—Veto Power: A Constitutional Anachronism

    Open Access•John Dumbrell, John W Dumbrell et al.•ARTICLE•Political Studies•1980•Cited by: 3•References: 1

  • Grand Improvisation: America Confronts the British Superpower, 1945-1957

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•2019•Cited by: 2

    Derek Leebaert has produced a lively, scholarly, and generally persuasive reinterpretation of Anglo-American international history after 1945. He does not see an abrupt and inevitable transfer of global sway from London to Washington occurring during the period. Rather, he suggests that British elites remained committed to their policies of global reach. Their American equivalents were jittery and uncertain about assuming new responsibilities. Le…

  • American Isolationism: A response to david hastings dunn

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Review of International Studies•2005•Cited by: 2

    in an excellent and thoughtful piece in the april 2005 issue of review of international studies , david dunn draws our attention to seven myths about american isolationism. his points are well made and generally unexceptionable. however, since david dunn takes an article i wrote in 1999 as the starting point for several of his criticisms, i thought i would take the opportunity to offer a response. i have three main points to make

  • Commander in Chief

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•2002•Cited by: 2

    These three films focus on decisions by three presidents to employ military force. The film on Richard Nixon, naturally, is entirely concerned with the Vietnam War, particularly with the bombing and invasion of Cambodia and the 1972 Linebacker bombing of North Vietnam. The film on George Bush concentrates on the Gulf War, with a brief review of the Panamanian invasion of 1989. The third film in the series deals with President Bill Clinton's polic…

  • Affirmative Action during the Reagan Presidency

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Politics•1988•Cited by: 2•References: 4

  • Selling War in a Media Age: The Presidency and Public Opinion in the American Century

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•The International History Review•2011•Cited by: 1

    Selling War in a Media Age: The Presidency and Public Opinion in the American Century." The International History Review, 33(4), pp. 750–751

  • President Clinton's Secretaries of State: Warren Christopher and Madeleine Albright

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Journal of Transatlantic Studies•2008•Cited by: 1•References: 9

  • Winston Churchill and American foreign relations: John F. Kennedy to George W. Bush

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Journal of Transatlantic Studies•2005•Cited by: 1•References: 9

  • The Presidency and Domestic Policies of Jimmy Carter

    John Dumbrell, Herbert D Rosenbaum et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•1995•Cited by: 1

    Journal Article The Presidency and Domestic Policies of Jimmy Carter. Ed. by Herbert D. Rosenbaum and Alexej Ugrinsky. Westport and Jimmy Carter: Foreign Policy and Post-Presidential Years. Ed. by Herbert D. Rosenbaum and Alexej Ugrinsky. Westport Get access John Dumbrell John Dumbrell Keele University, Keele, England Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 81, Issue 4, March 19…

  • Air Road to the Isles

    John Dumbrell, E E Fresson•ARTICLE•Geographical Journal•1967•Cited by: 1

  • Standard Encyclopedia of the World's Rivers and Lakes

    John Dumbrell, R Kay Gresswell et al.•ARTICLE•Geographical Journal•1966•Cited by: 1

  • Standard Encyclopedia of the World's Rivers and Lakes

    John Dumbrell, R Kay Gresswell et al.•ARTICLE•Geographical Journal•1966•Cited by: 1

  • Air Road to the Isles

    John Dumbrell, E E Fresson•ARTICLE•Geographical Journal•1967•Cited by: 1

  • Northern Travel

    John Dumbrell, John Sykes et al.•ARTICLE•Geographical Journal•1967

  • From Island to Island

    John Dumbrell, J L Dumbrell et al.•ARTICLE•Geographical Journal•1968

  • Forests of Australia

    John Dumbrell, Alexander Rule•ARTICLE•Geographical Journal•1968

  • Photographer of the World: A Biography of Herbert Ponting

    John Dumbrell, H J P Arnold•ARTICLE•Geographical Journal•1970

  • A Guide to Australia

    John Dumbrell, Osmar White•ARTICLE•Geographical Journal•1970

  • Map Studies with Related Field Excursions

    John Dumbrell, A H W Robinson et al.•ARTICLE•Geographical Journal•1971

  • Strengthening the Legislative Power of the Purse: The Origins of the 1974 Budgetary Reforms in the U.S. Congress

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Public Administration•1980

  • Presidential Pocket—Veto Power: A Constitutional Anachronism

    Open Access•John Dumbrell, John W Dumbrell et al.•ARTICLE•Political Studies•1980•Cited by: 3•References: 1

  • Affirmative Action during the Reagan Presidency

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Politics•1988•Cited by: 2•References: 4

  • The Carter Presidency: A Re-evaluation

    Burton I Kaufman, John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•1994

    Journal Article The Carter Presidency: A Re-evaluation. By John Dumbrell. (New York: Manchester University Press, 1993. x, 223 pp. $69.95, ISBN 0-7190-3617-8.) Get access Burton I. Kaufman Burton I. Kaufman Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 81, Issue 3, December 1994, Pages 1384–1385, https://doi.org…

  • The Presidency and Domestic Policies of Jimmy Carter

    John Dumbrell, Herbert D Rosenbaum et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•1995•Cited by: 1

    Journal Article The Presidency and Domestic Policies of Jimmy Carter. Ed. by Herbert D. Rosenbaum and Alexej Ugrinsky. Westport and Jimmy Carter: Foreign Policy and Post-Presidential Years. Ed. by Herbert D. Rosenbaum and Alexej Ugrinsky. Westport Get access John Dumbrell John Dumbrell Keele University, Keele, England Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 81, Issue 4, March 19…

  • Economic Policy in the Carter Administration

    John Dumbrell, Anthony S Campagna et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•1996

    Journal Article Economic Policy in the Carter Administration. By Anthony S. Campagna. Westport: Greenwood, 1995. xvi, 216 pp. $59.95, ISBN 0-313-29568-9. and Carter and Arms Sales: Implementing the Carter Administration's Arms Transfer Restraint Policy. By Joanna Spear. New York: St. Martin's, 1995. xiv, 246 pp. $59.95, ISBN 0-312-12681-6 Get access John Dumbrell John Dumbrell Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom Search for other works…

  • American Foreign Policy: Carter to Clinton

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•BOOK•American Foreign Policy•1997

    This book examines the history of US foreign policy since the Vietnam War. It focuses on four themes: the legacy of Vietnam; the ending and aftermath of the Cold War; the debate over American international decline; and the frequently undemocratic conduct of US foreign policy. The book considers alternative explanations for the Cold War's end. It evaluates the foreign policy leadership of Presidents Carter, Reagan, Bush and Clinton and assesses pr…

  • The Carter Presidency: Policy Choices in the Post-New Deal Era

    John Dumbrell, Gary M Fink et al.•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•1999

  • Days: The Iran Hostage Crisis

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•2000

  • Was There a Clinton Doctrine? President Clinton's Foreign Policy Reconsidered

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Diplomacy and Statecraft•2002•Cited by: 9

    This article discusses the concept of 'doctrine' within American foreign policy and seeks to locate a possible Clinton Doctrine. It argues, against some interpretations of the Clinton presidency, that Clinton's foreign policy did have a degree of coherence necessary to sustain a 'doctrine'. The broad development of Clinton's foreign policy between 1993 and 2001 is summarized and assessed. Five possible Clinton doctrines are investigated. The arti…

  • Unilateralism and ‘America First’? President George W. Bush’s Foreign Policy

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•The Political Quarterly•2002•Cited by: 6

  • Commander in Chief

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Journal of American History•2002•Cited by: 2

    These three films focus on decisions by three presidents to employ military force. The film on Richard Nixon, naturally, is entirely concerned with the Vietnam War, particularly with the bombing and invasion of Cambodia and the 1972 Linebacker bombing of North Vietnam. The film on George Bush concentrates on the Gulf War, with a brief review of the Panamanian invasion of 1989. The third film in the series deals with President Bill Clinton's polic…

  • British Involvement in Vietnam Peace Initiatives, 1966-1967: "Marigolds, Sunflowers, and "Kosygin Week

    John Dumbrell, Sylvia Ellis•ARTICLE•Diplomatic History•2003

    This article is the first detailed examination of a famous British peace initiative that proved to be a major incident in the history of Anglo-American relations in the 1960s and the Vietnam War peace negotiations. The article traces the evolution of the Harold Wilson-Andrei Kosygin peace initiative of February 1967 and situates it within a plethora of secret, third-party involvement in trying to find an end to the war. It also places the initiat…

  • The US–UK 'Special Relationship' in a world twice transformed

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Cambridge Review of International…•2004•Cited by: 7•References: 2

    The international politics of recent years have seen a resurgence and refashioning of the US-UK 'Special Relationship'. Widely seen as likely to expire with the end of the Cold War, the relationship, defined mainly in military terms, revived following the 9/11 terror attacks on the United States. The article considers various possible explanations for the longevity of US-UK 'special relations'. Such explanations include simple inertia and the sub…

  • Winston Churchill and American foreign relations: John F. Kennedy to George W. Bush

    John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Journal of Transatlantic Studies•2005•Cited by: 1•References: 9

  • American Isolationism: A response to david hastings dunn

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Review of International Studies•2005•Cited by: 2

    in an excellent and thoughtful piece in the april 2005 issue of review of international studies , david dunn draws our attention to seven myths about american isolationism. his points are well made and generally unexceptionable. however, since david dunn takes an article i wrote in 1999 as the starting point for several of his criticisms, i thought i would take the opportunity to offer a response. i have three main points to make

  • Working with Allies: The United States, the United Kingdom, and the War on Terror

    Open Access•John Dumbrell•ARTICLE•Politics & Policy•2006•Cited by: 3•References: 12

    This article considers the special case of the United States’ relationship with Great Britain—America’s closest ally—in the context of the post‐9/11 debate over unilateralism and multilateralism. It explains the development of unilateral preferences in the post‐Cold War order and, latterly, in the foreign policies of the George W. Bush Administration. The Bush Administration’s outlook is seen as much more complex than many commentators assume, no…

Political science (38 works) · Law (35 works) · Politics (30 works) · Law (29 works) · History (21 works) · History (17 works) · Foreign policy (15 works) · Sociology (15 works) · Economic history (13 works) · International Relations and Foreign Policy (13 works)

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