Peter Craig
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 244683 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Peter Craig |
| PRENOMES | Peter |
| SOBRENOME | Craig |
| ASSINATURA | CRAIG P |
| AFILIAÇÕES | MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7653-5832 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 41 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 106 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 41 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1981 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 4 |
Long-term Association of a Conditional Cash Transfer Programme and Maternal Mortality in Ecuador
Dividends and Disconnects
Process mapping the One Health response to a rabies outbreak in the Philippines
BACKGROUND: Zoonotic disease outbreaks are a growing global health concern, highlighting the need for tools to strengthen outbreak responses. Process mapping is a systems thinking approach that allows the complex multilevel, multisectoral network of actors and processes involved in an outbreak response to be clearly visualised and analysed using a One Health lens. We applied process mapping to a rabies outbreak in the previously rabies-free Phili…
Evaluation of a bridge-based suicide intervention programme
Suicide is a preventable, but complex public health issue. Around one-third of suicides take place in a public location. Easy access to means of self-harm in public spaces, such as bridges, increases risk. While physical modifications (e.g., barriers) are effective for means reduction, they are not always feasible to implement. Bridge Watch is a suicide prevention initiative that uses trained volunteers to patrol public spaces around bridges in t…
Implementation and effects of social protection programs for children, older adults, and people with disabilities in Brazil and Ecuador
We conducted a scoping review to investigate planned (intentional) and unplanned (not intentional) effects of social protection on socioeconomic determinants of health (SDH) and health inequalities among children, adolescents, elders and people with disabilities, and their caregivers. We reviewed seven programs in (i) Brazil ( Programa Bolsa Familia (BFP) and Beneficio de Prestacao Continuada (BPC)), and (ii) Ecuador ( Bono de Desarrolo Humano (B…
The Minha Casa Minha Vida social housing programme and leprosy in Brazil
This study found a higher risk of leprosy associated with MCMVP that may reflect reverse causality. Our findings suggest the programme is, in fact, reaching the most vulnerable individuals, as intended in its objectives. Besides, the higher risk of leprosy among MCMVP beneficiaries even before receiving the benefit observed in sensitivity analysis may reflect residual confounding factors related
Reporting of equity in observational epidemiology
Background: Observational studies can inform how we understand and address persisting health inequities through the collection, reporting and analysis of health equity factors. However, the extent to which the analysis and reporting of equity-relevant aspects in observational research are generally unknown. Thus, we aimed to systematically evaluate how equity-relevant observational studies reported equity considerations in the study design and an…
Estimating the causal effects of income on health
Quantified estimates of causal effects of income on health and wellbeing have crucial relevance for policymakers to anticipate the consequences of policies targeting the social determinants of health. However, much prior evidence has been limited by lack of clarity in distinguishing between different causal questions. The present framework can help researchers explicitly and precisely articulate income-related exposures and causal questions
Evaluating the influence of taxation and social security policies on psychological distress
Natural experiments for the evaluation of place-based public health interventions
Introduction Place-based public health evaluations are increasingly making use of natural experiments. This scoping review aimed to provide an overview of the design and use of natural experiment evaluations (NEEs), and an assessment of the plausibility of the as-if randomization assumption. Methods A systematic search of three bibliographic databases (Pubmed, Web of Science and Ovid-Medline) was conducted in January 2020 to capture publications …
Improving social justice in observational studies
Achieving global imperatives such as the Sustainable Development Goals (e.g., SDG 10 Reduced inequalities, SDG 3 Good health and wellbeing) requires advancing health equity in research. The implementation of the STROBE-Equity guidelines will enable a better awareness and understanding of health inequities through better reporting. We will broadly disseminate the reporting guideline with tools to enable adoption and use by journal editors, authors…
Exploring the health and sociodemographic characteristics of people seeking advice with claiming universal credit
As the rollout for UC continues, it is important to understand how changes in eligibility for UC may impact on those who need help with applying for UC. Ensuring that the advice process and application process is responsive to a range of people with different needs can help to reduce the likelihood that the process of claiming UC will exacerbate health inequalities
Impact of the Finnish Maternity Grant on infant mortality rates in the 20th century
BACKGROUND: Baby boxes provide goods to new parents and a space for infant sleeping. They were first introduced in Finland, and it has been argued that the policy helped reduce infant mortality. We evaluated the impact of the Finnish Maternity Grant (which includes the Finnish Baby Box) on infant mortality rates (IMRs) at the points of introduction (disadvantaged mothers only) in 1938 and universalisation in 1949. METHODS: Maternity Grant introdu…
The effect of school summer holidays on inequalities in children and young people’s mental health and cognitive ability in the UK using data from the millennium cohort study
We found inequalities in mental health and cognitive ability according to maternal education, and some evidence or worsening mental health and mental health inequalities across school summer holidays. We found little evidence of widening inequalities in verbal cognitive ability. Widespread school closures during the COVID-19 restrictions have prompted concerns that prolonged closures may widen health and educational inequalities. Management of sc…
Implementation of a national smoke-free prison policy
Implementing a smoke-free prison policy is cost-effective over the short term and long term for people in custody and staff
Value and Challenges of Using Observational Studies in Systematic Reviews of Public Health Interventions
Causal inference and effect estimation using observational data
Observational studies aiming to estimate causal effects often rely on conceptual frameworks that are unfamiliar to many researchers and practitioners. We provide a clear, structured overview of key concepts and terms, intended as a starting point for readers unfamiliar with the causal inference literature. First, we introduce theoretical frameworks underlying causal effect estimation methods: the counterfactual theory of causation, the potential …
Comparing population-level mental health of UK workers before and during the Covid-19 pandemic
OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially affected workers' mental health. We investigated changes in UK workers' mental health by industry, socioeconomic class and occupation and differential effects by UK country of residence, gender and age. METHODS: We used representative Understanding Society data from 6474 adults (41 207 observations) in paid employment who participated in pre-pandemic (2017-2020) and at least one COVID-19 survey.…
Adapting interventions to new contexts—the Adapt guidance
Implementing interventions with a previous evidence base in new contexts might be more efficient than developing new interventions for each context. Although some interventions transfer well, effectiveness and implementation often depend on the context. Achieving a good fit between intervention and context then requires careful and systematic adaptation. This paper presents new evidence and consensus informed guidance for adapting and transferrin…
A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions
The UK Medical Research Council’s widely used guidance for developing and evaluating complex interventions has been replaced by a new framework, commissioned jointly by the Medical Research Council and the National Institute for Health Research, which takes account of recent developments in theory and methods and the need to maximise the efficiency, use, and impact of research.
Mental health and health behaviours before and during the initial phase of the Covid-19 lockdown
Background There are concerns that COVID-19 mitigation measures, including the ‘lockdown’, may have unintended health consequences. We examined trends in mental health and health behaviours in the UK before and during the initial phase of the COVID-19 lockdown and differences across population subgroups. Methods Repeated cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the UK Household Longitudinal Study, including representative samples of over 27,0…
How effective was England's teenage pregnancy strategy? A comparative analysis of high-income countries
Impact of the statutory concessionary travel scheme on bus travel among older people
In the context of worldwide ageing, increasing numbers of older people are lonely, isolated and excluded, with serious implications for health, and cognitive and physical functioning. Access to good public transport can improve mobility and social participation among older adults, and policies that improve access and promote use, such as concessionary travel schemes, are potentially important in promoting healthy and successful ageing. Concession…
Evaluability assessment
Evaluation is essential to understand whether and how policies and other interventions work, why they sometimes fail, and whether they represent a good use of resources. Evaluability assessment (EA) is a means of collaboratively planning and designing evaluations, seeking to ensure they generate relevant and robust evidence that supports decision-making and contributes to the wider evidence base. This article reports on the context, the process u…
When and how do ‘effective’ interventions need to be adapted and/or re-evaluated in new contexts? The need for guidance
First paragraph: Rational models of evidence-informed policy have historically centred on an assumption that it is possible to identify "effective" health interventions, before recommending wider implementation. However, for population health interventions (which we define as inclusive of public health and health services), transferability to new contexts is often uncertain [1]. Some interventions have demonstrated limited effectiveness, or even …
Using natural experiments to evaluate population health interventions
Natural experimental studies are often recommended as a way of understanding the health impact of policies and other large scale interventions. Although they have certain advantages over planned experiments, and may be the only option when it is impossible to manipulate exposure to the intervention, natural experimental studies are more susceptible to bias. This paper introduces new guidance from the Medical Research Council to help researchers a…
Mental health and health behaviours before and during the initial phase of the Covid-19 lockdown
Background There are concerns that COVID-19 mitigation measures, including the ‘lockdown’, may have unintended health consequences. We examined trends in mental health and health behaviours in the UK before and during the initial phase of the COVID-19 lockdown and differences across population subgroups. Methods Repeated cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the UK Household Longitudinal Study, including representative samples of over 27,0…
Synthetic control methodology as a tool for evaluating population-level health interventions
BACKGROUND: Many public health interventions cannot be evaluated using randomised controlled trials so they rely on the assessment of observational data. Techniques for evaluating public health interventions using observational data include interrupted time series analysis, panel data regression-based approaches, regression discontinuity and instrumental variable approaches. The inclusion of a counterfactual improves causal inference for approach…
Causal inference and effect estimation using observational data
Observational studies aiming to estimate causal effects often rely on conceptual frameworks that are unfamiliar to many researchers and practitioners. We provide a clear, structured overview of key concepts and terms, intended as a starting point for readers unfamiliar with the causal inference literature. First, we introduce theoretical frameworks underlying causal effect estimation methods: the counterfactual theory of causation, the potential …
The house that Jerry built? Building societies, the state and the politics of owner‐occupation
The rapid growth of the building societies between the wars saw them establish a position of dominance in the housing finance market. This paper draws out some of the political implications of this well known phenomenon. The building societies’ new importance in the context of the private enterprise housing policies of the National Government after 1932 led to the establishment of a close though not necessarily harmonious relationship with the st…
Evaluability assessment
Evaluation is essential to understand whether and how policies and other interventions work, why they sometimes fail, and whether they represent a good use of resources. Evaluability assessment (EA) is a means of collaboratively planning and designing evaluations, seeking to ensure they generate relevant and robust evidence that supports decision-making and contributes to the wider evidence base. This article reports on the context, the process u…
Evaluating the influence of taxation and social security policies on psychological distress
Impact of the Finnish Maternity Grant on infant mortality rates in the 20th century
BACKGROUND: Baby boxes provide goods to new parents and a space for infant sleeping. They were first introduced in Finland, and it has been argued that the policy helped reduce infant mortality. We evaluated the impact of the Finnish Maternity Grant (which includes the Finnish Baby Box) on infant mortality rates (IMRs) at the points of introduction (disadvantaged mothers only) in 1938 and universalisation in 1949. METHODS: Maternity Grant introdu…
Comparing population-level mental health of UK workers before and during the Covid-19 pandemic
OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially affected workers' mental health. We investigated changes in UK workers' mental health by industry, socioeconomic class and occupation and differential effects by UK country of residence, gender and age. METHODS: We used representative Understanding Society data from 6474 adults (41 207 observations) in paid employment who participated in pre-pandemic (2017-2020) and at least one COVID-19 survey.…
How effective was England's teenage pregnancy strategy? A comparative analysis of high-income countries
Exploratory studies to inform full-scale evaluations of complex public health interventions
Editorial published in Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health available open access at http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-210414
Impact of the statutory concessionary travel scheme on bus travel among older people
In the context of worldwide ageing, increasing numbers of older people are lonely, isolated and excluded, with serious implications for health, and cognitive and physical functioning. Access to good public transport can improve mobility and social participation among older adults, and policies that improve access and promote use, such as concessionary travel schemes, are potentially important in promoting healthy and successful ageing. Concession…
When and how do ‘effective’ interventions need to be adapted and/or re-evaluated in new contexts? The need for guidance
First paragraph: Rational models of evidence-informed policy have historically centred on an assumption that it is possible to identify "effective" health interventions, before recommending wider implementation. However, for population health interventions (which we define as inclusive of public health and health services), transferability to new contexts is often uncertain [1]. Some interventions have demonstrated limited effectiveness, or even …
Passage of Large Fish Around a Causeway in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska
Fish movements around a 2.8 km solid-fill causeway in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, were examined by tagging anadromous least and arctic cisco (>220 mm) on each side of the causeway in summer and comparing the recapture ratios when the fish were later caught in the Colville Delta commercial fishery 80 km to the west. There was no significant difference in proportions of recaptures among fish (species combined) that did not have to swim around the causeway…
Pacific Salmon in the North American Arctic
All five North American Pacific salmon species occur in small numbers in arctic waters, but only pink and chum salmon appear to have viable populations north of Point Hope, Alaska. Pink salmon are the most common species and constitute 85% of salmon caught in biological surveys. Pink salmon apparently have small runs in eight arctic drainages, while chum salmon may have small runs in six. Arctic pink salmon are smaller in size than individuals to…
The house that Jerry built? Building societies, the state and the politics of owner‐occupation
The rapid growth of the building societies between the wars saw them establish a position of dominance in the housing finance market. This paper draws out some of the political implications of this well known phenomenon. The building societies’ new importance in the context of the private enterprise housing policies of the National Government after 1932 led to the establishment of a close though not necessarily harmonious relationship with the st…
Costs and Benefits
This paper reviews recent research on take-up with a view to identifying the most promising lines of further enquiry. In the late 1970s take-up research seemed to be foundering in the face of the complexity of the factors affecting claiming decisions. Progress came via the development of models of the claiming process. The most influential postulated a series of thresholds which claimants must pass in a set sequence on the way to claiming a benef…
Social Position and Health
There is growing international interest in the choice of socioeconomic indicators for health research. This study used a combination of standard and novel methods to compare three occupation-based measures of social position in terms of their ability to explain variation and measure inequality in self-assessed health. The recently developed National Statistics Socioeconomic Classification (NS-SEC) is compared with its predecessor, the Registrar G…
Developing and evaluating complex interventions
Evaluating complex interventions is complicated. The Medical Research Council9s evaluation framework (2000) brought welcome clarity to the task. Now the council has updated its guidance
A translational framework for public health research
We propose a research agenda to advance the field and argue that resources for 'applied' or 'translational' public health research should be deployed across the framework, not reserved for 'dissemination' or 'implementation
Using natural experiments to evaluate population health interventions
Natural experimental studies are often recommended as a way of understanding the health impact of policies and other large scale interventions. Although they have certain advantages over planned experiments, and may be the only option when it is impossible to manipulate exposure to the intervention, natural experimental studies are more susceptible to bias. This paper introduces new guidance from the Medical Research Council to help researchers a…
Developing and evaluating complex interventions
Father absence and age at first birth in a western sample
OBJECTIVES: Although a large literature has shown links between "father absence" during early childhood, and earlier puberty and sexual behavior in girls in Western populations, there are only a few studies which have looked at timing of reproduction, and only one of these fully incorporated childless respondents to investigate whether father absence is associated with increased hazard of becoming a parent at one time point (early) more than anot…
Sport, Sociology of
Mortality differences and inequalities within and between ‘protected characteristics’ groups, in a Scottish Cohort 1991–2009
Mortality in Scotland is higher in the majority population, disabled people, males, those reporting being raised as Roman Catholics or with 'no religion' and lower in Asians, females and other religious groups. Relative inequalities in mortality were lower in disabled than nondisabled people, the majority population, females, and greatest in young adults. From the perspective of intersectionality theory, our results clearly demonstrate the import…
Natural Experiments
Population health interventions are essential to reduce health inequalities and tackle other public health priorities, but they are not always amenable to experimental manipulation. Natural experiment (NE) approaches are attracting growing interest as a way of providing evidence in such circumstances. One key challenge in evaluating NEs is selective exposure to the intervention. Studies should be based on a clear theoretical understanding of the …
Taking account of context in population health intervention research
Population health intervention research (PHIR) seeks to develop and evaluate policies, programmes and other types of interventions that may affect population health and health equity. Such interventions are strongly influenced by context – taken to refer to any feature of the circumstances in which an intervention is conceived, developed, implemented and evaluated. Understanding how interventions relate to context is critical to understanding how…
Exploratory studies to inform full-scale evaluations of complex public health interventions
Editorial published in Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health available open access at http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-210414
Synthetic control methodology as a tool for evaluating population-level health interventions
BACKGROUND: Many public health interventions cannot be evaluated using randomised controlled trials so they rely on the assessment of observational data. Techniques for evaluating public health interventions using observational data include interrupted time series analysis, panel data regression-based approaches, regression discontinuity and instrumental variable approaches. The inclusion of a counterfactual improves causal inference for approach…
Evaluability assessment
Evaluation is essential to understand whether and how policies and other interventions work, why they sometimes fail, and whether they represent a good use of resources. Evaluability assessment (EA) is a means of collaboratively planning and designing evaluations, seeking to ensure they generate relevant and robust evidence that supports decision-making and contributes to the wider evidence base. This article reports on the context, the process u…
When and how do ‘effective’ interventions need to be adapted and/or re-evaluated in new contexts? The need for guidance
First paragraph: Rational models of evidence-informed policy have historically centred on an assumption that it is possible to identify "effective" health interventions, before recommending wider implementation. However, for population health interventions (which we define as inclusive of public health and health services), transferability to new contexts is often uncertain [1]. Some interventions have demonstrated limited effectiveness, or even …
Impact of the statutory concessionary travel scheme on bus travel among older people
In the context of worldwide ageing, increasing numbers of older people are lonely, isolated and excluded, with serious implications for health, and cognitive and physical functioning. Access to good public transport can improve mobility and social participation among older adults, and policies that improve access and promote use, such as concessionary travel schemes, are potentially important in promoting healthy and successful ageing. Concession…
Adapting interventions to new contexts—the Adapt guidance
Implementing interventions with a previous evidence base in new contexts might be more efficient than developing new interventions for each context. Although some interventions transfer well, effectiveness and implementation often depend on the context. Achieving a good fit between intervention and context then requires careful and systematic adaptation. This paper presents new evidence and consensus informed guidance for adapting and transferrin…
A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions
The UK Medical Research Council’s widely used guidance for developing and evaluating complex interventions has been replaced by a new framework, commissioned jointly by the Medical Research Council and the National Institute for Health Research, which takes account of recent developments in theory and methods and the need to maximise the efficiency, use, and impact of research.
Mental health and health behaviours before and during the initial phase of the Covid-19 lockdown
Background There are concerns that COVID-19 mitigation measures, including the ‘lockdown’, may have unintended health consequences. We examined trends in mental health and health behaviours in the UK before and during the initial phase of the COVID-19 lockdown and differences across population subgroups. Methods Repeated cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the UK Household Longitudinal Study, including representative samples of over 27,0…
How effective was England's teenage pregnancy strategy? A comparative analysis of high-income countries
The effect of school summer holidays on inequalities in children and young people’s mental health and cognitive ability in the UK using data from the millennium cohort study
We found inequalities in mental health and cognitive ability according to maternal education, and some evidence or worsening mental health and mental health inequalities across school summer holidays. We found little evidence of widening inequalities in verbal cognitive ability. Widespread school closures during the COVID-19 restrictions have prompted concerns that prolonged closures may widen health and educational inequalities. Management of sc…
Implementation of a national smoke-free prison policy
Implementing a smoke-free prison policy is cost-effective over the short term and long term for people in custody and staff
Medicine (27 obras) · Population (16 obras) · Psychology (15 obras) · Public health (15 obras) · Nursing (14 obras) · Environmental health (13 obras) · Health Policy Implementation Science (13 obras) · Computer Science (12 obras) · Psychological intervention (12 obras) · Health disparities and outcomes (11 obras)