Norbert L Kerr
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 331604 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Norbert L Kerr |
| PRENOMES | Norbert L |
| SOBRENOME | Kerr |
| ASSINATURA | KERR N L |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Michigan State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0115-0767 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 57 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 420 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 57 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1974 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2018 |
| ÍNDICE H | 13 |
Addressing replicability concerns via adversarial collaboration
The most neglected moderator in group research
This paper argues that the group’s task is the most neglected moderator in group research. After offering a broad conception of group task, I draw on various sources to illustrate the powerful moderating role of group task and the field’s broad neglect of this moderation. I conclude with some suggestions for how we might better acknowledge and address the importance of group task for group behavior
Simulated Partners and Collaborative Exercise (SPACE) to boost motivation for astronauts
This paper describes the rationale, development, and methods of the SPACE exergame. We believe this will be a viable intervention that can be disseminated for astronaut use and adapted for use by other populations
Put-Down Humor Directed at Outgroup Members Increases Perceived – but Not Experienced – Cohesion in Groups
Put-down humor always has a target, and the intent of the speaker is to make fun of someone or something. Due to its inherently social nature, put-down humor could strongly affect socio-emotional group processes and outcomes like cohesion. We hypothesized that put-down humor would increase cohesion when it was targeted at outgroup members and was followed by laughter. Two laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the underlying processes o…
Fear is readily associated with an out-group face in a minimal group context
Is the leniency asymmetry really dead? Misinterpreting asymmetry effects in criminal jury deliberation
Early jury simulation research, reviewed and meta-anyalysed by MacCoun and Kerr (1988), suggested a leniency asymmetry in criminal jury deliberations such that a given faction favoring acquittal will tend to have a greater chance of prevailing than would an equivalent sized faction favoring conviction. More recently, a handful of field studies of actual juries have reported either no such leniency asymmetry or one in the opposite direction (a sev…
To pay or not to pay? Do extrinsic incentives alter the Köhler group motivation gain
The Köhler effect is an increase in task motivation that occurs in performance groups when one is (a) less capable than one’s fellow group members, and (b) one’s efforts are particularly indispensible for group success. Recently, it has been shown that the Köhler effect can dramatically increase one’s motivation to exercise. The present study examines the potential moderating effect of the provision of extrinsic incentives on such Köhler motivati…
Scientific inquiry on how groups decide
This special issue of GPIR is a tribute to the many contributions to the scientific study of group processes made by James H. Davis, who died on November 16, 2010. In this brief introductory piece, we will provide a bit of background on Jim’s life and work, describe his characteristic method of inquiry, which we might term the Davisonian approach, and preview the papers in this issue, each of which illustrate aspects of that Davisonian approach a…
How many bad apples does it take to spoil the whole barrel?”
The detection of social exclusion
This article analyzes how humans detect threats to social inclusion. The authors begin by noting the likely evolutionary roots of (a) the human sensitivity to threats of both interpersonal and group exclusion and (b) the nature of the primitive system that humans developed for detecting such threats. The authors then propose seven generic classes of signals (hurting, avoiding, exploiting, deregulating, disengaging, differentiating, and slandering…
Group-to-Individual Problem-Solving Transfer
Many scientific, educational, business, military, and political groups assume that people who solve problems in groups and teams will solve subsequent problems better as individuals than people without previous group problem-solving experience. In order to assess such group-to-individual transfer, sets of three people solved four letters-to-numbers decoding problems as groups (G) or individuals (I) in five conditions: GGGG, GGGI, GGII, GIII, or I…
Social ostracism and group motivation gain
There is considerable evidence from the social loafing literature that groups can often undermine task motivation (relative to comparable individual performers). There is less but growing evidence that under the appropriate conditions, working in a group can have the opposite effect and actually produce a motivation gain. Little is known about how such motivation losses and gains are affected by the social relationships among group members. The p…
Indispensability and group identification as sources of task motivation
Social Compensation
The use of coactors as non-group controls in prior social compensation research has left open the possibility that the effect might artifactually have resulted from a confound between work condition (Coaction vs. Collective) and the opportunity to make performance comparisons. A direct empirical test of this alternative, artifactual explanation is reported. Its results contradict that explanation and suggest that the use of coactors as controls h…
Identifiability, Performance Feedback and the Köhler Effect
Research, starting with Köhler (1926), has demonstrated a type of group motivation gain, wherein the less capable member of a dyad working conjunctively at a persistence task works harder than comparable individuals. To explore possible boundary conditions of this effect, the current experiment systematically varied the amount and timing of performance feedback group members received. Results showed: (a) continuous feedback of both members’ perfo…
Group Performance and Decision Making
Theory and research on small group performance and decision making is reviewed. Recent trends in group performance research have found that process gains as well as losses are possible, and both are frequently explained by situational and procedural contexts that differentially affect motivation and resource coordination. Research has continued on classic topics (e.g., brainstorming, group goal setting, stress, and group performance) and relative…
Having to Take a Stand
Some research has found that a minority message source is less persuasive than a majority source on personally relevant issues. In that research, participants were forewarned that they would have to report their attitudinal reactions. We hypothesized that if recipients were given an opinion-irrelevant (recall) task instead, source status would not affect attitudes. Participants were asked to read a strong, outcome-relevant, counterattitudinal per…
When is a minority a minority? Active versus passive minority advocacy and social influence
Some conceptions of minority influence have stressed the impact of the mere existence of an unpopular, deviant position. Others (e.g. Moscovici, 1980 ) have emphasized the active opposition of a committed minority to a powerful majority. An active advocate is defined as one that is aware of the level of support for his/her position, expresses his/her position openly, and whose outcomes may depend on others' agreement/disagreement. In the present …
"Me versus just us versus us all" categorization and cooperation in nested social dilemmas
In its generic form, a social dilemma poses a conflict between private and collective interests. People are often faced, however, with a conflict between private, (sub)group, and collective interests. This study examines participants' simultaneous weighing of these 3 nested interests. The results show that increasing the salience of social categorization of any level of the hierarchy (i.e., 6 individuals, 2 subgroups. 1 collective) increases part…
Knowledge of partner's ability as a moderator of group motivation gains
O. Köhler (1926, 1927) found that less able performers tried harder as team members under conjunctive task demands (Köhler motivation gain effect) and that the greatest gain occurred with moderately discrepant coworker abilities (Köhler discrepancy effect). Recent investigations have reproduced Köhler's overall motivation gain but not the discrepancy effect. The present research examined whether workers' foreknowledge of task abilities--present i…
An Atlas of Interpersonal Situations
The Atlas of Interpersonal Situations provides a systematic theoretical account for understanding the impact of situations on patterns of social interaction. Structured around descriptions of twenty-one of the most common situations that people encounter in everyday life, the authors aim to provide readers with the tools needed to understand how those situations influence interpersonal behavior. These descriptions are intended to be freestanding,…
Priming In-Group Favoritism
On the Virtues of Assuming Minimal Differences in Information Processing in Individuals and Groups
The metaphor of groups as information processors has been gaining in popularity. If this metaphor’s utility is to be fully exploited, it is first necessary to distinguish - conceptually, theoretically, and empirically - when and how information processing in groups is any different from information processing in individuals. In this paper, several varieties or levels of group information processing are first conceptually distinguished. It is argu…
Motivation gains in performance groups
In contrast to many demonstrations of social loafing, relatively few studies have documented group motivation gains. One such exception was O. Köhler's (1926, 1927) finding that team members working together did better at a taxing persistence task than would be expected from their individual performances, particularly when there was a moderate discrepancy in coworkers' capabilities. In Experiment 1, we developed a paradigm within which Köhler's o…
Flexible corrections of juror judgments
Defendant-juror similarity and mock juror judgments
It was hypothesized that juror-defendant similarity would lead to greater leniency toward a criminal defendant when the evidence against that defendant was weak or inconclusive; but when evidence was strong, it was expected that this relationship would be reversed.In Study l, religious similarity was found to be simply and positively related to evaluation of the defendant and leniency, a relationship unaffected by the strength of evidence.This pa…
Priming In-Group Favoritism
Communication, commitment, and cooperation in social dilemma
Intragroup communication promotes cooperation in social dilemmas. Two explanations are plausible: discussion may (1) enhance feelings of group identity or (2) induce commitments to cooperate. Some remedies for social dilemmas (like group communication) may be subclassified as public welfare remedies (of which enhanced group identity is an example) vs cooperation-contingent remedies (of which commitment is an example). The efficacy of a cooperativ…
Illusions of efficacy
Motivation losses in small groups
Theory developed to account for behavior in social dilemmas—situations in which - the rational pursuit of self-interest can lead to collective disaster—was applied to the analysis of group motivation losses. Two group motivation loss effects demonstrated in previous research, the social-loafing effect and the free-rider effect, were shown to follow from social dilemma theories. An experiment was performed to empirically demonstrate a third motiva…
Might versus morality explored
Two conceptual models for social motives that were suggested by the results of W. B. Liebrand et al were examined. A goal model suggests that social motive differences reflect differences in interpersonal relations such that cooperators strive for good or moral interpersonal relations, whereas individualists strive for favorable power relationships. A schema model suggests that social motive differences reflect differences in cognitive knowledge …
How many bad apples does it take to spoil the whole barrel?”
Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses
Three experiments tested the hypothesis that group members exert less effort as the perceived dispensability of their efforts for group success increases. The resultant motivation losses were termed free-rider effects. In Exp I, 189 undergraduates of high or low ability performed in 2-, 4-, or 8-person groups at tasks with additive, conjunctive, or disjunctive demands. As predicted, member ability had opposite effects on effort under disjunctive …
Guilt beyond a reasonable doubt
Examined the concept of reasonable doubt as both an individual and group decision criterion. Previous research indicates that neither criterion has an effect on verdicts. A reexamination of this research suggested that such effects might occur for cases producing maximum disagreement. An experiment was performed in which 606 mock jurors reached individual and group verdicts for such a case. The decision criteria for individuals (judge's definitio…
The decision processes of 6- and 12-person mock juries assigned unanimous and two-thirds majority rules
720 college students served on 6- or 12-member "juries" that listened to a simulated trial of a rape case, deliberated, and then rendered verdicts according to the unanimity or two-thirds majority social decision rule assigned. Although neither assigned rule nor jury size had a significant effect upon the verdict distribution, average deliberation time and the number of polls were both significantly influenced. Individuals gave a significantly hi…
"Me versus just us versus us all" categorization and cooperation in nested social dilemmas
In its generic form, a social dilemma poses a conflict between private and collective interests. People are often faced, however, with a conflict between private, (sub)group, and collective interests. This study examines participants' simultaneous weighing of these 3 nested interests. The results show that increasing the salience of social categorization of any level of the hierarchy (i.e., 6 individuals, 2 subgroups. 1 collective) increases part…
And besides, I probably couldn't have made a difference anyway”
Group position as a function of member attitudes
500 undergraduates made decisions as individuals or 4-person groups about several attitude objects along a 7-point semantic differential scale and about several social issues along a percentage scale. Individual-group mean differences (both within and between Ss) suggested that choice shift effects observed in other studies also characterized these data, but inspection of entire distributions suggested that conclusions based on means alone (or ot…
Asymmetric influence in mock jury deliberation
Investigators have frequently noted a leniency bias in mock jury research, in which deliberation appears to induce greater leniency in criminal mock jurors. One manifestation of this bias, the asymmetry effect, suggests that proacquittal factions are more influential than proconviction factions of comparable size. A meta-analysis indicated that these asymmetry effects are reliable across a variety of experimental contexts. Experiment 1 examined t…
The effects of jury size and polling method on the process and product of jury deliberation
The U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly assumed the functional equivalence of different sized juries (at least in the range of 6- to 12-person groups). Several formal models of jury decision making predict that larger juries should hang more often, particularly for very close cases. Failures to confirm this prediction in several previous studies were attributed to inadequate sample sizes or to insufficiently close cases. An experimental simulation …
Social decision schemes under risk
Social ostracism and group motivation gain
There is considerable evidence from the social loafing literature that groups can often undermine task motivation (relative to comparable individual performers). There is less but growing evidence that under the appropriate conditions, working in a group can have the opposite effect and actually produce a motivation gain. Little is known about how such motivation losses and gains are affected by the social relationships among group members. The p…
When is a minority a minority? Active versus passive minority advocacy and social influence
Some conceptions of minority influence have stressed the impact of the mere existence of an unpopular, deviant position. Others (e.g. Moscovici, 1980 ) have emphasized the active opposition of a committed minority to a powerful majority. An active advocate is defined as one that is aware of the level of support for his/her position, expresses his/her position openly, and whose outcomes may depend on others' agreement/disagreement. In the present …
Flexible corrections of juror judgments
Role Playing and the Study of Jury Behavior
Widespread use of simulated trials and mock juries to study jury behavior has stimulated concern for the external validity ofsuch simulations. A study is reported which examined the role-playing nature of mock jury deliberation. Subjects were either given typical role-playing instructions, or were led to believe that they were deciding an actual student discipline case. The two conditions did not differ significantly on their group or individual …
Group size, member ability, and social decision schemes on an intellective task
510 college students first took Part 1 of the difficult Terman Concept Mastery Test as individuals and then retook the same test as control individuals or in cooperative high-ability or low-ability groups containing 2-5 Ss. 9 a priori social decision scheme models were tested as theories of the underlying group process. An a posteriori social decision scheme was also induced from a comparative previous study with 240 4-person groups and then test…
Indispensability and group identification as sources of task motivation
Knowledge of partner's ability as a moderator of group motivation gains
O. Köhler (1926, 1927) found that less able performers tried harder as team members under conjunctive task demands (Köhler motivation gain effect) and that the greatest gain occurred with moderately discrepant coworker abilities (Köhler discrepancy effect). Recent investigations have reproduced Köhler's overall motivation gain but not the discrepancy effect. The present research examined whether workers' foreknowledge of task abilities--present i…
Group correspondence biases and the provision of public goods
Two experiments examined whether trait inferences and cooperative decisions in a social dilemma are influenced by biased perceptions of the group's past success or failure in resolving the dilemma. In each experiment, Ss joined a group that had previously either succeeded or failed to provide a step-level public good. Ss were informed of (a) the number of members who had contributed to the good, and (b) the investment quota, denned as the number …
Social transition schemes
Outlines a stochastic model of the group decision-making process: the social transition scheme model. Two key assumptions are identified: (1) The path-independence assumption holds that where the group goes next depends on its current state but not on how it reached that state, and (2) the stationarity assumption holds that the likelihood of any particular movement toward consensus does not depend on how long the group has been deliberating. The …
Social decision schemes under risk
Group position as a function of member attitudes
500 undergraduates made decisions as individuals or 4-person groups about several attitude objects along a 7-point semantic differential scale and about several social issues along a percentage scale. Individual-group mean differences (both within and between Ss) suggested that choice shift effects observed in other studies also characterized these data, but inspection of entire distributions suggested that conclusions based on means alone (or ot…
Group size, member ability, and social decision schemes on an intellective task
510 college students first took Part 1 of the difficult Terman Concept Mastery Test as individuals and then retook the same test as control individuals or in cooperative high-ability or low-ability groups containing 2-5 Ss. 9 a priori social decision scheme models were tested as theories of the underlying group process. An a posteriori social decision scheme was also induced from a comparative previous study with 240 4-person groups and then test…
The decision processes of 6- and 12-person mock juries assigned unanimous and two-thirds majority rules
720 college students served on 6- or 12-member "juries" that listened to a simulated trial of a rape case, deliberated, and then rendered verdicts according to the unanimity or two-thirds majority social decision rule assigned. Although neither assigned rule nor jury size had a significant effect upon the verdict distribution, average deliberation time and the number of polls were both significantly influenced. Individuals gave a significantly hi…
Social decision schemes of the same four-person groups on two different intellective tasks
501 female high school students took the Remote Associates Test (RAT) and the Otis Quick-Scoring Mental Ability Test first as individuals and then were assigned to cooperative groups or control individual conditions for a 2nd test administration. 10 social decision scheme models were tested at each of 3 ability levels for each task as theories of the underlying group process. As predicted, the best-fitting social decision scheme on the RAT repres…
Guilt beyond a reasonable doubt
Examined the concept of reasonable doubt as both an individual and group decision criterion. Previous research indicates that neither criterion has an effect on verdicts. A reexamination of this research suggested that such effects might occur for cases producing maximum disagreement. An experiment was performed in which 606 mock jurors reached individual and group verdicts for such a case. The decision criteria for individuals (judge's definitio…
Situational and personality determinants of a victim's identification with a tormentor
Severity of prescribed penalty and mock jurors' verdicts
An analogy between the process of reaching a verdict by an individual juror and the testing of a statistical hypothesis leads to the predictions that as the severity of the prescribed penalty for an offense is increased, the amount of evidence required by jurors to convict will also increase and the probability of conviction will decrease. A review of the literature suggests that while historical, anecdotal, and field evidence seems to favor the …
Effects of group size, problem difficulty, and sex on group performance and member reactions
Examined the influence of group size, task difficulty, and member sex on the relationship between actual productivity and potential productivity proposed by I. D. Steiner (1972), and tested the predictive accuracy of hierarchical and equalitarian latency models proposed by F. Restle and J. H. Davis (1962). 349 undergraduates worked 3 intellectual problems of varying difficulty, either as individuals or in same-sex groups of 2, 3, 6, and 10 member…
Role Playing and the Study of Jury Behavior
Widespread use of simulated trials and mock juries to study jury behavior has stimulated concern for the external validity ofsuch simulations. A study is reported which examined the role-playing nature of mock jury deliberation. Subjects were either given typical role-playing instructions, or were led to believe that they were deciding an actual student discipline case. The two conditions did not differ significantly on their group or individual …
Social transition schemes
Outlines a stochastic model of the group decision-making process: the social transition scheme model. Two key assumptions are identified: (1) The path-independence assumption holds that where the group goes next depends on its current state but not on how it reached that state, and (2) the stationarity assumption holds that the likelihood of any particular movement toward consensus does not depend on how long the group has been deliberating. The …
After Division, Before Decision
The primary objective of this study was to examine how the knowledge that one had weak, moderate, or strong support for one's position among fellow members of a decision-making group would affect several aspects of one's predeliberation thinking-viz., expectations about the eventual group decision, the number and evaluation of arguments generated for the decision alternatives, the perceived persuasiveness of other group members' arguments for eac…
Group sex composition and member task motivation
Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses
Three experiments tested the hypothesis that group members exert less effort as the perceived dispensability of their efforts for group success increases. The resultant motivation losses were termed free-rider effects. In Exp I, 189 undergraduates of high or low ability performed in 2-, 4-, or 8-person groups at tasks with additive, conjunctive, or disjunctive demands. As predicted, member ability had opposite effects on effort under disjunctive …
Motivation losses in small groups
Theory developed to account for behavior in social dilemmas—situations in which - the rational pursuit of self-interest can lead to collective disaster—was applied to the analysis of group motivation losses. Two group motivation loss effects demonstrated in previous research, the social-loafing effect and the free-rider effect, were shown to follow from social dilemma theories. An experiment was performed to empirically demonstrate a third motiva…
Belief discrepant behavior and the bogus pipeline
Role expectations in social dilemmas
Tested the impact of asymmetric role relationships (in which some group members contribute more to the group's welfare than others) on behavior in a social dilemma setting by manipulating the sex composition of cooperative performance dyads, using 47 male and 48 female undergraduates. The prescriptions of traditional sex roles suggested that Ss of both sexes would defect more (i.e., work less hard) with a male partner than with a female partner, …
The effects of jury size and polling method on the process and product of jury deliberation
The U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly assumed the functional equivalence of different sized juries (at least in the range of 6- to 12-person groups). Several formal models of jury decision making predict that larger juries should hang more often, particularly for very close cases. Failures to confirm this prediction in several previous studies were attributed to inadequate sample sizes or to insufficiently close cases. An experimental simulation …
Suspicion in the psychological laboratory
Describes the spontaneous occurrence, during an experimental session, of an epileptic seizure experienced by 1 S. Three of the remaining 5 Ss suspected the seizure was part of the experiment; implications are discussed in terms of H. C. Kelman's suggestion that the frequent use of deception in social psychological experimentation creates Ss who enter the laboratory expecting to be deceived and are unlikely to react to the experimental context in …
Suspicion in the psychological laboratory
Gaining and losing social support
Asymmetric influence in mock jury deliberation
Investigators have frequently noted a leniency bias in mock jury research, in which deliberation appears to induce greater leniency in criminal mock jurors. One manifestation of this bias, the asymmetry effect, suggests that proacquittal factions are more influential than proconviction factions of comparable size. A meta-analysis indicated that these asymmetry effects are reliable across a variety of experimental contexts. Experiment 1 examined t…
Illusions of efficacy
Might versus morality explored
Two conceptual models for social motives that were suggested by the results of W. B. Liebrand et al were examined. A goal model suggests that social motive differences reflect differences in interpersonal relations such that cooperators strive for good or moral interpersonal relations, whereas individualists strive for favorable power relationships. A schema model suggests that social motive differences reflect differences in cognitive knowledge …
Group correspondence biases and the provision of public goods
Two experiments examined whether trait inferences and cooperative decisions in a social dilemma are influenced by biased perceptions of the group's past success or failure in resolving the dilemma. In each experiment, Ss joined a group that had previously either succeeded or failed to provide a step-level public good. Ss were informed of (a) the number of members who had contributed to the good, and (b) the investment quota, denned as the number …
Psychology (55 obras) · Social Psychology (54 obras) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (34 obras) · Social Psychology (34 obras) · Cognitive psychology (15 obras) · Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies (15 obras) · Team Dynamics and Performance (13 obras) · Group (periodic table (12 obras) · Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence (11 obras) · Political science (11 obras)