Timothy J Lee
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 3985026 |
|---|---|
| NOME | Timothy J Lee |
| PRENOMES | Timothy J |
| SOBRENOME | Lee |
| ASSINATURA | LEE T J |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Macau University of Science and Technology |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2435-073X |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 61 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 149 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 60 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 1 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2010 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Wellness, Wellbeing and Tourism
Young consumers’ cool gaze on luxury hotels
Employing social identity theory, tourist gaze theory, and experiential marketing, this research explores the concept of coolness in luxury hotels as gazed by Chinese Generation Z consumers. Utilizes PLS-SME and fsQCA analysis, this study constructs and validates the structural multifaceted measurement of the coolness in luxury hotels, supporting a six-factor model comprising usefulness, energy, rebellion, subculture, holism, and hospitality and …
Impact of social media communication types on brand knowledge and behavioural intention
This study examines how firm-created and user-generated social media communication differently shape brand knowledge and behavioural intention in the integrated resort industry. A survey distinguished between respondents exposed to firm-created social media communication (FCC) and user-generated social media communication (UGC) to enable empirical comparison, and the moderating role of message credibility was also tested. Structural model analysi…
Shared farmlands as therapeutic spaces
Influence of Ethnic Minority Performing Arts Activities on Tourism Consumption Behavior Based on the Moderating Role of Cultural Identity
This research investigates the complex causal mechanisms through which ethnic minority performing arts catalyze tourism consumption, specifically examining the moderating influence of cultural identity (CI) on the nexus between service attributes and behavioral outcomes. Utilizing an empirical dataset ( N = 353) garnered from a field survey in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, the study operationalizes a structural model to validate th…
Experiential co-branding and revisit intention
Conceptualising wellness hospitality
Perceived Risks for Chinese Female Tourists' Visits to Islamic Countries
Drawing on the CEM (Constraint–Effects–Mitigation) framework, this study uses two complementary methodologies ( SEM and scenario‐based experiments) to investigate how Chinese female tourists navigate the interplay of destination‐based motivations (Islamic attributes, novelty, nature & adventure, stereotypes) and perceived constraints (social‐psychological, physical & practical, gender‐induced risks) in forming travel intentions toward Islamic des…
Crisis-driven organizational change and abusive supervision in Asian airlines influenced by perceived hostile climate and seniority-based allocation
Drawing on conservation of resources theory and ego-depletion theory, this study explored the impact of crisis-driven organizational change (i.e., re-engineering, restructuring, and salary benefit cuts) on abusive supervision. We analyzed data from 323 frontline aircrew using structural equation modeling and developed a scale for crisis-driven organizational change using a separate dataset from 264 respondents. Results showed that a perceived hos…
Visitors’ self-expansion and perceived brand authenticity in a cultural heritage tourism destination
This paper discusses the influence of brand experience in tourism destinations on visitor behavioral intentions. The study developed and tested a conceptual model by integrating this theoretical relationship. The test involved 432 valid responses that were collected from adult visitors to UNESCO World Cultural Heritage sites in China. The results of structural equation modeling showed that all the hypotheses are supported. Specifically, the four …
Brand heritage and perceived innovativeness in promoting attachment to tourist souvenirs
This study examines how tourists’ perceptions of brand heritage and brand innovativeness influence their emotional and behavioural responses toward cultural souvenir brands. Drawing on the stimulus – organism – response (S-O-R) framework, the research investigates a structural model in which brand heritage and innovativeness (stimuli) affect brand trust and perceived brand value (organismic responses), which in turn shape emotional brand attachme…
Understanding revisit Intention in Cannabis tourism
The legalisation of cannabis has the potential to act as a catalyst for tourism; however, it also presents a range of concerns. This study examines how perceived risks influence the travel decision-making process of Chinese tourists in Thailand, employing an integrated framework that combines the SOR and TPB. Data were collected from 309 valid responses through a survey of tourists who had visited Thailand between December 24, 2023, and January 1…
Can restorative wellness destinations enhance tourists’ sense of meaning in life
While living ‘a meaningful life’ is central to human pursuits, what tourism experiences foster remains under-researched. Drawing upon attention restoration theory and cognitive–affective personality system theory, this study quantitatively examines how perceived destination restorative qualities (PDRQs) in wellness tourism shape tourists’ sense of meaning in life. A total of 912 on-site questionnaires were collected from domestic tourists engagin…
Advancing scale development of tourists’ cultural experience in ethnic villages
Analyzing tourists’ cultural experience in ethnic villages is essential for preserving these cultures and promoting sustainable development in rural areas and tourism. This research explores the various dimensions and index systems utilised for assessing tourists’ cultural experience in ethnic villages. In-depth interviews were conducted with 31 tourists visiting ethnic villages, alongside a meticulous selection of 35 online travel notes related …
Outsiders in feminized spaces
This study explores the marginalisation of fathers in postpartum wellness hotels (PWHs) in China, where services are primarily designed for mothers and newborns. It investigates how institutionalised mother-centered practices shape fathers’ experiences and influence family dynamics. Drawing on reflexive thematic analysis, we conducted 28 semi-structured interviews with fathers, mothers, and PWH staff. The study examines how gendered space configu…
Cognitive, affective, and behavioral mechanisms in medical tourism from a dual-theory perspective
This study investigates how intrinsic and extrinsic cues, emotional factors, and perceived risk influence potential tourists’ decision-making and behavioural intentions in a tourist destination focused on the development of medical tourism. It applies the decision-making process of potential medical tourists, integrating Cue Utilization Theory and the Cognitive–Affective–Behavioral (CAB) model using Macao as a case study. This study adopted a cro…
Restorative experiences and subjective well-being in nature-based temple among Generation Z
Generation Z, as digital natives, faces increasing stress from digital overstimulation. This study investigates how nature-based temple environments foster psychological restoration and subjective well-being (SWB), influencing recommendation intentions. By integrating Attention Restoration Theory (ART) with a SWB framework, the study examines the pathway from perceived environmental restorativeness (PER) to restorative experiences (RE), SWB, and …
Parallel Tourism System With Foundation Models and Decentralized Autonomous Organizations
Tourism is a critical driver of economic growth and cultural exchange. However, traditional tourism models often struggle to address challenges such as insufficient understanding of diverse travel preferences, limited capacity for personalized services, and a lack of intelligent, convenient service solutions. In this paper, we propose a virtual‐real interactive Parallel Tourism System (PTS) and a Smart Tourism and Lifestyle Service Large Model (S…
Negative Memories Toward Airlines
Most studies on airlines have focused on consumers' positive memories. However, from the consumer's perspective, negative memories have a stronger impact than positive ones on an airline's brand image, marketing strategies, and consumer behavioral intentions. This observation has prompted the need for research conducted from the perspective of consumers' negative memories and the development of a corresponding scale. Therefore, this study develop…
Tourists' Perception of Destination, Destination Trust, Protection Effectiveness and Travel Intentions
There are two main objectives of this study: (a) exploration of the main factors affecting tourist perception of destination during the post‐pandemic period; and (b) examining the relationships among tourist perception of destinations, the protective effectiveness of COVID‐19, destination trust, and tourist travel intentions during the post‐pandemic period. The main survey participants of this study are mainland Chinese residents who live in the …
The Relationships Between Disabled Tourists' Well‐Being and Their Travel Intentions
This study investigated the relationships between well‐being, travel attitudes, travel satisfaction, and the travel intentions of disabled tourists based on the positive emotions, engagement, relationship, meaning, and accomplishment (PERMA) framework. In this study, 398 out of 1300 disabled tourists in Hainan Province, China, were invited to complete the survey questionnaire, and 312 valid questionnaires were obtained. SPSS 23.0 and Smart PLS 4.…
Effects of pet anthropomorphism on the intention to travel with pets
Surviving in Temporary Aircrew Workplaces
This study explores how victims of intermittent abusive supervision cope in the context of temporary professional teams where supervisor–subordinate relationships are transient and constantly shifting. Employing critical incident interviews with 23 non-management aircrew and using thematic data analysis, this study revealed that transient leader–member exchanges make supervisory abusive behaviors less enduring and more predictable. This provides …
The impacts of under-tourism and place attachment on residents’ life satisfaction
The tourism industry is highly sensitive to negative environmental factors, as can be seen in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, when many countries and regions shifted from over-tourism to under-tourism, resulting in the continuation of multiple serious impacts on destinations. To systematically reveal the specific impacts of under-tourism on tourism destinations, this study aims to (a) understand the impact of resident perceptions of under-…
Relationships between motivation, service quality, tourist satisfaction, quality of life, and spa and wellness tourism
This study explores the relationships between motivation, service quality, tourist satisfaction, quality of life (QOL), and spa and wellness tourism. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM) approach was used to analyze the hypotheses generated. The ‘snowball’ sampling technique was used to collect data via an online survey. Derived from a sample of 270 Chinese respondents, the results demonstrate that motivations positive…
The role and dimensions of authenticity in heritage tourism
Benefits of visiting a ‘dark tourism’ site
Benefits of visiting a multicultural festival
Conflict and Progress
Residents’ attitudes toward future tourism development in terms of community well-being and attachment
This study explores residents’ attitudes toward future tourism development based on their community well-being (CWB) and community attachment. Focusing on the case of Gamcheon Culture Village in Busan, South Korea, which was developed during an urban regeneration project in 2009, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted. The main findings of this study are: (1) CWB is supported by five variables including income effects, social participation,…
Perceived Restorativeness of Visits to Cultural Heritage Sites
This study aimed to examine whether a causal relationship exists between perceived restorativeness and emotional healing, visitor satisfaction, and intention to revisit with respect to a visit to the Seooreung Shrine in South Korea. Attention restorativeness theory claims that four factors (being away, fascination, extent, and compatibility) induce a restorative environment. The results of the conducted survey support the four factors of attentio…
Relationship between Hexaco personality factors and emotional labour of service providers in the tourism industry
The influence of social support from intermediary organizations on innovativeness and subjective happiness in community-based tourism
This study examines the influence of social support from intermediary organizations on innovativeness and subjective happiness in community-based tourism (CBT). The authors collected data from 236 residents who had participated in the Tour Dure project in South Korea. The analysis, using partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), shows that social support from intermediary organizations has a positive effect on the innovativenes…
Alienation and authenticity in intangible cultural heritage tourism
Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) has the potential to enhance tourism supply and activate tourism resources. This study constructs an alienation and host authenticity model to analyze the attitudes of ICH performers towards support for tourism. Specifically, it investigates the views of giant puppet show performers at the Mount E'mei Scenic Area in China, which is a nationally recognized and first-selected representative traditional drama proje…
Contributions to sustainable tourism in small islands
The Cittàslow philosophy aims to preserve the unique characteristics of places, people, products, food and the environment. Inclusive participation is the focus of the movement for small communities that aim to improve residents’ quality of life and share in one of a kind experiences with visitors. Discussion of the Cittàslow movement has been increasing in recent years, and the conceptualization offered in this paper adds to that discourse by sh…
Visitor Motivational Factors and Level of Satisfaction in Wellness Tourism
This study aims to examine the differences between visitor motivations and satisfaction between first-time visitors and return visitors to a recreation wellness tourist attraction site in South Korea. Data were collected using a questionnaire at a national arboretum and 573 samples were used for analysis. The study discovered that first-time visitor motivations were composed of four factors: “relaxation and rest”, “novelty”, “self-exploration”, a…
Effect of Health and Wellness Values on Festival Visit Motivation
Understanding the motivation to visit particular tourist destinations and festivals is important for building effective tourism marketing strategies. This paper explores the effect of existing health and wellness values on the motivation to visit a festival using a field survey at the Goomeri Pumpkin Festival, a typical Australian festival which uses the natural environment, traditions and local produce to provide 21 events during the festival. T…
Role of hotel design in enhancing destination branding
Surviving in Temporary Aircrew Workplaces
This study explores how victims of intermittent abusive supervision cope in the context of temporary professional teams where supervisor–subordinate relationships are transient and constantly shifting. Employing critical incident interviews with 23 non-management aircrew and using thematic data analysis, this study revealed that transient leader–member exchanges make supervisory abusive behaviors less enduring and more predictable. This provides …
Resident reactions to a pandemic
As COVID-19 has spread throughout the world, it has caused unprecedented disruption to community-based tourism (CBT). The purpose of this study is to identify local reactions to COVID-19 in CBT destinations using social representation theory (SRT) as a framework for analysis. Furthermore, this paper uses Q methodology to shed light on residents' reactions to COVID-19. A demonstration of this method is used to analyze a Q set of 36 statements and …
Political influences on the roles and characteristics of ethnic tourism industry employees
This study investigates the roles and characteristics of Korean-Chinese tour guides during the rapid socio-political changes between China and Korea. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 12 guides working in South Korea and were analyzed using the grounded theory framework. Open coding gave 98 conceptual labels, 30 subcategories, and 13 main categories. This study allows us to innovatively investigate the psychological changes in K…
Married immigrant women’s VFR tourism as the way to ethnic minority group acculturation
The purpose of the study was to examine the bases of married immigrant women’s VFR Tourism behaviors. Over the last decade, Korea has witnessed an unprecedented growth of immigrants who are married to Korean males. This emerging population, as a new ethnic minority group, are expected to play an important role in the sustainability of the Korean family as well as the society. Academic interest in this phenomenon naturally leads to the considerati…
Residents’ perception of the influence of luxury chain hotels on ethnic tourism communities
Despite considerable discussion on how resident perceptions impact on current tourism development, there is little evidence that this discussion has any impact on the factors that contribute to tourism’s presence. This paper reports on action research which was aimed at identifying what impacts host residents do perceive regarding luxury hotel development in ethnic destinations in China, and how they comment on such impacts when trying to use lux…
The mediation of information technology on visitors’ experience at a cultural heritage site
This study identifies perceptual differences between the experiences of using an interactive ubiquitous access tourism service (U-tourism service) at a cultural heritage site and on-site participation-driven services. An interactive U-tourism service, “Hwaseong Haenggung Histour”, a smart phone application, was developed and implemented for this study. The study found (a) visitors who experienced the U-tourism service showed higher recognition on…
Parks as leisure spaces for older adults' daily wellness
The numbers of older adults in Eastern Asia has been rapidly increasing in recent years and this trend is expected to continue. This study explores the changing pattern of park usage as a daily wellness leisure space by older adults using 10-year time-series data. The study focuses on one of the most popular urban parks in a metropolitan city in Korea as a case in point. Motivation, interests, and behaviour patterns of older adults using the park…
Conflict and Progress
Role of hotel design in enhancing destination branding
Parks as leisure spaces for older adults' daily wellness
The numbers of older adults in Eastern Asia has been rapidly increasing in recent years and this trend is expected to continue. This study explores the changing pattern of park usage as a daily wellness leisure space by older adults using 10-year time-series data. The study focuses on one of the most popular urban parks in a metropolitan city in Korea as a case in point. Motivation, interests, and behaviour patterns of older adults using the park…
Benefits of visiting a multicultural festival
Benefits of visiting a ‘dark tourism’ site
Relationship between Hexaco personality factors and emotional labour of service providers in the tourism industry
Effect of Health and Wellness Values on Festival Visit Motivation
Understanding the motivation to visit particular tourist destinations and festivals is important for building effective tourism marketing strategies. This paper explores the effect of existing health and wellness values on the motivation to visit a festival using a field survey at the Goomeri Pumpkin Festival, a typical Australian festival which uses the natural environment, traditions and local produce to provide 21 events during the festival. T…
Perceived Restorativeness of Visits to Cultural Heritage Sites
This study aimed to examine whether a causal relationship exists between perceived restorativeness and emotional healing, visitor satisfaction, and intention to revisit with respect to a visit to the Seooreung Shrine in South Korea. Attention restorativeness theory claims that four factors (being away, fascination, extent, and compatibility) induce a restorative environment. The results of the conducted survey support the four factors of attentio…
Visitor Motivational Factors and Level of Satisfaction in Wellness Tourism
This study aims to examine the differences between visitor motivations and satisfaction between first-time visitors and return visitors to a recreation wellness tourist attraction site in South Korea. Data were collected using a questionnaire at a national arboretum and 573 samples were used for analysis. The study discovered that first-time visitor motivations were composed of four factors: “relaxation and rest”, “novelty”, “self-exploration”, a…
The mediation of information technology on visitors’ experience at a cultural heritage site
This study identifies perceptual differences between the experiences of using an interactive ubiquitous access tourism service (U-tourism service) at a cultural heritage site and on-site participation-driven services. An interactive U-tourism service, “Hwaseong Haenggung Histour”, a smart phone application, was developed and implemented for this study. The study found (a) visitors who experienced the U-tourism service showed higher recognition on…
Does tourism illuminate the darkness of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
Residents’ attitudes toward future tourism development in terms of community well-being and attachment
This study explores residents’ attitudes toward future tourism development based on their community well-being (CWB) and community attachment. Focusing on the case of Gamcheon Culture Village in Busan, South Korea, which was developed during an urban regeneration project in 2009, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted. The main findings of this study are: (1) CWB is supported by five variables including income effects, social participation,…
Married immigrant women’s VFR tourism as the way to ethnic minority group acculturation
The purpose of the study was to examine the bases of married immigrant women’s VFR Tourism behaviors. Over the last decade, Korea has witnessed an unprecedented growth of immigrants who are married to Korean males. This emerging population, as a new ethnic minority group, are expected to play an important role in the sustainability of the Korean family as well as the society. Academic interest in this phenomenon naturally leads to the considerati…
Residents’ perception of the influence of luxury chain hotels on ethnic tourism communities
Despite considerable discussion on how resident perceptions impact on current tourism development, there is little evidence that this discussion has any impact on the factors that contribute to tourism’s presence. This paper reports on action research which was aimed at identifying what impacts host residents do perceive regarding luxury hotel development in ethnic destinations in China, and how they comment on such impacts when trying to use lux…
The role and dimensions of authenticity in heritage tourism
The rural creative class
This study examines the creative class group in Chinese tourism destinations made up of in‐migration tourism entrepreneurs confronting the need to diversify away from city life. Based on a questionnaire survey of those rural tourism entrepreneurs who have set up business in the two townships of Huanglongxi and Luodai, and drawing upon social practice theory, the study explores concepts of entrepreneurship, organizational innovation, and sustainab…
Analysis of a spatial network from the perspective of actor‐network theory
This study aims to interpret the relationships among the various actors (human including residents, tourists, artists, and so on, and non‐human environments including blogs, topographical features, and destination images) at a tourist site, in which those actors come together. Using the perspectives of actor‐network theory, the research observes how networks surrounding destinations are formed and changed by human and non‐human actors. It was dis…
Relationships between the motivation of medical tourists and the quality of medical services
This study aims to: (a) identify the motivation to travel for medical reasons and the quality of the medical services received; and (b) examine the relationship between the quality of medical services and the attitudes held by tourists about these. It fills the gap in the literature by contributing to our knowledge of medical tourists' behavior. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed at 25 hospitals and travel agencies within Korea. The r…
Political influences on the roles and characteristics of ethnic tourism industry employees
This study investigates the roles and characteristics of Korean-Chinese tour guides during the rapid socio-political changes between China and Korea. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 12 guides working in South Korea and were analyzed using the grounded theory framework. Open coding gave 98 conceptual labels, 30 subcategories, and 13 main categories. This study allows us to innovatively investigate the psychological changes in K…
What motivates people to visit an unknown tourist destination? Applying an extended model of goal‐directed behavior
This study aims to identify the motivations of people travelling to North Korea, and to determine the effects these have on the travel decision‐making process. An on‐site survey was conducted with Chinese tourists in Dandong, China. The results of an exploratory factor analysis identified four motivation factors: red (communist identity), uniqueness, convenience, and escape. The results suggest that motivations for tourism to North Korea have at …
The influence of historical nostalgia on a heritage destination's brand authenticity, brand attachment, and brand equity
This article aims to examine an integrative model of historical nostalgia, brand authenticity, brand attachment, and brand equity based on the case of the Shaolin Temple, a heritage destination in China. The discussion is based on 470 responses collected from visitors to the historical place. The results demonstrate the positive mediating effect of brand authenticity and brand attachment on historical nostalgia and destination brand equity. This …
Wellness‐oriented seasonal tourism migration
This paper examines the types of habitus possessed by wellness‐oriented seasonal tourism migrants in China and locates the capital they receive from this within the appropriate field relations. Bourdieu's field theory on habitus, capital, and relationships was applied in an ethnographic survey of Poyue village, Guangxi Autonomous Region, in China. The paper identifies the capitals related to the field relationships that determine and structure in…
Chinese girlfriend getaway tourism in Buddhist destinations
This study identifies the multidimensional scale of spiritual tourism among Chinese girlfriend getaway (GGA) tourists. The 379 questionnaires were distributed using convenience sampling at Wutai Mountain, one of the most important Buddhist sites in China. Through factor analysis and structural modeling, a six‐factor model that includes escapism, leisureliness, happiness, personal enrichment, nothingness, and sense of connection (27 items) is deve…
The professional characteristics and networks of third-generation migrant returnees
This study examines the professional characteristics and migrant networks of Korean–Chinese returnees. A notable feature of the current Korean–Chinese migrant group in Korea is the emergence of third generation tour guides. The in-depth interviews with 12 third generation Korean–Chinese tour guides were conducted and analyzed within the grounded theory framework. A total of 110 concepts in 27 subcategories making up 11 main categories are derived…
Contributions to sustainable tourism in small islands
The Cittàslow philosophy aims to preserve the unique characteristics of places, people, products, food and the environment. Inclusive participation is the focus of the movement for small communities that aim to improve residents’ quality of life and share in one of a kind experiences with visitors. Discussion of the Cittàslow movement has been increasing in recent years, and the conceptualization offered in this paper adds to that discourse by sh…
Tourism (51 obras) · Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research (42 obras) · Business (34 obras) · Geography (32 obras) · Political science (29 obras) · Psychology (28 obras) · Marketing (26 obras) · Sociology (25 obras) · Advertising (21 obras) · Social Psychology (16 obras)