M Bray
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 58259 |
|---|---|
| NOME | M Bray |
| PRENOMES | M |
| SOBRENOME | Bray |
| ASSINATURA | BRAY M |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of Hong Kong |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5886-1570 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 20 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 35 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 20 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1984 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2025 |
| ÍNDICE H | 3 |
Regulatory gaps in private supplementary tutoring
The present century has brought marked expansion of private supplementary tutoring across countries of all income levels. Tutoring is provided in diverse modes by commercial enterprises, full-time teachers seeking extra incomes, and informal suppliers ranging from senior-secondary students to retirees. As tutorial enrolment rates rise, receipt increasingly becomes a necessity for keeping up with peers. However, this creates inequalities: the lowe…
Displacing the schools
The so-called shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring has in some contexts been described as privatization by default rather than by government policy. An allied literature shows that while such tutoring claims to supplement, it may also undermine schooling. This paper, with data from Myanmar, identifies ways in which shadow education competes even to the extent of displacing schooling. A survey of students in the last grade of …
Shadow Education in the Soviet and Post‐Soviet Eras
Focusing on the shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring, this paper contains comparisons over time and place in the distinctive circumstances of the Soviet Union and the 15 independent countries that emerged following its collapse in 1991. The paper uses the lenses of politics and economics to understand changing tides in the scale and nature of shadow education. The phenomenon did not fit the official ideologies of the Soviet e…
Educational planning, privatisation and neoliberalism
This article analyses trends over the last seven decades in the domains of educational planning, privatisation and neoliberalism. It does this by focusing, in particular, on literature published in the International Review of Education . In educational planning, the 1960s saw a convergence of opinion among economists and educators with a particular focus on workforce needs. Subsequent decades saw shifts in the relative roles of state and private …
When the Shadow Threatens
Private supplementary tutoring, long evident in such countries as Greece, Japan and Korea, has become a significant global phenomenon. In the academic literature, such tutoring is commonly called shadow education because it mimics aspects of schooling. It is not neutral, however, because tutoring can threaten dimensions of schooling. The paper notes commonalities and diversities around the world, paying particular attention to external shocks, pe…
Feeling signs
Manual production enhances learning and recall of signs by hearing second language learners; however, the mechanisms enabling this effect are unclear. We examined whether the motor encoding (somatosensory feedback) that occurs during sign production benefits learning and whether it interacts with sign iconicity, which also enhances learning. American Sign Language (ASL) signs varying in iconicity were learned either via production (repetition) wi…
Educación en la sombra en Latinoamérica
Shadow education is a widely used metaphor for private supplementary tutoring, i.e. instruction in academic subjects on a fee-charging basis outside school hours. The metaphor is used because much tutoring mimics schooling. Thus, as the curriculum changes in the schools, so it changes in the shadows; and as schooling grows, so does the shadow. Initially with particular prominence in East Asia, albeit with deep roots elsewhere, shadow education ha…
Governing private tutoring for public good
Shaping shadows
Private supplementary tutoring, widely described as shadow education in the academic literature, takes place outside regular school hours. It is widespread across the globe, but with diverse structures. Drawing on insights from Myanmar, this article examines how different forms of capital shape tutoring demand and supply. Employing a mixed-methods design, the study was conducted in Mandalay Region and Chin State. Survey data were collected from 1…
Understanding private supplementary tutoring
In the academic literature, private supplementary tutoring is widely called shadow education because much of its content mimics that of schooling. The author of this paper wrote the first global study of the phenomenon, which was published in 1999 and set the agenda for much subsequent research. The present paper considers research emphases over the decades, noting strengths and gaps. Much initial and ongoing research has focused on economic and …
Measuring private tutoring
This paper examines and builds on an earlier contribution to this journal focusing on private supplementary tutoring–widely known as shadow education–in Francophone West and Central Africa. Drawing on wider literature about research methods in this domain, it examines the basis for the numerical estimates presented in the original article and supplements those statistics with data from a subsequent survey. The paper stresses the significance of t…
Managing illegitimacies
Teachers as tutors, and tutors as teachers
Recent decades have brought significant expansion of the so-called shadow education sector of private supplementary tutoring across the globe. Increasing numbers of school teachers provide such tutoring on a part-time basis; and increasing numbers of tutorial centres recruit teachers from schools to work full time. Tutorial centres also recruit personnel from other backgrounds, who take on roles that could be called tutoring but could also be cal…
Timescapes of shadow education
This paper employs the lenses of timescapes, themselves shaped by wider conceptions of time, to view evolving patterns of private supplementary tutoring around the world. Such tutoring is commonly called shadow education because much of its content mimics that in regular schooling: curriculum changes in the schools lead to related changes in the shadow. Shadow education has greatly expanded in recent decades, and research on the theme has also ex…
Responsibilised parents and shadow education
Growing literatures highlight global shifts in education brought by spreading neoliberal values and marketisation. Parallel literatures address parenting styles. Parents, these literatures observe, are increasingly made responsible and/or voluntarily take responsibility for educational inputs alongside mainstream schooling. Much parental investment is in the so-called shadow education sector of private supplementary tutoring. Examining Chinese pa…
Geographies of shadow education
A growing literature, much of it with cross-national comparisons, employs geographic lenses to secure insights into educational studies. Most of this literature focuses on schooling, though parts address kindergartens and higher education. The present paper, by contrast, employs geographic lenses to focus on the shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring. It is called shadow education because much of its content mimics that in scho…
Openness as a Form of Closure
The fundamental ambiguity of the scholastic universes and all of their productions ... lies in the fact that their apartness from the world of production is both a liberatory break and a disconnection, a potentially crippling separation. Pierre Bourdieu, Pascalian Meditations1 The public sphere is in this scene what one might call the factory of politics—its site of production. Alexander Kluge, “On Film and the Public Sphere”2
Equity issues in local resourcing of education
Are Small Schools the Answer
What crisis in educational planning? A perspective from Papua New Guinea
Geographies of shadow education
A growing literature, much of it with cross-national comparisons, employs geographic lenses to secure insights into educational studies. Most of this literature focuses on schooling, though parts address kindergartens and higher education. The present paper, by contrast, employs geographic lenses to focus on the shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring. It is called shadow education because much of its content mimics that in scho…
Responsibilised parents and shadow education
Growing literatures highlight global shifts in education brought by spreading neoliberal values and marketisation. Parallel literatures address parenting styles. Parents, these literatures observe, are increasingly made responsible and/or voluntarily take responsibility for educational inputs alongside mainstream schooling. Much parental investment is in the so-called shadow education sector of private supplementary tutoring. Examining Chinese pa…
Managing illegitimacies
Timescapes of shadow education
This paper employs the lenses of timescapes, themselves shaped by wider conceptions of time, to view evolving patterns of private supplementary tutoring around the world. Such tutoring is commonly called shadow education because much of its content mimics that in regular schooling: curriculum changes in the schools lead to related changes in the shadow. Shadow education has greatly expanded in recent decades, and research on the theme has also ex…
What crisis in educational planning? A perspective from Papua New Guinea
When the Shadow Threatens
Private supplementary tutoring, long evident in such countries as Greece, Japan and Korea, has become a significant global phenomenon. In the academic literature, such tutoring is commonly called shadow education because it mimics aspects of schooling. It is not neutral, however, because tutoring can threaten dimensions of schooling. The paper notes commonalities and diversities around the world, paying particular attention to external shocks, pe…
Shaping shadows
Private supplementary tutoring, widely described as shadow education in the academic literature, takes place outside regular school hours. It is widespread across the globe, but with diverse structures. Drawing on insights from Myanmar, this article examines how different forms of capital shape tutoring demand and supply. Employing a mixed-methods design, the study was conducted in Mandalay Region and Chin State. Survey data were collected from 1…
Measuring private tutoring
This paper examines and builds on an earlier contribution to this journal focusing on private supplementary tutoring–widely known as shadow education–in Francophone West and Central Africa. Drawing on wider literature about research methods in this domain, it examines the basis for the numerical estimates presented in the original article and supplements those statistics with data from a subsequent survey. The paper stresses the significance of t…
Openness as a Form of Closure
The fundamental ambiguity of the scholastic universes and all of their productions ... lies in the fact that their apartness from the world of production is both a liberatory break and a disconnection, a potentially crippling separation. Pierre Bourdieu, Pascalian Meditations1 The public sphere is in this scene what one might call the factory of politics—its site of production. Alexander Kluge, “On Film and the Public Sphere”2
What crisis in educational planning? A perspective from Papua New Guinea
Are Small Schools the Answer
Equity issues in local resourcing of education
Openness as a Form of Closure
The fundamental ambiguity of the scholastic universes and all of their productions ... lies in the fact that their apartness from the world of production is both a liberatory break and a disconnection, a potentially crippling separation. Pierre Bourdieu, Pascalian Meditations1 The public sphere is in this scene what one might call the factory of politics—its site of production. Alexander Kluge, “On Film and the Public Sphere”2
Geographies of shadow education
A growing literature, much of it with cross-national comparisons, employs geographic lenses to secure insights into educational studies. Most of this literature focuses on schooling, though parts address kindergartens and higher education. The present paper, by contrast, employs geographic lenses to focus on the shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring. It is called shadow education because much of its content mimics that in scho…
Teachers as tutors, and tutors as teachers
Recent decades have brought significant expansion of the so-called shadow education sector of private supplementary tutoring across the globe. Increasing numbers of school teachers provide such tutoring on a part-time basis; and increasing numbers of tutorial centres recruit teachers from schools to work full time. Tutorial centres also recruit personnel from other backgrounds, who take on roles that could be called tutoring but could also be cal…
Timescapes of shadow education
This paper employs the lenses of timescapes, themselves shaped by wider conceptions of time, to view evolving patterns of private supplementary tutoring around the world. Such tutoring is commonly called shadow education because much of its content mimics that in regular schooling: curriculum changes in the schools lead to related changes in the shadow. Shadow education has greatly expanded in recent decades, and research on the theme has also ex…
Responsibilised parents and shadow education
Growing literatures highlight global shifts in education brought by spreading neoliberal values and marketisation. Parallel literatures address parenting styles. Parents, these literatures observe, are increasingly made responsible and/or voluntarily take responsibility for educational inputs alongside mainstream schooling. Much parental investment is in the so-called shadow education sector of private supplementary tutoring. Examining Chinese pa…
Understanding private supplementary tutoring
In the academic literature, private supplementary tutoring is widely called shadow education because much of its content mimics that of schooling. The author of this paper wrote the first global study of the phenomenon, which was published in 1999 and set the agenda for much subsequent research. The present paper considers research emphases over the decades, noting strengths and gaps. Much initial and ongoing research has focused on economic and …
Measuring private tutoring
This paper examines and builds on an earlier contribution to this journal focusing on private supplementary tutoring–widely known as shadow education–in Francophone West and Central Africa. Drawing on wider literature about research methods in this domain, it examines the basis for the numerical estimates presented in the original article and supplements those statistics with data from a subsequent survey. The paper stresses the significance of t…
Managing illegitimacies
Feeling signs
Manual production enhances learning and recall of signs by hearing second language learners; however, the mechanisms enabling this effect are unclear. We examined whether the motor encoding (somatosensory feedback) that occurs during sign production benefits learning and whether it interacts with sign iconicity, which also enhances learning. American Sign Language (ASL) signs varying in iconicity were learned either via production (repetition) wi…
Educación en la sombra en Latinoamérica
Shadow education is a widely used metaphor for private supplementary tutoring, i.e. instruction in academic subjects on a fee-charging basis outside school hours. The metaphor is used because much tutoring mimics schooling. Thus, as the curriculum changes in the schools, so it changes in the shadows; and as schooling grows, so does the shadow. Initially with particular prominence in East Asia, albeit with deep roots elsewhere, shadow education ha…
Governing private tutoring for public good
Shaping shadows
Private supplementary tutoring, widely described as shadow education in the academic literature, takes place outside regular school hours. It is widespread across the globe, but with diverse structures. Drawing on insights from Myanmar, this article examines how different forms of capital shape tutoring demand and supply. Employing a mixed-methods design, the study was conducted in Mandalay Region and Chin State. Survey data were collected from 1…
Regulatory gaps in private supplementary tutoring
The present century has brought marked expansion of private supplementary tutoring across countries of all income levels. Tutoring is provided in diverse modes by commercial enterprises, full-time teachers seeking extra incomes, and informal suppliers ranging from senior-secondary students to retirees. As tutorial enrolment rates rise, receipt increasingly becomes a necessity for keeping up with peers. However, this creates inequalities: the lowe…
Displacing the schools
The so-called shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring has in some contexts been described as privatization by default rather than by government policy. An allied literature shows that while such tutoring claims to supplement, it may also undermine schooling. This paper, with data from Myanmar, identifies ways in which shadow education competes even to the extent of displacing schooling. A survey of students in the last grade of …
Shadow Education in the Soviet and Post‐Soviet Eras
Focusing on the shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring, this paper contains comparisons over time and place in the distinctive circumstances of the Soviet Union and the 15 independent countries that emerged following its collapse in 1991. The paper uses the lenses of politics and economics to understand changing tides in the scale and nature of shadow education. The phenomenon did not fit the official ideologies of the Soviet e…
Educational planning, privatisation and neoliberalism
This article analyses trends over the last seven decades in the domains of educational planning, privatisation and neoliberalism. It does this by focusing, in particular, on literature published in the International Review of Education . In educational planning, the 1960s saw a convergence of opinion among economists and educators with a particular focus on workforce needs. Subsequent decades saw shifts in the relative roles of state and private …
When the Shadow Threatens
Private supplementary tutoring, long evident in such countries as Greece, Japan and Korea, has become a significant global phenomenon. In the academic literature, such tutoring is commonly called shadow education because it mimics aspects of schooling. It is not neutral, however, because tutoring can threaten dimensions of schooling. The paper notes commonalities and diversities around the world, paying particular attention to external shocks, pe…
Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities (15 obras) · Political science (13 obras) · Psychology (12 obras) · Sociology (12 obras) · Economics (9 obras) · Computer Science (8 obras) · Economic growth (6 obras) · Mathematics education (5 obras) · Shadow (psychology (5 obras) · Business (4 obras)