John H Schumann
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 83713 |
|---|---|
| NOME | John H Schumann |
| PRENOMES | John H |
| SOBRENOME | Schumann |
| ASSINATURA | SCHUMANN J H |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of California, Los Angeles |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 26 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 160 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 26 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1973 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2013 |
| ÍNDICE H | 6 |
Speculating on a Public Figure's Mental Health
The American Psychiatric Association proscribes its members from commenting on the mental health of public figures under its nonbinding “Goldwater Rule,” which followed a published survey of more than 1,000 psychiatrists commenting on Barry Goldwater’s emotional fitness for the presidency
Societal Responses to Adult Difficulties in L2 Acquisition
It is generally accepted that second language (L2) acquisition becomes more difficult as one grows older and that success in adult L2 acquisition is highly variable. Nevertheless, humans in language contact situations have to cope with intergroup communication. This article examines the ways society has responded to this challenge. It describes eleven strategies or workarounds that humans use to deal with this problem: developing lingua francas, …
Three levels of the symbolosphere
This paper attempts to understand the coexistence of the material and nonmaterial aspects of our lives. By synthesizing ideas about structures, physical entities, mental phenomena, and symbolic relations, we argue that the nonmaterial can emerge from the material, and then the nonmaterial may mediate the production of material entities. Finally, this cycle is applied to notions of creativity and invention
Summing up
The symbolosphere, conceptualization, language, and neo-dualism
It is shown that Schumann’s notion of the Symbolosphere, the non-physical world of symbolic relationships and Logan’s (2000a) Extended Mind model in which the mind is defined as the brain plus language entail a form of dualism. A distinction is made between the symbolosphere, which includes the human mind and all its thoughts and communication processes such as language and the physiosphere, which is simply the physical world and includes the hum…
A neurobiological basis for decision making in language pragmatics
In the nervous system, the orbitofrontal cortex, the amygdala, and the body proper are involved in personal and social decision making. Since normal conversational interaction involves making personal and social decisions on a moment to moment basis about what to say and how to say it, it is proposed that these areas of the nervous system, which subserve stimulus appraisal, attachment, affect regulation, and social cognition, also subserve decisi…
Brain
On the Interpretation of Earlier Recovery of the Second Language After Injection of Sodium Amytal in the Left Middle Cerebral Artery or Are There Relevant Facts Without Interpretation
Neurobiological Mechanisms of Language Acquisition
In this paper we specify language acquisition processes in terms of brain mechanisms in order to explain the variable success achieved by early and late language learners. On the basis of the literature in language acquisition, neurobiology, and linguistics, we propose a brain-based model for language acquisition. The model assumes two conditions must be met in order to acquire full knowledge of a particular language: first, that the learner is m…
Some Problems with Falsification
This paper reviews some philosophical literature which argues that falsification is difficult, if not impossible to achieve. In the applied linguistics literature, there is the claim that successful SLA is the result of social, psychological, and affective factors. The argument that this claim has been falsified is examined and is found to be untenable. Various problems with falsification as a strategy in SLA theory construction and evaluation ar…
The brain looks at diversity
This paper provides a neurobiological perspective on diversity and ethnic relations. Three neural metaphors, the hunter‐gather brain, the triune brain and the split brain, are used to account for biological tendencies which can create problems for multiethnic societies. It is argued that the neocortex can control these tendencies, but that such control requires considerable effort
Extending the Scope of the Acculturation/Pidginization Model to Include Cognition
This paper examines five cognitive models for second language acquisition (SLA) and assesses how each of them might account for the pidginized interlanguage found in the early stages of SLA. The conclusion drawn from this analysis is that all the models offer some account for how a pidginized interlanguage might be formed, but none provides an adequate explanation of the cognition that would be involved in pidginization. Based on this assessment,…
The Experimental Creation of a Pidgin Language
Over the past two years several research projects have been undertaken within the Applied Linguistics Program at UCLA to examine the early stages of pidginization. The idea was to create experimentally a pidgin language by having subjects memorize 250 words of a language they did not know and communicate with that lexicon for approximately 40 hours. A German Pidgin and a Farsi Pidgin were created. The experiments and subsequent analyses provided …
Research on the acculturation model for second language acquisition
This paper presents a model of second language acquisition based on the social‐psychology of acculturation. The model maintains that certain social and psychological variables cluster into a single variable, acculturation. The model predicts that learners will acquire the target language to the degree they acculturate to the target language group. Six studies that, in various, ways seek to test the Acculturation Model are reviewed and evaluated. …
Locative and Directional Expressions in Basilang Speech
This paper forms part of a project designed to describe the pidginization found in basilang speech, the earliest stage in second-language acquisition, from the perspectives of word order, reference to time, and reference to space. The research reported here deals with locative and directional expressions in the English interlanguage of three Spanish speakers, two Japanese speakers, and one Chinese speaker. The results indicate that the oriental s…
Art and Science in Second Language Acquisition Research
Simplification, Transfer, and Relexification as Aspects of Pidginization and Early Second Language Acquisition1
Schumann (1978) argues that the simplification (i.e., general absence of inflectional morphology and grammatical transformations) found in the early stages of second language acquisition (SLA) reflects pidginization. Gilbert and Mack (1979) argue that the early stages of SLA are characterized by native language (NL) transfer and relexification but not by pidginization.Since there is no consensus among pidginists as to what constitutes pidginizati…
Improvement of Foreign Language Pronunciation Under Hypnosis
This paper reports an experiment which was designed to determine whether foreign language pronunciation could be improved through hypnosis. Twenty subjects were first given the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotizability to familiarize them with the state of hypnosis. In the second session each subject was individually tested on his/her ability to pronounce Thai words under three conditions: Baseline, Hypnosis, and Post-Hypnosis. For each experimental…
The Relationship of Pidginization, Creolization and Decreolization to Second Language Acquisition1
Schumann (1974) proposed that the pidginization process be used as a model for early second language acquisition (SLA) and that creolization serve as a model for the later stages of SLA. Subsequently, Schumann (1975, 1976, in press) elaborated the pidginization model arguing that social and psychological distance from the target language group cause persistence of pidginization in the speech of a second language learner. Stauble (1977) (following…
Second Language Acquisition
This paper is a case study of the untutored acquisition of English by a 33 year old Costa Rican named Alberto. His language learning was examined longitudinally for a ten month period. During that time he evidenced very little linguistic growth. Three causes for Alberto's lack of development are considered: ability, age, and social and psychological distance. Performance on a test of adaptive intelligence indicated that lack of ability is not ade…
Social Distance as a Factor in Second Language Acquisition
This paper examines a series of societal factors that promote either social distance or proximity between two groups and thus affect the degree to which a second language learning group (2LL group) acquires the language of a particular target language group (TL group). It is argued that social distance and hence a bad language learning situation will exist where the 2LL group is either dominant or subordinate, where both groups desire preservatio…
The Acquisition of the English Auxiliary by Native Spanish Speakers
This paper describes the appearance of English auxiliaries in the speech of five native speakers of Spanish (two children, two adolescents, one adult). In addition, it also describes these subjects' acquisition of the negative and interrogative transformations. The acquisition of the negative transformation showed the following developmental pattern. The subjects began negating by using no + verb constructions (e.g. He no can play baseball). Then…
Affective Factors and the Problem of Age in Second Language Acquisition
This paper reviews several bodies of literature concerned with the relationship of affective factors such as language shock, culture shock, attitude, motivation and ego permeability to second language acquisition. These issues are then related to the problem of age in second language learning. It is suggested that affective variables may play a more important role than does biological maturation in problems associated with adult second language a…
Techniques for Analyzing Second Language Acquisition Data
This paper summarizes the presentations made at one segment of the Workshop in Research Related to the Interests of TESL, Bilingual Education and Varieties of English which was held as part of the 1974 TESOL Convention in Denver. The segment dealt with in this report was devoted to techniques for analyzing second language acquisition data. It includes discussions of second language learning universals, statistical techiques for analyzing morpheme…
The Implications of Interlanguage, Pidginization and Creolization for the Study of Adult Second Language Acquisition
This paper describes several recent views of second language learning all of which see learner speech as systematic attempts to perform in the target language. The social functions of pidgin and creole languages are presented as the basis for a model of the development of the learner language. Within this model, the learner language is seen to simplify and reduce when it is restricted to a strictly communicative function; it is seen to complicate…
Research on the acculturation model for second language acquisition
This paper presents a model of second language acquisition based on the social‐psychology of acculturation. The model maintains that certain social and psychological variables cluster into a single variable, acculturation. The model predicts that learners will acquire the target language to the degree they acculturate to the target language group. Six studies that, in various, ways seek to test the Acculturation Model are reviewed and evaluated. …
Social Distance as a Factor in Second Language Acquisition
This paper examines a series of societal factors that promote either social distance or proximity between two groups and thus affect the degree to which a second language learning group (2LL group) acquires the language of a particular target language group (TL group). It is argued that social distance and hence a bad language learning situation will exist where the 2LL group is either dominant or subordinate, where both groups desire preservatio…
Affective Factors and the Problem of Age in Second Language Acquisition
This paper reviews several bodies of literature concerned with the relationship of affective factors such as language shock, culture shock, attitude, motivation and ego permeability to second language acquisition. These issues are then related to the problem of age in second language learning. It is suggested that affective variables may play a more important role than does biological maturation in problems associated with adult second language a…
Neurobiological Mechanisms of Language Acquisition
In this paper we specify language acquisition processes in terms of brain mechanisms in order to explain the variable success achieved by early and late language learners. On the basis of the literature in language acquisition, neurobiology, and linguistics, we propose a brain-based model for language acquisition. The model assumes two conditions must be met in order to acquire full knowledge of a particular language: first, that the learner is m…
Second Language Acquisition
This paper is a case study of the untutored acquisition of English by a 33 year old Costa Rican named Alberto. His language learning was examined longitudinally for a ten month period. During that time he evidenced very little linguistic growth. Three causes for Alberto's lack of development are considered: ability, age, and social and psychological distance. Performance on a test of adaptive intelligence indicated that lack of ability is not ade…
The Acquisition of the English Auxiliary by Native Spanish Speakers
This paper describes the appearance of English auxiliaries in the speech of five native speakers of Spanish (two children, two adolescents, one adult). In addition, it also describes these subjects' acquisition of the negative and interrogative transformations. The acquisition of the negative transformation showed the following developmental pattern. The subjects began negating by using no + verb constructions (e.g. He no can play baseball). Then…
Simplification, Transfer, and Relexification as Aspects of Pidginization and Early Second Language Acquisition1
Schumann (1978) argues that the simplification (i.e., general absence of inflectional morphology and grammatical transformations) found in the early stages of second language acquisition (SLA) reflects pidginization. Gilbert and Mack (1979) argue that the early stages of SLA are characterized by native language (NL) transfer and relexification but not by pidginization.Since there is no consensus among pidginists as to what constitutes pidginizati…
The Implications of Interlanguage, Pidginization and Creolization for the Study of Adult Second Language Acquisition
This paper describes several recent views of second language learning all of which see learner speech as systematic attempts to perform in the target language. The social functions of pidgin and creole languages are presented as the basis for a model of the development of the learner language. Within this model, the learner language is seen to simplify and reduce when it is restricted to a strictly communicative function; it is seen to complicate…
The Relationship of Pidginization, Creolization and Decreolization to Second Language Acquisition1
Schumann (1974) proposed that the pidginization process be used as a model for early second language acquisition (SLA) and that creolization serve as a model for the later stages of SLA. Subsequently, Schumann (1975, 1976, in press) elaborated the pidginization model arguing that social and psychological distance from the target language group cause persistence of pidginization in the speech of a second language learner. Stauble (1977) (following…
Extending the Scope of the Acculturation/Pidginization Model to Include Cognition
This paper examines five cognitive models for second language acquisition (SLA) and assesses how each of them might account for the pidginized interlanguage found in the early stages of SLA. The conclusion drawn from this analysis is that all the models offer some account for how a pidginized interlanguage might be formed, but none provides an adequate explanation of the cognition that would be involved in pidginization. Based on this assessment,…
Improvement of Foreign Language Pronunciation Under Hypnosis
This paper reports an experiment which was designed to determine whether foreign language pronunciation could be improved through hypnosis. Twenty subjects were first given the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotizability to familiarize them with the state of hypnosis. In the second session each subject was individually tested on his/her ability to pronounce Thai words under three conditions: Baseline, Hypnosis, and Post-Hypnosis. For each experimental…
The symbolosphere, conceptualization, language, and neo-dualism
It is shown that Schumann’s notion of the Symbolosphere, the non-physical world of symbolic relationships and Logan’s (2000a) Extended Mind model in which the mind is defined as the brain plus language entail a form of dualism. A distinction is made between the symbolosphere, which includes the human mind and all its thoughts and communication processes such as language and the physiosphere, which is simply the physical world and includes the hum…
Art and Science in Second Language Acquisition Research
Three levels of the symbolosphere
This paper attempts to understand the coexistence of the material and nonmaterial aspects of our lives. By synthesizing ideas about structures, physical entities, mental phenomena, and symbolic relations, we argue that the nonmaterial can emerge from the material, and then the nonmaterial may mediate the production of material entities. Finally, this cycle is applied to notions of creativity and invention
Techniques for Analyzing Second Language Acquisition Data
This paper summarizes the presentations made at one segment of the Workshop in Research Related to the Interests of TESL, Bilingual Education and Varieties of English which was held as part of the 1974 TESOL Convention in Denver. The segment dealt with in this report was devoted to techniques for analyzing second language acquisition data. It includes discussions of second language learning universals, statistical techiques for analyzing morpheme…
Linguistics and Language Teaching
Techniques for Analyzing Second Language Acquisition Data
This paper summarizes the presentations made at one segment of the Workshop in Research Related to the Interests of TESL, Bilingual Education and Varieties of English which was held as part of the 1974 TESOL Convention in Denver. The segment dealt with in this report was devoted to techniques for analyzing second language acquisition data. It includes discussions of second language learning universals, statistical techiques for analyzing morpheme…
The Implications of Interlanguage, Pidginization and Creolization for the Study of Adult Second Language Acquisition
This paper describes several recent views of second language learning all of which see learner speech as systematic attempts to perform in the target language. The social functions of pidgin and creole languages are presented as the basis for a model of the development of the learner language. Within this model, the learner language is seen to simplify and reduce when it is restricted to a strictly communicative function; it is seen to complicate…
The Acquisition of the English Auxiliary by Native Spanish Speakers
This paper describes the appearance of English auxiliaries in the speech of five native speakers of Spanish (two children, two adolescents, one adult). In addition, it also describes these subjects' acquisition of the negative and interrogative transformations. The acquisition of the negative transformation showed the following developmental pattern. The subjects began negating by using no + verb constructions (e.g. He no can play baseball). Then…
Affective Factors and the Problem of Age in Second Language Acquisition
This paper reviews several bodies of literature concerned with the relationship of affective factors such as language shock, culture shock, attitude, motivation and ego permeability to second language acquisition. These issues are then related to the problem of age in second language learning. It is suggested that affective variables may play a more important role than does biological maturation in problems associated with adult second language a…
Second Language Acquisition
This paper is a case study of the untutored acquisition of English by a 33 year old Costa Rican named Alberto. His language learning was examined longitudinally for a ten month period. During that time he evidenced very little linguistic growth. Three causes for Alberto's lack of development are considered: ability, age, and social and psychological distance. Performance on a test of adaptive intelligence indicated that lack of ability is not ade…
Social Distance as a Factor in Second Language Acquisition
This paper examines a series of societal factors that promote either social distance or proximity between two groups and thus affect the degree to which a second language learning group (2LL group) acquires the language of a particular target language group (TL group). It is argued that social distance and hence a bad language learning situation will exist where the 2LL group is either dominant or subordinate, where both groups desire preservatio…
Improvement of Foreign Language Pronunciation Under Hypnosis
This paper reports an experiment which was designed to determine whether foreign language pronunciation could be improved through hypnosis. Twenty subjects were first given the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotizability to familiarize them with the state of hypnosis. In the second session each subject was individually tested on his/her ability to pronounce Thai words under three conditions: Baseline, Hypnosis, and Post-Hypnosis. For each experimental…
The Relationship of Pidginization, Creolization and Decreolization to Second Language Acquisition1
Schumann (1974) proposed that the pidginization process be used as a model for early second language acquisition (SLA) and that creolization serve as a model for the later stages of SLA. Subsequently, Schumann (1975, 1976, in press) elaborated the pidginization model arguing that social and psychological distance from the target language group cause persistence of pidginization in the speech of a second language learner. Stauble (1977) (following…
Simplification, Transfer, and Relexification as Aspects of Pidginization and Early Second Language Acquisition1
Schumann (1978) argues that the simplification (i.e., general absence of inflectional morphology and grammatical transformations) found in the early stages of second language acquisition (SLA) reflects pidginization. Gilbert and Mack (1979) argue that the early stages of SLA are characterized by native language (NL) transfer and relexification but not by pidginization.Since there is no consensus among pidginists as to what constitutes pidginizati…
Art and Science in Second Language Acquisition Research
Research on the acculturation model for second language acquisition
This paper presents a model of second language acquisition based on the social‐psychology of acculturation. The model maintains that certain social and psychological variables cluster into a single variable, acculturation. The model predicts that learners will acquire the target language to the degree they acculturate to the target language group. Six studies that, in various, ways seek to test the Acculturation Model are reviewed and evaluated. …
Locative and Directional Expressions in Basilang Speech
This paper forms part of a project designed to describe the pidginization found in basilang speech, the earliest stage in second-language acquisition, from the perspectives of word order, reference to time, and reference to space. The research reported here deals with locative and directional expressions in the English interlanguage of three Spanish speakers, two Japanese speakers, and one Chinese speaker. The results indicate that the oriental s…
The Experimental Creation of a Pidgin Language
Over the past two years several research projects have been undertaken within the Applied Linguistics Program at UCLA to examine the early stages of pidginization. The idea was to create experimentally a pidgin language by having subjects memorize 250 words of a language they did not know and communicate with that lexicon for approximately 40 hours. A German Pidgin and a Farsi Pidgin were created. The experiments and subsequent analyses provided …
Extending the Scope of the Acculturation/Pidginization Model to Include Cognition
This paper examines five cognitive models for second language acquisition (SLA) and assesses how each of them might account for the pidginized interlanguage found in the early stages of SLA. The conclusion drawn from this analysis is that all the models offer some account for how a pidginized interlanguage might be formed, but none provides an adequate explanation of the cognition that would be involved in pidginization. Based on this assessment,…
Some Problems with Falsification
This paper reviews some philosophical literature which argues that falsification is difficult, if not impossible to achieve. In the applied linguistics literature, there is the claim that successful SLA is the result of social, psychological, and affective factors. The argument that this claim has been falsified is examined and is found to be untenable. Various problems with falsification as a strategy in SLA theory construction and evaluation ar…
The brain looks at diversity
This paper provides a neurobiological perspective on diversity and ethnic relations. Three neural metaphors, the hunter‐gather brain, the triune brain and the split brain, are used to account for biological tendencies which can create problems for multiethnic societies. It is argued that the neocortex can control these tendencies, but that such control requires considerable effort
Neurobiological Mechanisms of Language Acquisition
In this paper we specify language acquisition processes in terms of brain mechanisms in order to explain the variable success achieved by early and late language learners. On the basis of the literature in language acquisition, neurobiology, and linguistics, we propose a brain-based model for language acquisition. The model assumes two conditions must be met in order to acquire full knowledge of a particular language: first, that the learner is m…
On the Interpretation of Earlier Recovery of the Second Language After Injection of Sodium Amytal in the Left Middle Cerebral Artery or Are There Relevant Facts Without Interpretation
A neurobiological basis for decision making in language pragmatics
In the nervous system, the orbitofrontal cortex, the amygdala, and the body proper are involved in personal and social decision making. Since normal conversational interaction involves making personal and social decisions on a moment to moment basis about what to say and how to say it, it is proposed that these areas of the nervous system, which subserve stimulus appraisal, attachment, affect regulation, and social cognition, also subserve decisi…
Brain
The symbolosphere, conceptualization, language, and neo-dualism
It is shown that Schumann’s notion of the Symbolosphere, the non-physical world of symbolic relationships and Logan’s (2000a) Extended Mind model in which the mind is defined as the brain plus language entail a form of dualism. A distinction is made between the symbolosphere, which includes the human mind and all its thoughts and communication processes such as language and the physiosphere, which is simply the physical world and includes the hum…
Three levels of the symbolosphere
This paper attempts to understand the coexistence of the material and nonmaterial aspects of our lives. By synthesizing ideas about structures, physical entities, mental phenomena, and symbolic relations, we argue that the nonmaterial can emerge from the material, and then the nonmaterial may mediate the production of material entities. Finally, this cycle is applied to notions of creativity and invention
Summing up
Speculating on a Public Figure's Mental Health
The American Psychiatric Association proscribes its members from commenting on the mental health of public figures under its nonbinding “Goldwater Rule,” which followed a published survey of more than 1,000 psychiatrists commenting on Barry Goldwater’s emotional fitness for the presidency
Psychology (23 obras) · Linguistics (20 obras) · Philosophy (13 obras) · EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning (11 obras) · Second-language acquisition (11 obras) · Sociology (11 obras) · Cognitive science (9 obras) · Computer Science (9 obras) · Language, Metaphor, and Cognition (7 obras) · Second Language Learning and Teaching (7 obras)