French School Teachers Against Militarism, 1903‐18

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1. Francis Feeley, Rebels with Causes: A Study of Revolutionary Syndicalist Culture among the French Primary School Teachers between 1880 and 1919 (New York, 1989), 18–20, 50.2. Ibid., 123.3. Louis Bouët, Trente Arts de Combat (Blainville-Sur-Mer, 1%9), 56, 72. This editorial statement appeared in the December 1903 issue of L'Emancipation de I'Instituteur. See also Francis Feeley, “Les vies exemplaires de Louis et Gabrielle Bouët,” in the anthology of French pacifist thought, Mélange offert à Emile Masson, Liber Amicoum edited by Didier Giraud (Quimper, 1995).4. François Bernard et al., Le syndicalisme dans I'enseignement (Grenoble, 1966), 1:70–71.5. Feeley, Rebels with Causes, ch. 3, “The Cult of Family in French Primary School Textbooks and its Ideological Use in the Third Republic.” See also Linda Clark, Schooling the Daughters of Marianne: Textbooks and Socialization of Girls in Modern French Primary Schools (New York, 1984).6. Henri Dubief, ed., Le syndicalisme revolutionnaire (Paris, 1969), 154–155. The Congress of Amiens resolution was passed by a vote of 488 in favor; 49, against; with 23 abstentions. The historical context of this strongly worded resolution was Prime Minister Clemenceau's use of soldiers to break labor strikes, such as the 1905 metalworkers strike in Longwy. For CGT membership statistics between 1902 and 1912 see F. F. Ridley, Revolutionary Syndicalism in France. The Direct Action of its Time (Cambridge, 1970), 78–79.7. Cited by Jean Jaurès in “Le Droit Syndical et M. Clemenceau,” L'Humanité, 7 April 1907, 1.8. Ibid.9. Louis Bouët, Les Pionniers du syndicalisme universitaire (Bedarrides, n.d.), 2. There were many individual resignations from teachers' unions, particularly in the Department of Seine. The two unions that left the FNSI were from the Departments of Morbihan and Loire‐Inférieure. Nègre turned to the teachers' unions in the Departments of Bouches du Rhône and Maine‐et‐Loire for support.10. “Aux Instituteurs, Aux Institutrices,” L'Ecole Emancipée, 1 October 1910, 2. See also Francis Feeley, The French Anarchist Labor Movement and “La Vie Ouvriere” 1909–1914 (New York, 1991) for a discussion of a small radical group based in Paris that worked within the CGT and promoted ideas similar to those expressed in L'Ecole Emancipée.11. Letter from the Bureau of the National Federation of Teachers' Unions (FNSI) to the Minister of Public Instruction, n.d. (ca. Nov. 1915). Fonds Dommanget, dossier 115, L'Institut Français d'Histoire Sociale (hereafter cited as IFHS), Paris.12. Dubief, Le syndicalisme 245–246; Max Ferre, Histoire du mouvement syndicalist revolutionnaire chez les instituteurs (Paris, 1955), 131.13. Letter addressed to Alphonse Merrheim from A. Lafosse, editor of L'Ecole Emancipée, 16 November 1914. Merrheim Collection, Fonds 217, dossier 206, Institute for Marxism‐Leninism (hereafter cited as IML), Moscow.14. Feeley, Rebels with Causes, 12.15. Circular No. VI (ca. Sept. 1916), Fonds Dommanget, dossier 115, IFHS, Paris.16. Police report, 11 January 1918, Series F‐713743, National Archives, Paris.17. Letters from M. Linares, the prefect at Epinal, addressed to Julia Bertrand originally dated in October and November 1914 were copied by her colleague and friend, Marie Guillot, and sent in solicitation of support for Bertrand. These documents are now part of the Merrheim Collection, Fonds 217, in dossier 205, IML, Moscow. Bertrand was arrested on 21 August 1914. The 4 November letter is her formal reply to the Prefect of Vosges, in which she contests the 11 October decision to dismiss her after eighteen years of elementary school teaching.18. Copy of letter to L'Inspecteur Académie des Vosges, from Julia Bertrand, 8 September 1914, Merrheim Collection, Fonds 217, dossier 205, IML, Moscow.19. L'Ecole de la Fédération replaced L'Ecole Emancipée as the official newspaper of the FNSI in Marseille after the office was closed by the censors in October 1914. The history of pacifist solidarity is recorded in the donations published in the following issues of L'Ecole: 20 March, 17 April, and 15 August 1915.20. Circular No. 15 (August 1917), Fonds Dommanget, dossier 115, IFHS, Paris. For an interesting discussion of the much misunderstood pacifist Mayoux couple, see Instituteurs pacifists et syndicalists by Frank Mayoux, (Chamalieres, 1992).21. Bernard, Le sydicalisme dans l'enseignement, 14.22. Ibid., 15.23. “Institutrice de Pantin et le propagande défaitiste,” Le Petit Parisien, 20 November 1917, 2.24. Bulletin Générate de la Fédération des Amicales, March 1915,133, February 1915,82, and June 1915, 303.25. Circular (October 1917), Fonds Dommanget, dossier 115, IFHS, Paris.26. Police report, 26 March 1918, Series F‐713743, National Archives, Paris.27. Letter from Lucie Colliard addressed to Hélène Brion, 1 July 1917, Series B/A 1562, Police Archives, Paris. This letter was never received as it was intercepted by French security police and placed in their permanent dossier on subversive pacifist teachers.28. Letter to the Ministry of the Interior, 25 February 1918, Series F‐7 13743, National Archives, Paris.29. Two Paris newspapers, a morning and an evening edition with large circulations, attacked Brion: Le Matin, 19 November 1917, and Le Petit Parisien, 19 November 1917.30. Jean Maitron, ed., Dictionmire Biographique iu Mouvement Ouvrier Français vol. 2, pt. 3:18711914, 60.31. Bouët, Les Pionniers iu syniucalisme universitaire, 12–14.32. Police report, 25 January 1918, Series F‐713743, National Archives, Paris.33. See Norman Ingram, “The Circulaire Chantemps, 1933: The Third Republic Discovers Conscientious Objection,” French Historical Studies 17, no. 2 (Fall 1991): 387–409. See also Burns H. Weston, Human Rights in the World Community: Issues and Action (Philadelphia, 1989)

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• History Is the Opposite of Forgetting

  Mona L Siegel, Mona Siegel•The Journal of Modern History•2002

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• The Circulaire Chautemps, 1933

  Norman Ingram•French Historical Studies•1991

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