Circumscription by Anthropogenic Environmental Destruction

Carneiro (1970) asserts that social and environmental 'circumscription' were primary stimuli for the emergence of the archaic state. He presents the environment as an essentially fixed set of natural conditions which impose constraints upon society. However, paleoenvironmental research and contemporary experience indicate that desertification, deforestation, salinization, and other salient environmental conditions confronting early states were neither fixed nor natural, but apparently dynamic products of direct human ecological intervention. This paper reviews evidence from southern Mesopotamia and suggests that Carneiro's thesis be amended to include changing patterns of 'artificial' circumscription brought about by anthropogenic environmental destruction

Archaeology · Biology · Circumscription · Deforestation (computer science) · Desertification · Environmental ethics · Geography · Natural (archaeology) · Salient · State (computer science) · Ancient Near East History · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies · Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science · Ecology · Mathematics · Philosophy · Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology

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