Travel to allies or adversaries? A compositional analysis of U.S. diplomatic visits

Bibliographic Data

ID10764704
AuthorsJonghoon Lee (0000-0002-7059-3126, Department of Political Science Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA), James D Kim (0000-0002-1412-1132, Security Studies Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts USA, corresponding author)
Year2024
Volume105
Issue4
Pages996-1013
Publication date2024-07-01
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueSocial Science Quarterly (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0038-4941 • E-ISSN: 1540-6237
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/ssqu.13348
OpenAlexW4392131675
LanguageEN
Citations received7
References cited40

Objective When and why do U.S. leaders visit their allies or adversaries? Much of the literature on diplomatic visits treats each visit as an independent observation. In this article, we analyze high‐level diplomatic visits as compositional data based on the assumption that they are scarce political resources. Methods We conduct a compositional analysis of U.S. high‐level officials' diplomatic visits between 1950 and 2010. Results We find that U.S. diplomatic visits to its allies are defense‐oriented, so leaders spend more time touring them during their security crises to signal reassurance. Additionally, we find that visits to adversaries are motivated by leaders' domestic political concerns, particularly their high public unpopularity. Visiting a hostile country is a challenging and salient foreign policy task, providing a high‐profile opportunity to improve their domestic image and standing. This effect is particularly significant in a divided government, where leaders turn to foreign policy to maximize domestic political impacts amid domestic gridlock. Conclusion The findings suggest that U.S. leaders travel to allies and adversaries for distinct strategic purposes. Furthermore, our study suggests that future research on diplomatic visits should use a compositional variable approach to better model the dynamics and competitive nature of travel diplomacy

Demographic economics · Economics · Political science · European Union Policy and Governance · International Development and Aid · International Relations and Foreign Policy

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