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Racial Equity by Design

Forming Transformative Agency to Address the Racialization of School Discipline

Bibliographic Data

ID10856490
AuthorsDosun Ko (0000-0001-5159-9736, Wichita State University, corresponding author), Aydin Bal (0000-0001-7246-5876, University of Wisconsin–Madison), Alfredo J Artiles (0000-0001-5772-0787, Stanford University)
Year2024
Volume59
Issue3
Pages660-693
Publication date2024-03-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueUrban Education (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0042-0859 • E-ISSN: 1552-8340
PublisherSAGE Publications (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1177/00420859221081774
OpenAlexW4212891297
LanguageEN
Citations received12
References cited49

Racial disproportionality in school discipline is an enduring systemic problem whose patterns change from one context to another. In order to develop systemic solutions that are responsive to local contexts, school stakeholders’ collective, agentic actions toward systemic changes are essential. Utilizing a participatory systemic design process led by an urban high school community, this case study examines how Learning Lab, an inclusive problem-solving process, fostered urban school stakeholders’ transformative agency. Through structured decision-making and collaborative design activity, Learning Lab participants analyzed systemic contradictions in the school discipline system and developed a culturally responsive behavioral support system to address racial disproportionality in discipline outcomes

Agency (philosophy) · Context (archaeology) · Equity (law) · Pedagogy · Political science · Public relations · Race (biology) · Racialization · School Discipline · Social science · Sociology · Transformative learning · Behavioral and Psychological Studies · Education Discipline and Inequality · Gender Studies · Teacher Education and Leadership Studies

  • A Developmental History of Change Laboratories in Schools

    Open Access•Nick Hopwood•Éducation & didactique•2025

  • Beyond Static Markers in Disproportionality Research

    Open Access•David Osher, Alfredo J Artiles et al.•Behavioral Disorders•2026

  • An Intersectional Examination of the Master Narrative of Emotional and Behavioral Disorder and Its Entanglements With Multilingual Learners With Learning Disabilities Within the Least Restrictive Environment

    Open Access•Sarah Salinas, David I Hernández-Saca et al.•Behavioral Disorders•2026

  • Culturally Sustaining Inclusive Systemic Design to Address Overrepresentation of Students of Color with and without Dis/abilities in Exclusionary Practices

    Dosun Ko, Yehyang Lee•Equity & Excellence in Education•2024

  • Excluded lives

    H Daniels, Ian Thompson•Oxford Review of Education•2024

  • Organizing Possible Futures

    Open Access•Dosun Ko, Dian Mawene et al.•Review of Educational Research•2024

  • Fostering inclusive futures

    Inna Stepaniuk, Olabanji Onipede•Critical Policy Studies•2025

  • Indigenous learning lab as prefigurative political action to dismantle settler-colonial system of exclusion

    Dosun Ko, Aydin Bal et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Fugitive future making

    Dosun Ko, Aydin Bal et al.•The Review of Education Pedagogy…•2023

  • Teachers’ transformative agency in a Change Laboratory in a Finnish elementary school

    Open Access•Sakari Hyrkkö, A Kajamaa•Teaching and Teacher Education•2025

  • Reflections on the Iscar 2024 Congress

    A Stetsenko, Aydin Bal et al.•Mind Culture and Activity•2024

  • Learning lab as a utopian methodology for future making

    Dosun Ko, Aydin Bal et al.•Mind Culture and Activity•2023

  • The Pedagogy of Pathologization

    Subini Ancy Annamma•Pedagogy of Pathologization•2017

  • The School Discipline Dilemma

    Open Access•R O Welsh, Shafiqua Little•Review of Educational Research•2018

  • Studies in Expansive Learning

    Open Access•Yrjö Engeström•Studies in Expansive Learning•2016

  • The emergence of learners’ transformative agency in a Change Laboratory intervention

    Arja Haapasaari, Yrjö Engeström et al.•British Journal of Education & Work•2016

  • Participatory Design Research and Educational Justice

    Megan Bang, Shirin Vossoughi•Cognition and Instruction•2016

  • Conjecture Mapping

    William A Sandoval, William Sandoval•Journal of the Learning Sciences•2014

  • Rethinking Race and Power in Design-Based Research

    Sepehr Vakil, Maxine Mckinney De Royston et al.•Cognition and Instruction•2016

  • Formative Interventions for Expansive Learning and Transformative Agency

    Annalisa Sannino, Yrjö Engeström et al.•Journal of the Learning Sciences•2016

  • (Re)Imagining Black Boyhood

    Michael J Dumas, Joseph Derrick Nelson•Harvard Educational Review•2016

  • Studies of expansive learning

    Open Access•Yrjö Engeström, Annalisa Sannino•Educational Research Review•2010

  • Race Is Not Neutral

    Russell J Skiba, Robert H Horner et al.•School Psychology Review•2011

  • Principles of Collaborative Education Research With Stakeholders

    Open Access•W R Penuel, Robbin Riedy et al.•Review of Educational Research•2020

  • The emergence of transformative agency and double stimulation

    Open Access•Annalisa Sannino•Learning Culture and Social…•2015

  • Transformative agency

    Open Access•Arja Haapasaari, Hannele Kerosuo•Learning Culture and Social…•2015

  • Activity theory as an activist and interventionist theory

    Open Access•Annalisa Sannino•Theory & Psychology•2011

  • I’m Here for the Hard Re-Set

    Gloria Ladson-Billings•Equity & Excellence in Education•2021

  • On the Methodological Demands of Formative Interventions

    Yrjö Engeström, Annalisa Sannino et al.•Mind Culture and Activity•2014

  • Youth Participatory Action Research Findings as Mirror Material

    Melanie Bertrand, Dawn Demps•Mind Culture and Activity•2018

  • Agency in the making

    Open Access•A Kajamaa, Kristiina Kumpulainen•Mind Culture and Activity•2019

  • From mediated actions to heterogenous coalitions

    Open Access•Yrjö Engeström, Annalisa Sannino•Mind Culture and Activity•2021

  • Supportive, not punitive, practices reduce homophobic bullying and improve school connectedness

    Open Access•Jack K Day, Shannon Snapp et al.•Psychology of Sexual Orientation…•2016

  • Social and emotional learning is hegemonic miseducation

    Patrick Roz Camangian, Patrick Camangian et al.•Race Ethnicity and Education•2021

  • Pedagogy of fear

    Zeus Leonardo, Ronald K Porter•Race Ethnicity and Education•2010

  • Transformative agency for justice

    Dosun Ko, Aydin Bal et al.•Race Ethnicity and Education•2021

  • Culturally responsive positive behavioral interventions and supports

    Aydin Bal•The Review of Education Pedagogy…•2018

  • African American high school students and variability in behavior across classrooms

    Open Access•Andrea Gregory, Anne Gregory et al.•Journal of Community Psychology•2010

  • I Want To Learn But They Won’t Let Me

    Open Access•Charles Bell, Tiffany Puckett•Urban Education•2023

  • You Can’t Fix What You Don’t Look At

    Open Access•Prudence L Carter, Russell Skiba et al.•Urban Education•2017

  • Fourteenth Annual Brown Lecture in Education Research

    Open Access•Alfredo J Artiles•Educational Researcher•2019

  • School Suspensions

    Judith P Ruchkin•Educational Researcher•1979

  • The Achievement Gap and the Discipline Gap

    Open Access•Andrea Gregory, Anne Gregory et al.•Educational Researcher•2010

  • A Multilevel Analysis of Statewide Disproportionality in Exclusionary Discipline and the Identification of Emotional Disturbance

    Open Access•Aydin Bal, Jennifer Betters-Bubon et al.•Education and Urban Society•2019

  • Countering Coloniality in Educational Research

    Lisa Patel•Educational Studies•2014

  • Parsing Disciplinary Disproportionality

    Open Access•Russell J Skiba, Choong-Geun Chung et al.•American Educational Research…•2014

  • True Grit? Making a Scientific Object and Pedagogical Tool

    Open Access•Christopher Kirchgasler•American Educational Research…•2018

  • Culturally Responsive School Discipline

    Open Access•Aydin Bal, Kemal Afacan et al.•American Educational Research…•2018

  • Race, Culture, and Researcher Positionality

    Open Access•H R Milner•Educational Researcher•2007

  • Multilevel exploration of factors contributing to the overrepresentation of black students in office disciplinary referrals

    Catherine P Bradshaw, Miaisha M Mitchell et al.•Journal of Educational Psychology•2010

  • Suspending Progress

    Open Access•Brea L Perry, Edward W Morris•American Sociological Review•2014

Unique citing works12
Citations per year3
Citation span2022 - 2026 (5)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 12
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