Towers in the Northern Frontier Defenses of the Ming

This paper is the result of readings, mostly in the MING SHIH-LU, in connection with my research on Sino-Mongol relations during the Ming. While I can claim no special competence in the military matters of that period, after a long delay I have thought it worth-while to bring together materials relating to the watch towers on the northern frontier. Incomplete as my materials are, they will show a great complexity in what on the surface seems to be a simple matter

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