Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

How strong is the relationship between prejudice and discrimination? A meta-analytic answer

Bibliographic Data

ID11207397
AuthorsHeidi Schütz (University of Wuppertal), Bernd Six (0000-0002-4819-5113, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, corresponding author)
Year1996
Volume20
Issue3-4
Pages441-462
Publication date1996-06-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueInternational Journal of Intercultural Relations (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0147-1767 • E-ISSN: 1873-7552
PublisherElsevier BV (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1016/0147-1767(96)00028-4
OpenAlexW1986333185
LanguageEN
Citations received48
References cited69

Correlation · Meta-analysis · Population · Prejudice (legal term · Relation (database · Sociology · Behavioral Health and Interventions · Cultural Differences and Values · Demography · Mathematics · Medicine · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology

  • The process of racial discrimination

    Open Access•Anaïd Lindemann•Frontiers in Sociology•2026

  • Valuing diversity

    Open Access•Lukas Wallrich, Keon West et al.•European Journal of Social…•2022

  • Why Ordinary People Torture Enemy Prisoners

    Open Access•Susan T Fiske, Lasana T Harris et al.•Science•2004

  • Direct Contact as a Moderator of Extended Contact Effects

    Open Access•Oliver Christ, Miles Hewstone et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2010

  • The Association of Cognitive Ability with Right–Wing Ideological Attitudes and Prejudice

    Open Access•Emma Onraet, Alain Van Hiel et al.•European Journal of Personality•2015

  • Evaluation of intergroup dialogue

    Open Access•Adrienne B Dessel, Adrienne Dessel et al.•Conflict Resolution Quarterly•2008

  • Bystander Anti-Racism: A Review of the Literature

    Open Access•Jacqueline K Nelson, Kevin M Dunn et al.•Analyses of Social Issues and…•2011

  • Unshared spaces

    Open Access•Heiko Beyer, Elea Pfleger•Social Forces•2025

  • Wie entwickeln sich behinderungsbezogene Einstellungen im Verlauf eines Freiwilligen Soziales Jahres? Eine Analyse latenter Wachstumskurvenmodelle

    Open Access•Karina Meyer, Ariane S Willems et al.•Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissensch…•2024

  • Jung, feindselig, rechts!? Menschenfeindliche, rechtspopulistische und -extreme Orientierungen im intergenerativen Vergleich

    Open Access•Andreas Zick, Wilhelm Berghan et al.•Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissensch…•2020

  • Is your own team against you? Implicit bias and interpersonal regard in criminal defense

    Joseph J Avery, Jordan Starck et al.•The Journal of Social Psychology•2021

  • Corruption in Latin America

    Open Access•Miguel R Ramos, Marcelo Moriconi•Social Psychological and…•2018

  • Warmth and Competence as Universal Dimensions of Social Perception

    Amy J C Cuddy, Susan T Fiske et al.•Advances in Experimental Social…•2008

  • The Bias map

    Amy J C Cuddy, Susan T Fiske et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2007

  • One Hundred Years of Social Psychology Quantitatively Described

    Open Access•F Richard, F D Richard et al.•Review of General Psychology•2003

  • Who is bullying whom in ethnically diverse primary schools? Exploring links between bullying, ethnicity, and ethnic diversity in Dutch primary schools

    Open Access•J Tolsma, Ioana Van Deurzen et al.•Social Networks•2013

  • Avoidance, antipathy, and aggression

    Open Access•M Kros, Eva Jaspers et al.•Social Networks•2021

  • Explaining Immigrants' Worries About Ethnic Harassment

    Open Access•Christoph Spörlein, Elmar Schlueter•Frontiers in Sociology•2020

  • Bullying as an Expression of Intolerant Schemas

    Open Access•A K Goodboy, Matthew M Martin et al.•Journal of Child & Adolescent…•2016

  • Food Acquisition in Poughkeepsie, NY

    Leonard Nevarez, Kathleen Tobin et al.•Food Culture & Society•2016

  • The Australian Citizens' Parliament

    Open Access•Janette Hartz-Karp, Janette Hartz‐karp et al.•Journal of Public Affairs•2010

  • A bell curve of hate

    Steven K Baum•Journal of Genocide Research•2004

  • Beyond dislike

    Open Access•Emile G Bruneau, Hanna Szekeres et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2019

  • Pro‐Diversity Beliefs and Everyday Ethnic Discrimination on Grounds of Foreign Names

    Open Access•Mathias Kauff, Christian Issmer et al.•Journal of Community & Applied…•2013

  • Sample Sizes and Effect Sizes are Negatively Correlated in Meta-Analyses

    Timothy R Levine, Kelli J Asada et al.•Communication Monographs•2009

  • Defensive Reactions to Masculinity Threat

    Open Access•Paul Glick, Peter Glick et al.•Sex Roles•2007

  • When Is the Time to Hate? A Research Review on the Impact of Dramatic Events on Islamophobia and Islamophobic Hate Crimes in Europe

    Klas Borell•Islam and Christian–Muslim…•2015

  • Understanding the attitude–behaviour relationship

    Open Access•Steven Lawrence Gordon•South African Journal of Psychology•2020

  • Positive intergroup contact decreases the likelihood that prejudicial attitudes become avoidant behavioral tendencies

    Open Access•Sabahat Cigdem Bagci, Abbas Turnuklu et al.•European Journal of Social…•2020

  • Toleration and prejudice‐reduction

    Open Access•M Verkuyten, Kumar Yogeeswaran et al.•European Journal of Social…•2020

  • From prejudice to discrimination

    Open Access•Cicero Roberto Pereira, Cícero Pereira et al.•European Journal of Social…•2010

  • Toleranz versus Vorurteil

    Open Access•Anna Klein, Andreas Zick•KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für…•2013

  • The Role of the Social Environment in the Relationship Between Group-Focused Enmity Towards Social Minorities and Politically Motivated Crime

    Open Access•Yvonne Krieg•KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für…•2022

  • The Syndrome of Group‐Focused Enmity

    Open Access•Andreas Zick, Carina Wolf et al.•Journal of Social Issues•2008

  • Prejudice and Group‐Related Behavior in Germany

    Open Access•Ulla Wagner, Ulrich Wagner et al.•Journal of Social Issues•2008

  • From infra-humanization to discrimination

    Open Access•Cicero Roberto Pereira, Cícero Pereira et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2008

  • Harmful Ideas, The Structure and Consequences of Anti‐Semitic Beliefs inPoland

    Open Access•M Bilewicz, Mikołaj Winiewski et al.•Political Psychology•2013

  • Implicit and explicit interethnic attitudes and ethnic discrimination in hiring

    Open Access•L Blommaert, Anne Maaike Mulders et al.•Social Science Research•2012

  • Explaining immigrants' social distance towards natives

    Open Access•Nora Huth-Stöckle, Elmar Schlueter•Social Science Research•2023

  • Ethnic Discrimination in Recruitment and Decision Makers' Features

    Open Access•L Blommaert, M Coenders et al.•Social Indicators Research•2014

  • Values and Support for Immigration

    Eldad Davidov, Bart Meuleman et al.•European Sociological Review•2008

  • Walking the Talk? What Employers Say Versus What They Do

    Open Access•Devah Pager, L Quillian•American Sociological Review•2005

  • Reaching the Individual

    Open Access•Ana Bracic•American Political Science Review•2016

  • Population Ratios and Prejudice

    T F Pettigrew, Ulla Wagner et al.•New Community•2010

  • What factors explain anti-Muslim prejudice? An assessment of the effects of Muslim population size, institutional characteristics and immigration-related media claims

    Elmar Schlueter, Anu Masso et al.•New Community•2020

  • Attitudes towards Polish immigrants to the Republic of Ireland

    Gunnar B Scheibner, Todd G Morrison•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2009

  • Do attitudes expressed in surveys predict ethnic discrimination

    M Carlsson, Stefan Eriksson•Ethnic and Racial Studies•2017

  • Legitimating Racial Discrimination

    Open Access•Cara A Talaska, Susan T Fiske et al.•Social Justice Research•2008

  • Stereotypes and social cognition

    Jacques Philippe Leyens•Stereotypes and social cognition•1994

  • Handbook of Social Psychology

    Daniel Todd Gilbert, Gardner Lindzey et al.•Handbook of Social Psychology•2012

  • Attitudes and Attitude Change

    Richard E Petty, Duane T Wegener et al.•Annual Review of Psychology•1997

  • Dichotomization of continuous variables

    J E Hunter, Frank L Schmidt•Journal of Applied Psychology•1990

  • Prejudice, discrimination, and racism

    John F Dovidio, Samuel L Gaertner•Prejudice, discrimination, and…•1986

  • The authoritarian personality

    Theodor W Adorno•The authoritarian personality•1969

  • The Relative Effectiveness of Four Attitude Assessment Techniques in Predicting a Criterion

    Open Access•Joseph Kamenetzky, George G Burgess et al.•Educational and Psychological…•1956

  • Dimensions of Contact as Predictors of Intergroup Anxiety, Perceived Out-Group Variability, and Out-Group Attitude

    Open Access•M R Islam, Miles Hewstone•Personality and Social Psychology…•1993

  • Modern Racism and Modern Discrimination

    Open Access•John B Mcconahay•Personality and Social Psychology…•1983

  • Belief similarity and interracial attraction 1

    Open Access•Martin K Moss, Frank Andrasik•Journal of Personality•1973

  • Verbal Attitudes and Overt Behavior

    Lawrence S Linn•Social Forces•1965

  • Attitudes vs. Actions

    Richard T Lapiere•Social Forces•1934

  • Recent unobtrusive studies of Black and White discrimination and prejudice

    Faye Crosby, Faye J Crosby et al.•Psychological Bulletin•1980

  • Attitude-behavior relations

    Icek Ajzen, Martin Fishbein•Psychological Bulletin•1977

  • Predicting Behavior in a Social Influence-Situation from Attitude-Scale Measures of Prejudice

    Open Access•Robert L Montgomery, Russell F Enzie•Psychological Reports•1973

  • Religious Fundamentalism, Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Prejudice

    Open Access•LINDA WYLIE, James J F Forest et al.•Psychological Reports•1992

  • Behavior of Biased and Non-Biased Whites towards Blacks in a Simulated Interaction

    Open Access•A A Sappington•Psychological Reports•1974

  • Relation of Racial Attitudes to Sociometric Choices among Second Grade Children

    Open Access•Paul Alexander Mabe, John E Williams•Psychological Reports•1975

  • An empirical study of ageism

    Open Access•Valerie Braithwaite, Robert M Lynd‐Stevenson et al.•Australian Psychologist•1993

  • Forms of Racism and the Cumulative Dimension of Ethnic Attitudes

    Gerard Kleinpenning, Louk Hagendoorn•Social Psychology Quarterly•1993

  • A Social Psychology of Prejudice

    M Richard Cramer, Douglas W Bethlehem•Social Psychology of Prejudice•2015

  • Racial Stereotypes, Attitudes, and Evaluations of and Behavioral Intentions Toward Negroes and Whites

    John C Brigham•Sociometry•1971

  • Attitudes versus Actions

    Open Access•Allan W Wicker•Journal of Social Issues•1969

  • Attitude, voice, and behavior

    Shirley Weitz•Journal of Personality and Social…•1972

  • Ethnocentric dogmatism and binocular fusion of sexually and racially discrepant stimuli

    Marvin A Iverson, Helen G Schwab•Journal of Personality and Social…•1967

  • Political views and interpersonal behavior

    Amerigo Farina, B M Chapnick et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1972

  • Commitment to action taking as a consequence of congnitive dissonance

    David Marlowe, Robert Frager et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1965

  • Ethnic attitudes and agreement with a Negro person

    Kenneth R Berg•Journal of Personality and Social…•1966

  • Contact and Prejudice Between Germans and Turks

    Open Access•Ulla Wagner, Ulrich Wagner et al.•Human Relations•1989

  • A psychological perspective interpretation of the attitude-behavior relationship

    Open Access•Stephen G Harkins, Lee A Becker•Journal of Experimental Social…•1979

  • Verbal conditioning as a function of race of the experimenter and prejudice of the subject

    Open Access•Edward W L Smith, Theodore R Dixon•Journal of Experimental Social…•1968

  • Prejudice, Ethnic Identity, Contact and Ethnic Group Preferences Among Dutch Young Adolescents

    Open Access•C N Masson, M Verkuyten•Journal of Applied Social…•1993

  • Attitude as an Interactional Concept

    Lyle G Warner, Melvin L Defleur•American Sociological Review•1969

  • Development and evaluation of an attitudes to deafness scale

    Emory L Cowen, Alan M Rockway et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1967

  • Attitude prototypes as determinants of attitude–behavior consistency

    Charles G Lord, Mark R Lepper et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1984

  • Attitudinal and situational determinants of intended behavior toward blacks

    James A Green, James Green•Journal of Personality and Social…•1972

  • Ingroup norms and self-identity as determinants of discriminatory behavior

    Ehor O Boyanowsky, Ehor Boyanowsky et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1973

  • Physical aggression as a function of racial prejudice and the race of the target

    Robert W Genthner, Stuart P Taylor•Journal of Personality and Social…•1973

  • Right-Wing Authoritarianism Among White South African Students

    John Duckitt•The Journal of Social Psychology•1993

  • Verbal Attitudes and Overt Acts

    Melvin L Defleur, Frank R Westie•American Sociological Review•1958

  • Stereotypes, Norms and Interracial Behavior in Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Roger Bastide, Pierre Van Den Berghe•American Sociological Review•1957

  • Attitude and Action

    Robert Brannon, Gary Cyphers et al.•American Sociological Review•1973

  • Perceived Reference Group Support

    James M Fendrich•American Sociological Review•1967

  • Ethnic stereotypes

    John C Brigham•Psychological Bulletin•1971

  • Discrimination and National Welfare

    Joseph E Cunneen, Joseph Cunneen•Thought•1951

  • The prediction of behavior from two attitude scales

    Douglas W Bray•Journal of Abnormal & Social…•1950

  • Verbal Attitudes, Overt Acts, and the Influence of Social Constraint in Interracial Behavior

    Gordon H Defriese, W Scott Ford•Social Problems•1969

  • Attitudes and Behavior

    Howard Schuman, M P Johnson•Annual Review of Sociology•1976

  • Attitudes and Behavior toward Hippies

    Open Access•Renee Hoffman Steffensmeier, Darrell Steffensmeier et al.•Sociological Quarterly•1975

  • Isolation, Powerlessness, and Violence

    H Edward Ransford•American Journal of Sociology•1968

Unique citing works48
Citations per year2,09
Citation span2003 - 2026 (24)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 46

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae