Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Expulsion

A type of forced mobility experienced by homeless people in Canada

Bibliographic Data

ID11670235
AuthorsDrew F Kaufman (0000-0002-8513-9567, University of Toronto, corresponding author)
Year2020
Volume43
Issue3
Pages321-343
Publication date2020-12-31
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueUrban Geography (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0272-3638 • E-ISSN: 1938-2847
PublisherTaylor & Francis (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1080/02723638.2020.1853919
OpenAlexW3117548922
LanguageEN
Citations received18
References cited79

In the last 30 years, researchers have increasingly examined (im)mobility to understand why homelessness continues in the Global North. Studies consistently identify how people experiencing homelessness are excluded and displaced. However, the relationship between social and spatial marginalization is not well understood. In this article, I argue that a more complete understanding of mobility requires joint attention to social exclusion and spatial displacement. I develop the concept of expulsion to examine homeless mobilities. I draw on data from a longitudinal survey of homeless people’s inter-regional mobilities over ten years in Canada. I identify six modes of expulsion: residential expulsions, service exclusions, warehousing, racial banishments, violent expulsions, and ostracism. In each of these instances, people are mobilized to the social exterior while they are simultaneously displaced spatially. By developing a theory of expulsion, this paper contributes a new framework for understanding forced migration, coerced mobility, and involuntary displacement

Criminology · Demographic economics · Displaced person · Displacement (psychology · Forced migration · Mobilities · Ostracism · Political science · Refugee · Social exclusion · Social mobility · Social science · Sociology · Gender Studies · Homelessness and Social Issues · Law · Psychology · Social Psychology · Urban Planning and Governance · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies

  • Patterns of unsheltered homelessness over time

    Open Access•J Rose, Debolina Banerjee et al.•Urban Geography•2026

  • “Don’t care, you gotta move”

    Open Access•Ella Mae Sowards•Social Problems•2026

  • From Free to Forced - Exploring Mobility among People Experiencing Homelessness

    Open Access•Marica Marinović Golubić, Suzana Sakić et al.•Sociologija i Prostor•2023

  • The nature and frequency of homeless contacts with the police

    Daniel Reinhard•Journal of Social Distress and…•2024

  • A comparison of three rural emergency homeless shelters

    Ellen Buck‐McFadyen•Journal of Social Distress and…•2024

  • A place to find community

    Laura Pin, Abishane Suthakaran et al.•Urban Geography•2025

  • The New Urban Displacements? Finance-Led Capitalism, Austerity, and Rental Housing Dynamics

    Alan Walks, Susanne Soederberg•Urban Geography•2021

  • They Stole All My Shit”

    Open Access•Mitra Mokhtari, Carolyn Greene et al.•Socius Sociological Research for…•2025

  • Digital disparities beyond the stably housed

    Open Access•Justine Humphry, Maren Hartmann et al.•Mobile Media & Communication•2024

  • Punishment, support, or discipline? Taking stock of recent debates about homeless governance in neoliberal cities

    Open Access•Garrett L Grainger•Sociology Compass•2021

  • Delineating the Distribution and Impact of Homelessness Among a Large Sample of LGBTQ + People in Australia

    Open Access•Gene Lim, R Grant et al.•Sexuality Research and Social…•2025

  • Homelessness and migration

    Open Access•Yue Gong, Yifang Xu et al.•Population Space and Place•2024

  • Trapped in liminality

    Jon Careless•Studies in Political Economy•2022

  • Understanding the personal networks of people experiencing homelessness in King County, WA with aggregate relational data

    Open Access•Z Almquist, Ihsan Kahveci et al.•Social Networks•2026

  • Unhoused and unhireable? Examining employment biases in service contexts related to perceived warmth and competence of people experiencing houselessness

    Open Access•Larry Martinez, Nicholas A Smith et al.•Journal of Community Psychology•2022

  • Becoming displaceable, feeling displacing, un/doing displacement – Conceptualizing urban residential displacements as dissimilar experiences amidst the global housing affordability crisis

    Open Access•Judith Schnelzer•Urban Geography•2025

  • Housing, health equity, and global capitalist power

    Open Access•A M Weiler, C S Caxaj•Social Science & Medicine•2024

  • Miners on the move

    Open Access•Matthieu Bolay•American Ethnologist•2022

  • Landscapes of Despair

    Jennifer R Wolch, Michael J Dear•Landscapes of Despair•2014

  • The Value of Homelessness

    Craig Willse•The Value of Homelessness:…•2015

  • The At Home/Chez Soi trial protocol

    Open Access•Paula Goering, Paula N Goering et al.•BMJ Open•2011

  • Jail Incarceration, Homelessness, and Mental Health

    Greg A Greenberg, Robert Rosenheck et al.•Psychiatric Services•2008

  • Using thematic analysis in counselling and psychotherapy research

    Open Access•Victoria Clarke, Braun•Counselling and Psychotherapy…•2018

  • Placement Instability and Risky Behaviors of Youth Aging Out of Foster Care

    Open Access•Tonia Stott•Child and Adolescent Social Work…•2012

  • Grundrisse

    Karl Marx•Readings in Economic Sociology•2002

  • New Perspectives on the Public–Private Divide

    Law Commission of Canada•New Perspectives on the…•2007

  • Canadian police agencies and their interactions with persons with a mental illness

    Dorothy Cotton, Terry G Coleman et al.•Police Practice and Research•2010

  • Urban-Rural Migration and Health and Quality of Life in Homeless People

    Diane Gray, Shirley Chau et al.•Journal of Social Distress and…•2011

  • Prison Land

    Brett Story•Prison Land•2019

  • Disrupting the Continuities Among Residential Schools, the Sixties Scoop, and Child Welfare

    Open Access•Holly A Mckenzie, C Varcoe et al.•International Indigenous Policy…•2016

  • Dissemination

    Jacques Derrida, Barbara Johnson•Dissemination•1981

  • ‘Almost like I am in Jail

    Daniel R Kerr, Daniel Kerr•Cultural Studies•2016

  • Beyond Housing

    Open Access•H S Versey, Serene Murad et al.•International Journal of…•2019

  • Policing ‘Vancouver’s mental health crisis’

    Open Access•Jade Boyd, Thomas Kerr•Critical Public Health•2015

  • Housing in crisis

    Open Access•Taylor Fleming, Will Damon et al.•International Journal of Drug…•2019

  • Safer in Jail? A Comparison of Victimization History and Psychological Adjustment Between Previously Homeless and Non-Homeless Incarcerated Women

    Open Access•Kia Åsberg, Kimberly Renk•Feminist Criminology•2014

  • Innovation and Institutionalization

    Alex S Vitale•Policing & Society•2005

  • Associations between migrancy, health and homelessness

    Open Access•Charlotte N E Tompkins, Nat Wright et al.•Health & Social Care in the…•2003

  • Workplace Violence Experiences of Homeless Women and Women Residing in Battered Women Shelters

    Open Access•Debra Gay Anderson, Amanda Fallin et al.•Affilia•2013

  • It Happened More Than Once”

    Sherene Razack, Sherene H Razack•Canadian Journal of Women and the…•2014

  • Mobilities and commons unseen

    Open Access•Martin Šimon, Petr Vašát et al.•GeoJournal•2019

  • Re-thinking residential mobility

    Open Access•Rory Coulter, Maarten Van Ham et al.•Progress in Human Geography•2015

  • Gentrification, Social Mix, and Social Polarization

    R Alan Walks, Richard Maaranen•Urban Geography•2008

  • The right to infrastructure

    Johanna Speer, Jessie Speer•Urban Geography•2016

  • Stuck here

    Bruce O’neill•Urban Geography•2019

  • The Sociospatial Stigmatization of Homeless Women with Children 1

    L Takahashi, Jaime McElroy et al.•Urban Geography•2002

  • Everything You Want is There

    Evelyn J Peters, Vince Robillard•Urban Geography•2009

  • Prevalence and Causes of Urban Homelessness Among Indigenous Peoples

    Jalene Tayler Anderson, D Collins•Housing Studies•2014

  • Housing Histories and Homeless Careers

    Jon May•Housing Studies•2000

  • Gentrification, homelessness, and the work process

    Peter Marcuse•Housing Studies•1989

  • Canadian cities in transition

    Open Access•J B Cullingworth•Cities•1992

  • The local state and homeless shelters

    Open Access•Geoffrey Deverteuil•Cities•2006

  • Service and policy considerations when working with highly mobile homeless youth

    Open Access•Amanda Aykanian•Children and Youth Services Review•2018

  • A Geographic Analysis of Chronically Homeless Adults Before and After Enrollment in a Multi‐Site Supported Housing Initiative

    Open Access•Joyce Tsai, Jack Tsai et al.•American Journal of Community…•2011

  • The Annihilation of Space by Law

    Open Access•Don Mitchell•Antipode•1997

  • Out on the street

    Alex S Keuroghlian, Derri Shtasel et al.•American Journal of Orthopsychiatry•2014

  • Disciplined mobility and carceral geography

    Open Access•Dominique Moran, Laura Piacentini et al.•Transactions of the Institute of…•2011

  • The complex mobilities of homeless people in rural England

    Open Access•Paul Cloke, Paul Milbourne et al.•Geoforum•2003

  • Dis/possessive collectivism

    Open Access•Ananya Roy•Geoforum•2017

  • Gentrification, suburban decline, and the financialization of multi-family rental housing

    Open Access•Martine August, Alan Walks•Geoforum•2017

  • Immigrants and homelessness—at risk in Canada's outer suburbs

    Open Access•Preston, Valerie Preston et al.•Canadian Geographies /…•2009

  • They want a different life”

    Open Access•Julia Christensen•Canadian Geographies /…•2012

  • Gentrification and the Rent Gap

    N T Smith, Neil Smith•Annals of the Association of…•1987

  • Nomadism a Moving Myth? Policies of Exclusion and the Gypsy/Traveller Response1

    Angela Drakakis‐Smith•Mobilities•2007

  • Discursive constructions of homelessness in a small city in the Canadian prairies

    Open Access•Catherine Kingfisher•American Ethnologist•2007

  • The New Urban Frontier

    Neil Smith•The New Urban Frontier•2005

  • No Right to Rest

    Open Access•Tony Robinson•Urban Affairs Review•2019

  • These people should not rest

    Panos Bourlessas•Mobilities•2018

  • The rise of the tent ward

    Open Access•Johanna Speer, Jessie Speer•Political Geography•2018

  • Introduction

    Nick Gill, Javier Caletrío et al.•Mobilities•2011

  • Towards a Politics of Mobility

    Open Access•Tim Cresswell•Environment and Planning D…•2010

  • The New Mobilities Paradigm

    Open Access•Mimi Sheller, John Urry•Environment and Planning A…•2006

  • Homeless Mobility, Institutional Settings, and the New Poverty Management

    Open Access•Geoffrey Deverteuil•Environment and Planning A…•2003

  • Neoliberalism, Contingency and Urban Policy

    Open Access•J Hackworth, Abigail Moriah•International Journal of Urban…•2006

  • Complaint-Oriented Policing

    Open Access•Cedric Herring•American Sociological Review•2019

  • Fixed in Mobility

    Open Access•M Benson, Emma Jackson•International Journal of Urban…•2012

  • Homelessness, Travel Behavior, and the Politics of Transportation Mobilities in Long Beach, California

    Open Access•Christine L Jocoy, Vincent J Del Casino•Environment and Planning A…•2010

  • Disorderly People

    Joselyn C Morley, Joe Hermer et al.•Labour / Le Travail•2003

  • Urban makeovers, homeless encampments, and the aesthetics of displacement

    Johanna Speer, Jessie Speer•Social & Cultural Geography•2019

  • Social Exclusion, Mobility and Access

    Open Access•Noel Ca, Noel Cass et al.•The Sociological Review•2005

  • Expulsions

    Sassen, Saskia Sassen•Expulsions•2014

  • Putting on the moves

    Open Access•Ravi Pendakur, Nathan Young•Demographic Research•2013

  • The Myth of the Migrant Homeless

    Open Access•Christine Lindquist, Christine H Lindquist et al.•Sociological Perspectives•1999

  • Pervasive Penality

    Open Access•Cedric Herring, Chris Herring et al.•Social Problems•2019

  • Eviction and the Reproduction of Urban Poverty

    M Desmond•American Journal of Sociology•2012

Unique citing works18
Citations per year3,6
Citation span2021 - 2026 (6)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 18

Tools

Open DOI
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae