Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

The Object of Desire

How Being Objectified Creates Sexual Pressure for Women in Heterosexual Relationships

Bibliographic Data

ID12005145
AuthorsLaura R Ramsey (0000-0001-5713-4526, Bridgewater State University, corresponding author), Tiffany Hoyt (Bridgewater State University)
Year2014
Volume39
Issue2
Pages151-170
Publication date2014-07-31
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenuePsychology of Women Quarterly (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0361-6843 • E-ISSN: 1471-6402
PublisherSAGE Publishing (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1177/0361684314544679
OpenAlexW2077390958
LanguageEN
Citations received43
References cited94

Although the objectification of women is widespread, there is relatively little research on objectification in romantic relationships. The purpose of our research was to explore how partner-objectification might be related to sexual pressure and coercion in heterosexual relationships. Two studies were conducted, one with heterosexual men and one with heterosexual women as participants. An online survey of 119 heterosexual men in the United States demonstrated that men who frequently survey their partners’ bodies are more likely to sexually pressure and coerce their partners—primarily because partner-surveillance is related to feelings of shame regarding one’s partner’s body, which in turn is related to increased sexual pressure and coercion. An online survey of 162 heterosexual women in the United States demonstrated feeling objectified by a partner is related to several (but not all) measures of sexual pressure and coercion. Furthermore, women who felt that their partners frequently surveyed their bodies were more likely to experience self-surveillance, which in turn predicted increased body shame and lowered sexual agency. Our research can inform interventions aimed at reducing sexual coercion and spark future research on the distinction between physical attraction and objectification in the context of romantic relationships

Coercion (linguistics · Context (archaeology · Developmental psychology · Feeling · Heterosexuality · Homosexuality · Objectification · Poison control · Psychiatry · Psychological intervention · Romance · Sexual attraction · Sexual behavior · Sexual coercion · Shame · Suicide prevention · Clinical Psychology · Eating Disorders and Behaviors · Medicine · Psychology · Sexual function and dysfunction studies · Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology · Social Psychology

  • Sexual Objectification in Family of Origin, Self-Objectification, Sexual Agency, and Young Adult College Women's Orgasm

    Open Access•Dawn M Szymanski, Graeme Hacker•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2026

  • Associations Between Sexual Coercion and Desire Among Women Partnered with Men

    Open Access•Sara B Chadwick, Andie Brookens et al.•Sex Roles•2026

  • Self-objectification and sexual wellbeing among women

    Open Access•Geovanna da Silva Kasprowicz, Becky L Choma et al.•Body Image•2026

  • From the screen to the bed

    Open Access•Courtney Medina, Chelly Maes et al.•Body Image•2026

  • Les représentations de la non-monogamie consensuelle

    Open Access•M Alarie, Morag Bosom•Genre sexualité & société•2022

  • When perceived partner-objectification contaminates women’s self-esteem

    Open Access•Dirk Kranz•Current Psychology•2025

  • Sins of the flesh

    Christopher T Burris, John K Rempel et al.•Psychology of Religion and…•2020

  • Unveiling Nuance

    Open Access•Spring Cooper, Ira Memaj et al.•Sexuality & Culture•2026

  • Partner–objectification in romantic relationships

    Open Access•Elizabeth A Mahar, Gregory D Webster et al.•Personal Relationships•2020

  • Sexual Object or Sexual Subject? Media Use, Self-Sexualization, and Sexual Agency Among Undergraduate Women

    Open Access•Lori M Ward, Rita C Seabrook et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2017

  • Looking Backward and Moving Forward

    Open Access•Janice D Yoder•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2015

  • Pathways to Pleasure and Protection

    Open Access•Jennifer F Chmielewski, Christin P Bowman et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2020

  • Who Is in Charge? Partner-Sexual Objectification, Personal Power, and Relationship Satisfaction in Heterosexual Women

    Open Access•Chiara Pecini, Gian Antonio Di Bernardo et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2024

  • Perceived Humanization by Intimate Partners during Pregnancy Is Associated with fewer Depressive Symptoms, Less Body Dissatisfaction, and Greater Sexual Satisfaction through Reduced Self-Objectification

    Open Access•Rebecca L Brock, Erin L Ramsdell et al.•Sex Roles•2020

  • Objectification in Heterosexual Romantic Relationships

    Open Access•Guy Saez, Abigail R Riemer et al.•Sex Roles•2019

  • Objectifying Women’s Bodies is Acceptable from an Intimate Perpetrator, at Least for Female Sexists

    Open Access•María Lameiras Fernández, María Lameiras-Fernández et al.•Sex Roles•2017

  • Gender Scripts and Female Sexual Functioning

    Agathe Scappini, Giulia Fioravanti•The Journal of Sex Research•2022

  • Stigma Surrounding Sexually Transmitted Infections among Medical Students in Germany

    Viola Klein, Franziska Brünner et al.•The Journal of Sex Research•2020

  • Sleeping With Younger Men

    M Alarie•The Journal of Sex Research•2019

  • Our Scripted Sexuality

    Open Access•Rita C Seabrook, Lori M Ward et al.•Emerging Adulthood•2016

  • Not All That Glitters Is Gold

    Open Access•Anna Cardelli, Camilla Matera et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Men and women’s self-objectification, objectification of women, and sexist beliefs

    Sarah J Harsey, Eileen L Zurbriggen•Self and Identity•2020

  • How insecure attachment links with romantic relationship satisfaction among young males

    Open Access•Lei Yang, Bin Bai et al.•Asian Journal Of Social Psychology•2025

  • Je ne suis pas une cougar! »

    Open Access•M Alarie•Recherches féministes•2019

  • Self-Objectification and Sexuality

    Open Access•Rotem Kahalon, Viola Klein•The Journal of Sex Research•2025

  • Class and Gender Violence

    Open Access•Claudia Doiciar, Remus Creţan•Societies•2025

  • Longitudinal assessment of the association between the use of sexually explicit material, hyperfemininity, and sexual agency in adolescent women

    Viola Klein, Sandra Sevic et al.•Psychology and Sexuality•2020

  • A sexual empowerment process predicting heterosexual women’s sexual pleasure

    Rose Grace Grose•Psychology and Sexuality•2024

  • Body image self-consciousness and sexting among heterosexual and non-exclusively heterosexual individuals

    Open Access•Dominika Howard, Bianca Klettke et al.•New Media & Society•2020

  • Stop looking at me! associations between men's partner‐objectification and women's self‐objectification, body shame and life satisfaction in romantic relationships

    Open Access•Chiara Pecini, Gian Antonio Di Bernardo et al.•Journal of Community & Applied…•2022

  • I Felt as If My Body Wasn’t Mine Anymore

    Open Access•T K Logan, Jennifer Cole•Journal of Family Violence•2022

  • An Exploratory Study of Safety Scenario Planning Among Ex-Partner Stalking Victims

    Open Access•T K Logan, Robert Walker•Journal of Family Violence•2024

  • Love Me Inside Out

    Open Access•Olivia R Checkalski, Chiara Pecini et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2025

  • Parenting, Communication about Sexuality, and the Development of Adolescent Womens’ Sexual Agency

    Open Access•Viola Klein, Verena Klein et al.•Journal of Youth and Adolescence•2018

  • Self‐objectification and sexual dysfunction among women

    Open Access•Rotem Kahalon, Viola Klein et al.•European Journal of Social…•2024

  • Sex is power belief and women’s mental health

    Open Access•Matthias De Wilde, Annalisa Casini et al.•European Journal of Social…•2020

  • Media and Sexualization

    Lori M Ward•The Journal of Sex Research•2016

  • The Dual Role of Media Internalization in Adolescent Sexual Behavior

    Open Access•Ann Rousseau, Ine Beyens et al.•Archives of Sexual Behavior•2017

  • Female erotic desire

    Tereza Škubalová•Human Affairs•2018

  • Sexualization of Girls

    Open Access•Sharon Lamb, Julie Koven•SAGE Open•2019

  • The relationship between different types of objectification, sexual pressure, and relationship satisfaction in Chinese heterosexual dating relationships

    Open Access•Qinglong Guo, Yang Wang et al.•Journal of Social and Personal…•2022

  • The dual lens of objectification

    Open Access•Katie Read, Dilan Kılıç et al.•Journal of Social and Personal…•2025

  • Sexualized, objectified, but not satisfied

    Open Access•Laura R Ramsey, Justin A Marotta et al.•Journal of Social and Personal…•2017

  • Empowering or Oppressing? Development and Exploration of the Enjoyment of Sexualization Scale

    Open Access•Miriam Li, Miriam Liss et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2011

  • Objects Don’t Object

    Open Access•Rachel M Calogero•Psychological Science•2013

  • The Swimsuit Becomes Us All

    Open Access•Michelle R Hebl, Edward B King et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2004

  • Integrating Sexual Objectification With Object Versus Person Recognition

    Open Access•Philippe Bernard, Sarah J Gervai et al.•Psychological Science•2012

  • Interacting Like a Body

    Open Access•Tamar Saguy, Diane M Quinn et al.•Psychological Science•2010

  • The Role of Self-Objectification in Women's Sexual Functioning

    Amy Steer, Marika Tiggemann•Journal of Social and Clinical…•2008

  • Depicting Women as Sex Objects in Television Advertising

    Open Access•Howard Lavine, Donna Sweeney et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•1999

  • Mediation Analysis in Social Psychology

    Open Access•Derek D Rucker, Kristopher J Preacher et al.•Social and Personality Psychology…•2011

  • Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models

    Open Access•Kristopher J Preacher, Andrew F Hayes•Behavior Research Methods•2008

  • Amazon's Mechanical Turk

    Open Access•Michael D Buhrmester, Michael Buhrmester et al.•Perspectives on Psychological…•2011

  • Sex differences in human mate preferences

    Open Access•David M Bu, David M Buss•Behavioral and Brain Sciences•1989

  • Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power

    Sandra Lee Bartky•Feminist Theory Reader•2020

  • Sex and social justice

    Martha Nussbaum•Sex and social justice•2000

  • Women's Sports Media, Self-Objectification, and Mental Health in Black and White Adolescent Females

    Open Access•Kristen Harrison, Barbara L Fredrickson•Journal of Communication•2003

  • Selective Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency

    Albert Bandura•Journal of Moral Education•2002

  • Femininity Ideology and Sexual Health in Young Women

    Nicola Curtin, Lori M Ward et al.•International Journal of Sexual…•2011

  • Gender differences in power and self‐disclosure in dating and married couples

    Open Access•Bernard I Murstein, Elizabeth R Adler•Personal Relationships•1995

  • Dis/Embodied Voices

    Celeste Hirschman, Emily Impett et al.•Sexuality Research and Social…•2006

  • Effects of exposure to objectified male and female media images on men's psychological well-being

    Philip J Johnson, Donald R Mccreary et al.•Psychology of Men & Masculinity•2007

  • Show me the data! Empirical support for the “centerfold syndrome”

    Paul J Wright•Psychology of Men & Masculinity•2011

  • Sexual self-schemas of heterosexual men

    William B Elder, Gary R Brooks et al.•Psychology of Men & Masculinity•2011

  • Objects of desire

    Megan Kozak, Heidi Frankenhauser et al.•Psychology of Men & Masculinity•2009

  • Associations among men's sexist attitudes, objectification of women, and their own drive for muscularity

    Viren Swami, Martin Voracek•Psychology of Men & Masculinity•2012

  • Sexual Objectification in Music Videos

    Jennifer Stevens Aubrey, Cynthia M Frisby•Mass Communication & Society•2011

  • Equal Opportunity Objectification? The Sexualization of Men and Women on the Cover of Rolling Stone

    Open Access•Erin Hatton, Mary Nell Trautner•Sexuality & Culture•2011

  • Gender, Pubertal Development, and Peer Sexual Harassment Predict Objectified Body Consciousness in Early Adolescence

    Open Access•Sara M Lindberg, Shelly Grabe et al.•Journal of Research on Adolescence•2007

  • A Feminist Analysis of Popular Music

    Brook Bretthauer, Toni Schindler Zimmerman et al.•Journal of Feminist Family Therapy•2007

  • Complimentary Weightism

    Open Access•Rachel M Calogero, Sylvia Herbozo et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2009

  • Pornography Consumption and Opposition to Affirmative Action for Women

    Open Access•Paul J Wright, Michelle Funk et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2013

  • Killing Us Softly? Investigating Portrayals of Women and Men in Contemporary Magazine Advertisements

    Open Access•Terri D Conley, Laura R Ramsey•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2011

  • Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale

    Open Access•Holly B Kozee, Tracy L Tylka et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2007

  • Looking Good, Sounding Good

    Open Access•Deborah L Tolman, Emily Impett et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2006

  • The Role of Self-Objectification in Disordered Eating, Depressed Mood, and Sexual Functioning Among Women

    Open Access•Marika Tiggemann, Elyse Williams•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2011

  • Objectifying Media

    Open Access•Silvia Galdi, A Maa et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2013

  • The Objectified Body Consciousness Scale

    Open Access•Nita Mary McKinley, Janet Shibley Hyde•Psychology of Women Quarterly•1996

  • When What You See Is What You Get

    Open Access•Sarah J Gervai, Sarah J Gervais et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2011

  • Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2000–2004

    Open Access•Jacquelyn W White•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2005

  • Revising the SES

    Open Access•Mary P Ko, Antonia Abbey et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2007

  • An Examination of the Contextual Determinants of Self-Objectification

    Open Access•Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Kelley Reynard et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2012

  • You Looking at Her “Hot” Body May Not be “Cool” for Me

    Open Access•Tracy L Tylka, Ashley M Kroon Van Diest•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2014

  • Objectification Theory

    Open Access•Barbara L Fredrickson, Tomi-Ann Roberts et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•1997

  • Sexual Objectification Increases Rape Victim Blame and Decreases Perceived Suffering

    Open Access•Steve Loughnan, Afroditi Pina et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2013

  • A Test of Objectification Theory with Lesbian Women

    Open Access•Holly B Kozee, Tracy L Tylka•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2006

  • Objectification Theory and Psychology of Women

    Open Access•Bonnie Moradi, Yuping Huang et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2008

  • Qualitative Analysis of Women's Experiences of Sexual Aggression

    Open Access•Maria Testa, Jennifer A Livingston•Psychology of Women Quarterly•1999

  • The Effects of Viewing R-rated Movie Scenes That Objectify Women on Perceptions of Date Rape

    Open Access•Michael A Milburn, Roxanne Mather et al.•Sex Roles•2000

  • Being a Body

    Open Access•Elisa Puvia, Jeroen Vaes•Sex Roles•2012

  • Social Comparison and the ‘Circle of Objectification’

    Open Access•Danielle Lindner, Stacey Tantleff-Dunn et al.•Sex Roles•2012

  • Self- and Partner-objectification in Romantic Relationships

    Open Access•Eileen L Zurbriggen, Laura R Ramsey et al.•Sex Roles•2011

  • Body on My Mind

    Open Access•Diane M Quinn, Rachel W Kallen et al.•Sex Roles•2006

  • Development of the Conformity to Feminine Norms Inventory

    Open Access•James R Mahalik, Elisabeth B Morray et al.•Sex Roles•2005

  • College Men, Their Magazines, and Sex

    Open Access•Laramie D Taylor•Sex Roles•2006

  • The Role of Self-objectification in Women’s Depression

    Open Access•Dawn M Szymanski, Stacy L Henning•Sex Roles•2006

  • Women Who Objectify Other Women

    Open Access•Peter Strelan, Duane Hargreaves•Sex Roles•2005

  • Others as Objects

    Open Access•Anna-Kaisa Newheiser, Anna‐kaisa Newheiser et al.•Sex Roles•2010

  • Eroticizing Men

    Open Access•Deana A Rohlinger•Sex Roles•2002

  • Objectification Theory as It Relates to Disordered Eating Among College Women

    Open Access•Tracy L Tylka, Melanie S Hill et al.•Sex Roles•2004

  • Feminism

    Open Access•Molly M Hurt, Jaclyn A Nelson et al.•Sex Roles•2007

  • The Romance of Self-objectification

    Open Access•Diana T Sanchez, Tara L Broccoli•Sex Roles•2008

  • Manipulation and force as sexual coercion tactics

    Open Access•Amy E Lyndon, Jacquelyn W White et al.•Aggressive Behavior•2007

  • Everyday Sexism

    Open Access•Janet K Swim, Lauri L Hyers et al.•Journal of Social Issues•2001

  • Tactics of sexual coercion

    Cindy Struckman‐johnson, David Struckman‐Johnson et al.•The Journal of Sex Research•2003

  • Sexual Self-Concept and Sexual Self-Efficacy in Adolescents

    Sharon S Rostosky, Olga Dekhtyar et al.•The Journal of Sex Research•2008

  • More than a body

    Kurt Gray, Joshua Knobe et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2011

  • The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory

    Paul Glick, Peter Glick et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1996

  • Gender differences in effects of physical attractiveness on romantic attraction

    Alan Feingold•Journal of Personality and Social…•1990

  • From women to objects

    Open Access•Nathan A Heflick, Jamie L Goldenberg et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2010

  • Status incongruity and backlash effects

    Open Access•Laurie A Rudman, Corinne A Moss-Racusin et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2011

  • Objectifying Sarah Palin

    Open Access•Nathan A Heflick, Jamie L Goldenberg•Journal of Experimental Social…•2009

  • Handling Item-Level Missing Data

    Open Access•Mike C Parent•The Counseling Psychologist•2012

  • To Be Seen and Not Heard

    Open Access•Emily Impett, Deborah Schooler et al.•Archives of Sexual Behavior•2006

  • Body Concerns In and Out of the Bedroom

    Open Access•Diana T Sanchez, Amy K Kiefer•Archives of Sexual Behavior•2007

  • The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research

    Reuben M Baron, D A Kenny•Journal of Personality and Social…•1986

  • A Theory of Social Comparison Processes

    Open Access•Leon Festinger•Human Relations•1954

  • The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research

    Reuben M Baron, D A Kenny•Journal of Personality and Social…•1986

  • Power and the objectification of social targets

    Deborah H Gruenfeld, M Ena Inesi et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2008

  • Aggressive erotica and violence against women

    Edward Donnerstein•Journal of Personality and Social…•1980

  • Effects of long-term exposure to violent and sexually degrading depictions of women

    Daniel Linz, Daniel G Linz et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1988

  • That swimsuit becomes you

    Barbara L Fredrickson, Tomi-Ann Roberts et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1998

  • Of Animals and Objects

    Open Access•Laurie A Rudman, Kris Mescher•Personality and Social Psychology…•2012

  • Predicting Coercive Sexual Behavior Across the Lifespan in a Random Sample of Canadian Men

    Open Access•Charlene Y Senn, Serge Desmarai et al.•Journal of Social and Personal…•2000

  • Athlete Aggression on the Rink and off the Ice

    Open Access•Nick T Pappas, Patrick C Mckenry et al.•Men and Masculinities•2004

Unique citing works43
Citations per year3,91
Citation span2015 - 2026 (12)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 41

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae