Overt, Covert, And Subtle Sexism
A Comparison Between the Attitudes Toward Women and Modern Sexism Scales
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 12005697 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Janet K Swim (0000-0002-3279-1308, Pennsylvania State University), Laurie Cohen (0000-0002-5743-6951, Pennsylvania State University), Laurie L Cohen (Pennsylvania State University) |
| Year | 1997 |
| Volume | 21 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 103-118 |
| Publication date | 1997-03-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Psychology of Women Quarterly (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0361-6843 • E-ISSN: 1471-6402 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publishing (PUBLISHER • US) |
| DOI | 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00103.x |
| OpenAlex | W1529307694 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 175 |
| References cited | 17 |
The Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS) is routinely used as a general measure of sexism. In this article, it is argued that the AWS (Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1973) actually measures overt or blatant sexism (harmful and unequal treatment of women that is intentional, visible, and unambiguous), whereas the Modern Sexism Scale (MS) measures covert or subtle forms of sexism (sexism that is either hidden and clandestine or unnoticed because it is built into cultural and societal norms). Support for this distinction is shown by way of (a) confirmatory factor analyses, (b) correlations with affective reactions to different categories of women and men (i.e., women and men in general, traditional women and men, feminists, and chauvinists), and (c) correlations with perceptions of sexual harassment. These analyses indicate that the AWS and MS scales measure distinct but related constructs
Confirmatory factor analysis · Covert · Developmental psychology · Harassment · Perception · Prejudice (legal term · Scale (ratio · Structural equation modeling · Gender Roles and Identity Studies · Psychology · Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
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| Unique citing works | 175 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 5,65 |
| Citation span | 1995 - 2026 (32) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 172 |