In Defence of the West

In the history of NATO, lack of Atlantic communality is a recurring theme. Atlantic cohesion was constantly challenged. However, the discord among NATO members rarely threatened the very existence of the Alliance. The late 1950s and early 1960s witnessed such a rare occurrence. In Europe the question of nuclear sharing triggered the development of blue-prints for a step-by-step replacement of the Atlantic security co-operation by a European Security Community. These blueprints were discussed among the EEC member-states and within the forum of the WEU. This study analyses not only those concepts, but also the role of the SACEUR, General Norstad, in defending NATO from external threats and internal decay. By studying the leeway of the SACEUR, this study tries to establish whether the subsystem of the international system, formed by the nations of the North Atlantic area after the Second World War, should be characterised as a system of hegemonic stability or as a pluralistic security community. The article is based on recently declassified archival material from both sides of the Atlantic. Notes 1. Henry A. Kissinger, The Troubled Partnership. A Re-appraisal of the Atlantic Alliance (New York: McGraw-Hill 1965). 2. Stanley Hoffmann, Discord in Community: The North Atlantic Area as a Partial International System, in Francis O. Wilcox and Field Haviland Jr. (eds.), The Atlantic Community Progress and Prospects (New York: Praeger, 1963), 3–31, ibid. 3ff. 3. Robert S. Jordan, Norstad, Cold War NATO Supreme Commander. Airman, Strategist, Commander (Basingstoke: 2000); Gregory Pedlow, Flexible Response before MC 14/3. General Lauris Norstad and the Second Berlin Crisis 1958–62, in Storia delle Relazioni Internationali 13,1 (1998), 235–268. 4. Marc Trachtenberg, A Constructed Peace. The Making of the European Settlement 1945–63 (Princeton: PUP 1999). 5. Statement on the North Atlantic Pact by the Department of State, 20.3.1949, Memorandum of the Counselor of the Department of State Bohlen to the Secretary of State, 31.3.1949, FRUS 1949 IV, 240; 255ff. 6. Ralph Dietl, Une Déception Amoureuse? Great Britain, the Continent and European Nuclear Co-operation 1953–57, Cold War History 3,1(2002), 29–66, 31ff.; Ronald W. Pruessen, Cold War Threats and America's Commitment to the European Defense Community: One corner of a Triangle, Journal of European Integration History, 2/1 (1996), 51–69; Brian R. Duchin, The Agonizing Reappraisal: Eisenhower, Dulles and the European Defence Community, Diplomatic History 16 (1992), 201–21. 7. Long Range Prospects for European Organizations, Briefing Paper Mendès-France Talks, Nov 1954, Dec 1953–Dec 1954 (6). OCB 091 France, box 32, OCB Central File Series, NSC Staff Papers 1948–61, WHO, DDEL; Modified Bowie Draft on European Integration by L.W. Fuller, 12 Apr 1955, NARA RG 59 Lot 66 D 70, Policy Planning Staff, box 97, Europe (2); Report by the Military Committee to the North Atlantic Council on the Most Effective Pattern of NATO Military Strength for the Next Few Years, M.C. 48, 18 November 1954, http://www.NATO.org, NATO Strategic Documents 1949–69; Heuser, Nuclear Strategies, 36. 8. Stikker quoted a statement made by French Foreign Minister Schuman at the Six Power Meetings of Foreign Ministers in Paris 27–30 Dec 1952 to the effect that the EDC would be the lasting defence organisation for Europe whereas NATO was only transitory and "essentially ephemeral," The Secetary of State to the Embassy in France, 15 Feb 1952, FRUS 1952–1954 V, 585ff. footnote 3. 9. Ralph Dietl, Towards a European "Third Force"? Reflections on the European Political and Security Co-operation, 1948–64, in Andreas Wenger/Christian Nuenlist/Anna Locher (eds.). Aspects of NATO History, 1957–1973. Zürcher Beiträge zur Sicherheitspolitik und Konfliktforschung (Zürich: 2006). 10. Ministerial Meeting of the North Atlantic Council, Paris 4–5 May 1957, PRO: 371/124794; Liz Kane, European or Atlantic Community? The Foreign Office and Europe 1955–1957, Journal of European Integration History 3/2 (1997), 83–98; Memo 19 Jul 1956, DDE, Norstad Papers, box 100, Disarmament/Disengagement/Denuclearisation (6); Robert A. Wampler, Die USA, Adenauer und die atomare Strategie, in Rolf Steiniger (ed), Die doppelte Eindämmung. Europäische Sicherheit und Deutsche Frage in den Fünfziger Jahren (Mainz: Hase & Kohler 1993), 261–82; Steven Metz, Eisenhower and the Planning of American Grand Strategy, Journal of Strategic Studies 14 (1991), 49–71; Melvyn O'Driscoll, Missing the Boat? British Policy and French Nuclear Ambitions during the EURATOM Foundation Negotiations 1955–56, Diplomacy & Statecraft 9/1 (1998), 135–62; Ginevra Andreini, EURATOM: An Instrument to Achieve a Nuclear Deterrent? French Nuclear Independence and European Integration during the Mollet Government (1956), Journal of European Integration History 6/1 (2000), 109–28; Saki Dockrill, No Troops, Please—We are American. The Diplomacy of Burden Sharing in the Case of the Radford Plan, 1956, in Hans-Joachim Harder (ed), Von Truman bis Harmel: Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Spannungsfeld von NATO und europäischer Integration (München: Oldenbourg 2000), 121–35; Vortrag des Bundeskanzlers vor den Grandes Conférences Catholiques, Brussels 25 Sep 1956, BA NL Blankenhorn N 1351, 67. 11. Procès-verbal de l'entretien du 6 novembre 1956 entre le président Guy Mollet et le chancelier Adenauer, DDF 1956 III, no. 138; Dr. Carstens, Aufzeichnung betr. Ausbau der Westeuropäischen Union in Richtung auf eine europäische Föderation, 24 Oct 1956, Dr. Heiser, Aufzeichnung betr. Deutsch-französische Zusammenarbeit in der WEU und Belebung der WEU, 3 Nov 1956, PA–AA Refereat 201, Bd. 101; Straub Aufzeichnung über Unterredung des Bundeskanzlers mit Staatspräsident Gronchi, 6 Dec 1956, BA NL Brentano N 1351, Bd. 70; 68th Meeting of the Council of Western European Union, 10 Dec 1956 CR (56) 34, PRO: DG 1/71. 12. Verbatim Record of the 74th and 75th Meeting of the Council, 13/14 Dec 1956, C-VR (56) 74, BA NL Blankenhorn N 1351 Bd. 71; Telegram from the United States Delegation at the North Atlantic Council ministerial Meeting to the Department of State, 14 Dec 1956, FRUS 1955–57 IV, 148. 13. Christian Greiner, Die militärische Integration der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in die WEU und die NATO, 1954–1957, in Klaus A. Maier/Norbert Wiggershaus (eds.), Das Nordatlantische Bündnis 1949–56 (München: Oldenbourg 1993), 75–106; Dietl, Déception Amoureuse, 43. 14. Record of Anglo–American Meeting, US Embassy, Paris, 11 Dec 1956, PRO: PREM 11/1270. 15. Ibid. 16. Norstad–Gruenther, 1 Apr 1957, DDEL, Norstad Papers, box 90, Norstad Personal (2). 17. Norstad–Gruenther, 3. Jan 1957, DDEL, Norstad Papers, box 90, Norstad Personal (2); Note of Minister of Defence Talks with SACEUR, 12 Dec. 1956, PRO: FO 371/131069. 18. Diary December 1956–March 1958, Norstad Papers, box 80, UK 1956–59 (4). 19. Mervyn O'Driscoll, Les Anglo–Saxon, F-I-G and the Rival Conceptions of Advanced Armaments Research and Development Co-operation in Western Europe, 1956–58, Journal of European Integration History, 4/1 (1998), 105–30, ibid. 112f.; Dietl, Déception amoureuse, 44. 20. Ralph Dietl, "Wir müssen Kernwaffen produzieren." Adenauer und die deutsch-französische Nuklearkooperation 1956–1963, in Klaus Schwabe (ed.), Adenauer und Frankreich. Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung zu den deutsch-französischen Beziehungen in Politik, Wirtschaft und Kultur, Bonn 2006, 40–64, 50ff.; Hood Minute 21 Jan 1957, PRO: FO 371/131165. 21. Aufzeichnung über das Gespräch zwischen dem Herrn Bundeskanzler und dem französischen Ministerpräsidenten Guy Mollet im Hotel Matignon in Paris, 19 Feb 1957, StBKAH III/54; Secretary-General's Note, Council of Ministers: Item VI: Future of WEU C (57) 36, 23 Feb 1957, Archief WEU, Periode 1955–64, 999.21 Ministerielle Raad, 10e zitting, WEU 1957, Inv. Nr. 43, 77th Meeting of the Council of Western European Union CR (57) 8, PRO: DG 1/49. 22. Record of Conversation between French Minister of Defence M. Bourgès-Maurnoury, Sir G. Jebb and Sir F. Roberts, 1 Mar 1957, PRO: FO 371/131074. 23. Record of a Meeting at the Hotel Matignon, Paris, 9 Mar 1957, PRO: FO 371/131074. 24. Steel-FO, 16 & 17 Mar 1957, PRO: FO 371/131075. 25. Viscount Hood, Record of Informal Meeting of WEU Council, 17 Mar 1957, PRO: FO 371/131143; SRG/CDH–MDN/SAT–1957–CF.165.0: Conclusion du Conseil de l'UEO du 18 mars 1957. 26. Roberts–FO, 19 Mar 1957, PRO: FO 371/131076. 27. Norstad–Gruenther, 1 Apr 1957, Norstad–Eisenhower, March 1957, Norstad Papers, box 90, Norstad Personal (2). 28. Memorandum for the Record. Conversation between General Norstad and Chancellor Adenauer in Bonn, Germany, 20 March 1957, Norstad Papers, box 104, Memorandum for Record 1957–1958–1959 (8). 29. Jan Melissen, The Politics of US Missile Deployment in Britain1955–59, Storia delle Relazioni Internationali 13/1 (1998), 151–85; Ian Clark and David Angel, Britain, the United States and the Control of Nuclear Weapons, Diplomacy & Statecraft 2/3 (1991), 153–77; Martin S. Navias, Nuclear Weapons and British Strategic Planning 1955–58 (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1991), 214ff; John Baylis, Exchanging Nuclear Secrets: Laying the foundations of the Anglo-American Special Relationship, Diplomatic History 25/1 (2001), 33–51; Matthew Jones, "Anglo-American relations after Suez, the rise and decline of the Working Group experiment, and the French challenge to NATO, 1957–59," Diplomacy & Statecraft, 14, 2 (2003), 49–79, Dietl, Déception Amoureuse, 47f. 30. Von Dziembowski, Aufzeichnung betr. Ergebnisse der NATO-Miniserkonferenz am 2–3 Mai 1957, 14 May 1957, PA–AA, Referat 301, Bd. 37. 31. Weber, Aufzeichnung über ein Gespräch des Herrn Bundeskanzlers mit General Norstad, 21 May 1957, Stiftung Bundeskanzler Adenauerhaus Rhöndorf [STBKAH] III/69. 32. Robert A. Devine, The Sputnik Challenge (New York: OUP, 1993). 33. Baylis, Exchanging Nuclear Secrets, 42ff.; Report to the President and the PM from Lewis Strauss, Donald Quarles, Sir Edwin Plowden and Sir Richard Powell, 25 Oct 1957, PRO: PREM 11/2329: Memorandum of Understanding 25 Oct 1957, Macmillan 23–25 Oct 1957 (4), box 23, International Series, Ann Whitman Files, DDE. 34. Memorandum of Conversation, re: Paul-Henri Spaak's Appointment with the President, 25 Oct 1957, December 1957—NATO Briefing Papers (2), box 27, Administration Series, Ann Whitman Files, DDE, DDEL. 35. Norstad–Eisenhower, 7 Nov 1957, Norstad Papers, box 90, Nuclear Capabilities. 36. Maurice Vaisse, Autour des accords Chaban-Strauss,1956–58, Colette Barbier, Lesnégociations franco-germano-italiennes en vue de l'établissement d'une coopération militaire nucléaire au cours des années 1956–58, Eckhart Conze, Un point de vue allemand, Leopoldo Nuti, Le rôle de l'Italie dans les négociations trilatérales, 1957–1958, in Revue d'histoire diplomatique, 104,2 (1990), 77–158; Leopoldo Nuti, "The F-I-G Story Revisited," in Storia delle Relazioni Internationali 13,1 (1998), 69–100. 37. Roberts to FO, 21 Nov 1957, PRO: FO 371/131036. 38. December Ministerial Meeting, Working Papers submitted by Delegations, 13.12.1957, Military Conso-lidation of NATO by Increasing Military Integration, Annex B/1 to RDC/57/428 (Final), NA RG 59 Executive Secretariat, Conference Files, box 18, US Delegation to NATO, Briefing Book, Paris, December 15–18, 1957. 39. Jebb to FO, 5 Dec 1957, PRO: FO 371/131038. 40. Record of a Franco-British Conversation at the British Embassy, Paris 14 Dec. 1957, PRO: FO 371/131043. 41. Summary Record of Ministerial Meetings of North Atlantic Council, 13–21 Dec. 1957, Afternoon Session, December 16. Heads of Government Meeting: First Plenary Session, PRO: FO 371/137911. 42. United States Delegation to the NATO Heads of Government Meeting, Paris, December 16–18, 1957, Coordinated Defence Development and Production, 17 Dec. 1957, 4 P.M., USDel/MC/27, NA RG 59 Executive Secretariat, Conference Files, box 140, NATO Heads of Government Meeting, Paris, December 1957—Memcoms. 43. US Mission to NATO, 23 Oct 1959, Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM 1958–59 (1). 44. Burgess to SecState, 19 Jun 1959, Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM 1958–59 (1). 45. Amory Houghton to State Dep, 13 Nov 1959, Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM 1958–9 (1). 46. Memorandum of Conversation, Eisenhower–Segni, 5 Dec 1959, Memo of Conversation (1), President's Goodwill Trip December 1959, box 10, International Trips and Meetings, Records of Paul T. Carroll, Office of the Staff Secretary, WHO, DDEL. 47. Norstad to SG NATO 20 Jun 1957, Norstad Papers, box 100, Disarmament/Disengagement/Denuclearisation (3); Control and Inspection, March 1958, Norstad Papers, box 87, Disarmament Plans (3); Appraisal of Rapacki Plan from a Military Point of View, Norstad Papers, box 48, Germany 1956–60 (9). 48. Memorandum for the President, Discussion with Adenauer of Norstad Plan for European Inspection Zone, 12 Mar 1960, Germany vol. II of III (2), box 6, International Series, Records of Paul T. Carroll, Office of the Staff Secretary, WHO, DDEL; Burgess–Herter, 4 Jan 1960, Norstad Papers, box 87, Disarmament Plans (3). 49. Christian A. Herter to Dwight D. Eisenhower, 19 Mar 1960, Germany vol. II of III(2), box 6, International Series, Records of Paul T. Carroll, Office of the Staff Secretary, WHO, DDEL; Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in the United Kingdom, 19 Mar 1960, FRUS 1958–1960 IX, 249ff. 50. Memo Disarmament—Gates–Twining–Norstad, 2 Apr 1960, Norstad Papers, box 87, Disarmament Plans (2). 51. Memorandum of Conversation: SACEUR's Presentation to Chancellor Adenauer of the Military Aspects of the Control and Inspection Scheme to Guard Against Surprise Attack in Central Europe, 5 May 1960, Norstad Papers, box 87, Disarmament Plans (1); Ray Thurston–Norstad, 23 Oct 1959, Norstad Papers, box 100, Disarmament/Disengagement/Denuclearisation (2). 52. Memorandum for the President, Macmillan Talks: UK Interest in SKYBOLT and POLARIS, 27 Mar 1960, Macmillan vol. II of III (5), box 14, International Series, Records of Paul T. Carroll, Office of the Staff Secretary, WHO, DDE; Memorandum from the President to Prime Minister, 29 Mar 1960, Annex A: Memorandum of Understanding, SKYBOLT, United Kingdom (4) [October/November 1960], box 13, International Series, Records of Paul T. Carroll, Office of the Staff Secretary, WHO, DDEL; United States Department of the Air Force and United Kingdom Ministry of Aviation Technical and Financial Agreement Concerning the SKYBOLT, 27 Sep1960, ibid.; Draft Memorandum from Prime Minister to President, 29 May 1960, Macmillan Visit 26–30 Mar 1960, box 25, International Series, DDE, DDEL; Memorandum for the President, Macmillan Talks: U.K. Interest in SKYBOLT and POLARIS, 27 Mar 1960, Macmillan vol. II of III(5), box 14, International Series, Office of the Staff Secretary, WHO, DDEL; Memorandum for the President, The President's Talk with Prime Minister Macmillan, 26–30 Mar 1960, ibid.; US. Position, SKYBOLT, POLARIS and MRBM's, 26–30.3.1960, Macmillan Visit 26–30 Mar 1960, box 25, ibid; John A. Calhoun Memorandum for Brig. Gen A.J. Goodpaster, British and US Public Statements on SKYBOLT and British Statement on POLARIS, 7 Apr 1960, UK(2), box 13, ibid.; John A. Calhoun, Memorandum for Brig.Gen. A.J. Goodpaster, SKYBOLT and POLARIS MRBMs, 9 Apr 1960, UK(2), box 13, ibid.; Memorandum from President Eisenhower to Prime Minister Macmillan, Camp David, 29 Mar 1960, FRUS 1958–1960VII/2, 860ff.; Sir H. Caccia to FO, 30 Mar 1960, PRO: PREM 11/3261; De Ranitz aan Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken, 31 Mar 1960, DDI/BB 76/7 doos 28, NATO 999.22.2, Raad van Plaatsverangers, Defence Production Board; Sir H. Caccia to Foreign Office, 22 Apr 1960, PRO: PREM 11/3723. 53. Ralph Dietl, Sole Master of Western Nuclear Strength? The United States, Western Europe and the Elusiveness of a European Defence Identity 1959–64, in: Wilfried Loth (ed.), Europe, Cold War and Co-existence 1953–1965 (London: Frank Cass, 2004), 140. 54. Memorandum for the Record, Meeting between US and UK Defence Ministers, 30 Mar 1960, NA RG 59 Bureau of European Affairs. Office of European Regional Affairs, Records of the NATO Advisor, box 2, Production of IRBMs in Europe, January 1960–June Memorandum for the Record, Meeting the US and UK Defence Ministers, Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM to SecState, 2 Jun 1960, Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM (2). Houghton to SecState, 30 Mar 1960, Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM (3). Houghton to SecState, 27 Mar 1960, Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM (3). M. M. de 4 DDF no. Memorandum of Conversation, 15 Apr 1960, FRUS 1958–1960 Note de M. 29 Apr 1960, DDF no. Le de et le Plan in Houghton to SecState, 12 1960, Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM 30 (1). NATO Long of the Secretary General 13 Jun 1960, Norstad Papers, box NATO General (4). Burgess to 1 1960, Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM (2). to State, 11 1960, Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM (1). The MRBM and a NATO Strategic Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM (3). Herter to Paris, 5 1960, Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM (1). Norstad to SecState, 15 1960, Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM (1). der Bundeskanzler am 4. in von Herrn den Herrn 4 1960, StBKAH 67. Memorandum of Conversation 2 1960, Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM (3); 9 1960, Norstad Papers, box MRBM (3). 10 1960, Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM 1960, (3); Memorandum of a Conversation, 3 1960, FRUS 1958–1960 Bowie Report (1), box 6, Series, WHO, DDEL. Ibid. as The North Atlantic for the Report by the to the Department of State 1960, FRUS 1958–1960 Bowie Report (1), box 6, Series, WHO, DDEL. Ibid. Ibid. of State, 10 Sep 1960, Adenauer, Chancellor box International Series, Ann Whitman DDE, DDEL. Blankenhorn 9 Sep 1960, BA NL Blankenhorn N 1351, Bd. de Roberts–FO, 13 Sep 1960, 13 Sep1960, PRO: FO 17 Sep 1960, PRO: FO Memorandum of Conversation, Meeting between Secretary of Defence and General 1960, 16 Sep 1960, Norstad Papers, box for Record, Memorandum of Conversation Meeting with the Secretary of State for Political Affairs, 1960, 16 Sep 1960, Norstad Papers, box Memorandum of Record II to Sep 1960, Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM December (2). Sharing of Nuclear Weapons, 13 Sep 1960, Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM (2). 22 Sep 1960, Norstad Papers, box Secretary of Defence Norstad 10 Nov 1960, Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM 1 December (1). de Bonn DDF no. Adenauer de Oct 1960, BA NL Blankenhorn N 1351, Bd. of State, 15 Oct 1960, Policy (2), Norstad Papers, box Paris, 10 Dec 1960, Policy Norstad Papers, box M. de au des 16 DDF no. from the Delegation at the North Atlantic Council Ministerial Meeting to the Department of State, 17 Dec 1960, Telegram from the Delegation at the North Atlantic Council Ministerial Meeting to the Department of State, 17 Dec 1960, FRUS 1958–1960 17 Dec 1960, PRO: FO Verbatim Record of the Meeting of the Council, C-VR 17 Dec 1960, BA NL Blankenhorn N 1351, Bd. Ibid. Note for the Record, Conversation 17 Dec 1960, PRO: FO Paul-Henri Adenauer, 4 Jan StBKAH Memorandum of Conversation, 1 Feb FRUS Memorandum for the Talk on and Nuclear Weapons, 17 March Norstad Papers, box 89, Secretary of Defense Talks, 21 PRO: FO Meeting with 17 Mar NATO and MRBMs, 17 Mar NA RG Bureau of European Affairs, Office of the British and European Affairs, to the United Kingdom, box Talks, W. Memorandum for the Security Council, NATO and the Atlantic 3 Apr Security Regional box NATO, General Memorandum for by Secretary of United Kingdom to the European 4 Security Files, box UK Macmillan Briefing Book, Telegram from the Department of State to in Europe, 12 Apr FRUS Macmillan and of 21 Mar FRUS Memorandum of Conversation, 2 May FRUS Chancellor NATO, of Security Files, Germany, box Briefing Book, and Memorandum of Conversation, Adenauer NATO and 12 Apr Security Files, box Germany, Adenauer Visit Memorandum for the Record, Secretary Meeting with General Norstad, 20 Norstad Papers, box Memorandum for Record II (3). Records of a Meeting between the United Kingdom Minister of and M. French Minister of in Paris, 13 Apr PRO: FO de M. de Paris, Apr DDF no. Minister of Talks with M. in Paris, Apr PRO: were by the of of nuclear NATO but to by 5 of the the of a in the the French the 14 Apr PRO: 15 Apr PRO: FO Memorandum by and de for President on a Grand 25 Apr PRO: PREM Apr PRO: PREM Henry A. Kissinger, Conversation with de 15 May "The President that to that a should be between a nuclear and and that are and should be discussed on the that a nuclear would be not the at a very and would a Memorandum of Conversation, Meeting the President and 4 Jun FRUS V, Nr. 5 Dec 19 Dec Norstad Papers, box NATO Ministerial Meeting, Paris, Dec 4 Dec Security Files, Regional Affairs, box General North Atlantic Council Ministerial Meeting, Dec PRO: FO 15 Dec PRO: FO North Atlantic Council, Ministerial Meeting, Item Military NATO and MRBMs, 14 Dec PRO: FO Bonn to Department of State, on Nuclear Strategy, Jan Security box 74, Germany Telegram from the Embassy in to the Department of State, 19 Dec FRUS Secretary of Visit to Paris Power Ministerial Meeting and NATO Ministerial Meeting, Dec PRO: FO NATO Strategy, from and US at December Ministerial Meeting, 10 Jan NA RG 59 Lot D Secretary for Affairs, box 1 NATO Nuclear Sharing 12 Jan Norstad Papers, box 97, Policy (4). Jan & 18 Jan PRO: FO 22 Jan Norstad Papers, box Policy to SecState, 22 Series, box Briefing 1 of 2. Memorandum for 10 Jan Security Files, Regional Affairs, box General David Nuclear Bowie Nuclear Sharing and MRBMs, 19 Jan NA RG 59 Lot D Secretary for Affairs, box NATO Nuclear Studies NATO Strategy, from and US Statements at December Ministerial Meeting, 10 Jan NA RG Lot D Secretary for Affairs, box NATO Nuclear Sharing 7 Feb box Policy (4). Feb Norstad Papers, box 100, (2); to SecState, 17 Feb Meetings and Staff box Staff Henry 10 Apr Norstad Papers, box Policy (2). 7 Apr Norstad Papers, box Policy (2). 12 Apr ibid. Apr Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM (3). for PM Talks in and NATO Defence for Meeting, 3 Apr PRO: FO Memorandum of Conversation, NATO Nuclear 5 Feb Memorandum of Conversation, 6 Feb FRUS Memorandum of Conversation, 1 May and box and T. Atlantic Policy 30 Norstad Papers, box 90, NATO General (1); Heuser, Nuclear Strategies, from the President's Military to President 3 Apr FRUS und die der (München: Oldenbourg of Meeting, 16 Apr FRUS 19 Apr PRO: PREM 9 Jun Norstad Papers, box Policy (1). Paris, 9 Jun Norstad Papers, box 90, NATO General (1). 9 Jun Norstad Papers, box MRBM (2). Dietl, Sole Paris, 16 Jun Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM (2). Paris, 15 Jun Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM (2). Paris, 15 Jun Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM (2). Telegram from the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic 14 Jun FRUS to to the North Atlantic Council, FRUS Memorandum for Record. Meeting with NATO Secretary General Stikker on 15 27 Jun Norstad Papers, box 90, (3). within NATO, 2 Regional Security Files, box NATO Weapons Memorandum of Conversation, European 20 Telegram from the Embassy in the United Kingdom to the Department of State, Jun FRUS 20 Jun Norstad Papers, box 89, MRBM (2). French on NATO Nuclear Norstad Papers, box 48, Ibid. 29 Jun Norstad Papers, box of Staff, November vol. II (2). Ibid. 5 Jul Norstad Papers, box 48, (1). Telegram from the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic 19 Jul FRUS Ibid. 7 Jul Norstad Papers, box US for NATO (3). 14 Jul Norstad Papers, box 90, Jul and 23 Jul Norstad Papers, box Personal (1). and in Strategy, Norstad Papers, box Military Committee (1). 140. Memorandum for the President, 29 Mar box NATO Nuclear Force 17 Norstad Papers, box US for NATO (1). und der General Memorandum for Record, Notes on Meeting at 16 Sep Norstad Papers, box 90, General (1). 18 Sep Norstad Papers, box General (1). Record of a Conversation at 15 Dec PRO: FO Prime Meeting with General de Dec PRO: PREM Meeting, December Political in the United Kingdom, 13 Dec Security Files, Trips and box Macmillan Talks Briefing Secretary, 16 Dec Nuclear Aspects of Macmillan 15 Dec Regional box NATO, Weapons, Record of a Meeting at The 19 Dec & 20 Dec 12 Annex Draft Statement on Nuclear Defense PRO: FO 22 Dec Papers of President President's Office Files, box 148. betr. 27 Dec BA NL Blankenhorn N 1351, Bd. Macmillan and Nuclear Weapons (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), Richard The of de British to General de of the UK to the Journal of History 32, 4 (1997), ibid. 4 Jan PRO: PREM for Discussion with the May PRO: FO Aufzeichnung betr. Deutsch-französische 24 StBKAH Memorandum of Conversation, 5 Security Files, box 80, Germany Visit Rolf und de Das des im January in: (1996), Record of a Conversation of the and Henry Kissinger, 21 May PRO: FO de Talks, 25 May Security Council, box General 23 Jul PRO: FO Troubled Cold War a War Diplomatic History, (1997), ibid

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