Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Understanding (and Reducing) Inaction on Climate Change

Bibliographic Data

ID12908149
AuthorsMatthew J Hornsey (0000-0003-1275-3977, The University of Queensland, corresponding author), Kelly S Fielding (0000-0001-5301-0331, The University of Queensland)
Year2019
Volume14
Issue1
Pages3-35
Publication date2019-09-05
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueSocial Issues and Policy Review (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1751-2395 • E-ISSN: 1751-2409
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/sipr.12058
OpenAlexW2972303222
LanguageEN
Citations received84
References cited84

For over 50 years, scientists have sounded alarms that the burning of fossil fuels is causing changes to the Earth's climate, and that failure to take action on climate change will have devastating consequences. Despite this urgency, CO2 emissions (and global temperatures) continue to climb. Progress on mitigating climate change is slowed by the stubborn persistence of climate skepticism, as well as a failure for nonskeptics to translate their concern about climate change into meaningful action. The goal of this article is to describe and synthesize research on how to understand (and reduce) this public inaction on climate change. In the first half of the article, we examine the question of how to understand (and overcome) climate change skepticism. We review international evidence regarding the role of demographics, ideologies, and conspiracist worldviews in shaping people's willingness to believe in the reality of human‐caused climate change. We then review theory and research on how to successfully capture the attention of—and change the behavior of—people who traditionally resist climate change messages, such as those high in conservatism and free‐market beliefs. In the second half of the article, we examine how to promote more climate‐friendly behaviors among people who believe in the reality of climate change. Evidence will be reviewed suggesting that many people agree that climate change is caused by humans, but are not yet willing to make the necessary investments and sacrifices to respond to this threat. We then draw on relevant literatures to critically discuss three strategies for promoting proenvironmental behavior: (i) optimistic versus pessimistic messages; (ii) in‐group versus out‐group messenger effects; and (c) the use of descriptive and injunctive norms

Action (physics · Climate change · Climate science · Economics · Environmental ethics · Epistemology · Natural resource economics · Political economy of climate change · Political science · Skepticism · Behavioral Health and Interventions · Climate Change Communication and Perception · Environmental Education and Sustainability · Psychology · Ecology

  • Water-Saving Attitudes in Residential Gardens

    Open Access•Maryam Lesan, A Sharifi•Human Ecology•2026

  • Affect and emotions as drivers of climate change perception and action

    Open Access•Tobias Brosch•Current Opinion in Behavioral…•2021

  • Climate Change Disinformation and How to Combat It

    Open Access•Lewandowsky•Annual Review of Public Health•2021

  • Conservative politics is more strongly associated with skepticism about science than is conservative religion - and both restrain enthusiasm more than they encourage negativity

    Open Access•Karyn Vilbig, P Dimaggio•Social Forces•2026

  • Comparing and combining theory of planned behavior and dragons of inaction to explain pro-environmental consumption behavior

    Open Access•Sarah Gomm, Yann Blumer et al.•Sustainable Production and…•2026

  • Coffee farmers’ knowledge construction about climate change

    Open Access•Arham Arham, Darmawan Salman et al.•Journal of Infrastructure Policy…•2023

  • Individual differences in psychological rigidity and beliefs about system fitness predict attitudes about social determinants of disaster risk

    Open Access•Victoria E Colvin, Marjorie L Prokosch et al.•International Journal of Disaster…•2023

  • Evaluating Environmental Contents in Comprehensive Passages in Junior Secondary School English Language Textbooks Used in Cross River State, Nigeria

    Open Access•Florence B Obi, Comfort N Agbor et al.•Mediterranean Journal of Social…•2021

  • The impact of tropical forests on local climate

    Open Access•Nike Doggart, Dominick V Spracklen et al.•People and Nature•2026

  • Recommendations to improve communication effectiveness in social marketing campaigns

    Open Access•Juan Romero-Luis, Alejandro Carbonell-Alcocer et al.•Cogent Social Sciences•2022

  • Science communication audiences in Lithuania

    Open Access•Aistė Diržytė•Frontiers in Communication•2025

  • Science Identity in Undergraduates

    Open Access•Krista L Lucas, Thomas L Vandergon•Education Sciences•2024

  • Community resilience to flooding in the UK

    Open Access•Ruth E Mckie, Annie Aitken•International Journal of Disaster…•2025

  • Warming up

    Kerrie Foxwell-Norton, Bridget Backhaus et al.•Journal of Alternative &…•2022

  • Leveraging social cognition to promote effective climate change mitigation

    Open Access•Mélusine Boon-Falleur, Aurore Grandin et al.•Nature Climate Change•2022

  • Approaching Climate Communication

    Open Access•Alina Holz, Leonie Tuitjer•Geography Compass•2026

  • Climate change threats and affective polarization. Exploring the role of negative emotional reactions

    Open Access•Amanda Remsö, Emma A Renström et al.•Analyses of Social Issues and…•2025

  • Global warming in the minds of Mexican higher education students

    Open Access•Nora Munguia, America Romero et al.•International Journal of…•2023

  • Inspiring Support for Climate Solutions

    Open Access•Cassandra L C Troy•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2025

  • High School Students’ Motivation to Learn Climate Change Science through Educational Computer Games

    Open Access•Metin Beşaltı, Glenn Smith et al.•Simulation & Gaming•2024

  • The progress and trend of pro-environmental behavior research

    Open Access•Hui Lu, Weibo Zhang et al.•Current Psychology•2023

  • The Practical Paradoxes of a More Inclusive Approach to Climate Change Adaptation

    Open Access•Ha Pham, Melissa Marschke et al.•Sustainable Development•2026

  • Disagreement among friends

    Open Access•Michael C Mcgrath•Environmental Politics•2026

  • When hope messages become the discursive norm

    Open Access•Therese Åhlvik, Hanna Bergeå et al.•Journal of Environmental Planning…•2024

  • Perceived need for management interventions in the Great Barrier Reef

    Open Access•Aditi Mankad, Elizabeth Hobman et al.•Marine Policy•2025

  • Sliding Doors

    Open Access•Lynne Zummo, Benjamin Janney et al.•Science Education•2026

  • Public issues, policy proposals, social movements, and the interests of the Koch Brothers network of allies

    Open Access•P Doreian, Andrej Mrvar•Quality & Quantity•2022

  • Economic Inequality Brings About More Inaction Over Climate Change

    Open Access•Changcheng Wang, C Z Wang et al.•International Journal of Psychology•2025

  • Reasons to Protect Nature

    Open Access•Lyndal Kilgannon, Alexander Klas et al.•Environment and Behavior•2026

  • An Immovable Object? In-Group Qualifiers, Credibility, and Expert Claims on Punitive Sex Crime Policy

    Open Access•Jason Rydberg, Kelly M Socia•Crime & Delinquency•2026

  • Understanding the Paradoxical Effects of (Environmental) Activists and Their Discourses

    P Castro, Miriam Rosa•Environmental Communication•2023

  • Thunberg’s Way in the Climate Debate

    Alice Fonseca, P Castro•Environmental Communication•2022

  • Knowing-without-reaction in the face of climate change

    Open Access•Emrah Karakilic•Organization•2026

  • Self-serving beliefs about science

    Open Access•Francisco Cruz, André Mata•Public Understanding of Science•2025

  • The climate battles of ideas

    Open Access•Nuno Monteiro Ramos, P Castro•Public Understanding of Science•2025

  • Associations between conspiracism and the rejection of scientific innovations

    Open Access•Mathew D Marques, James R Kerr et al.•Public Understanding of Science•2021

  • Climate‐driven ‘species‐on‐the‐move’ provide tangible anchors to engage the public on climate change

    Open Access•Gretta T Pecl, Rachel Kelly et al.•People and Nature•2023

  • Understanding environmental and climate imagery

    Open Access•J Garland•Environmental Values•2026

  • When Does Hope Drive Social Change? Empirical Insights and Their Policy Implications

    Open Access•Oded Adomi Leshem, Shulamit Ran•Social Issues and Policy Review•2026

  • Political Psychology in the Digital (mis)Information age

    Open Access•Jay J Van Bavel, Elizabeth Harris et al.•Social Issues and Policy Review•2021

  • The connections—and misconnections—between the public and politicians over climate policy

    Open Access•David K Sherman, Leaf Van Boven•Social Issues and Policy Review•2023

  • Public Communication as a Tool to Implement Environmental Policies

    Open Access•Gerdien De Vries•Social Issues and Policy Review•2019

  • Framing the climate crisis

    Open Access•Melissa K Merry, Harold Mattingly•Review of Policy Research•2023

  • "Jakiej refleksji potrzebujemy w epoce antropocenu? „Gramatyka" wystudzania wzrostu ekonomii ekologicznej

    Open Access•Ewa Bińczyk•Er(r)go Teoria - Literatura -…•2023

  • Extending Climate Change Action to Persons with Disabilities in the Middle East and North Africa

    Open Access•Maxwell Peprah Opoku, Ahmed Bawa Kuyini et al.•SAGE Open•2025

  • Mortality management and climate action

    Open Access•Lauren K M Smith, Hanna C Ross et al.•Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews…•2022

  • Go Negative for Clicks

    P Sol Hart, Stuart Soroka et al.•Environmental Communication•2025

  • The times they are changing? Support for green policy measures in Germany in times of uncertainty

    Open Access•Christina Eder•Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft•2025

  • Participatory research on using virtual reality to teach ocean acidification

    Open Access•Géraldine Fauville, Anna Carolina Muller Queiroz et al.•Environmental Education Research•2020

  • Chilly Reception

    Open Access•Natasha Strydhorst•Science Communication•2024

  • Turning a Blind Eye to Climate Change

    Open Access•Jakub Šrol, Beáta Sobotová et al.•Journal of Community & Applied…•2025

  • Exploring Farmers' Intentions to Mitigate Climate Change Through the Lens of the Theory of Reasoned Goal Pursuit

    Open Access•Manal Hamam, Giuseppe Di Vita et al.•Sustainable Development•2025

  • Who do we trust on climate change, and why

    Open Access•Sarah Macinne, Matthew J Hornsey et al.•Global Environmental Change•2025

  • Addressing climate inaction as our greatest threat to sustainable development

    Open Access•Samuel Mackay, Rob Hales et al.•Global Environmental Change•2025

  • Influencia social minoritaria frente a la crisis socioambiental

    Open Access•Rodolfo E Mardones•Psicoperspectivas Individuo y…•2022

  • Leveraging emotion for sustainable action

    Open Access•Tobias Brosch, Linda Steg•One Earth•2021

  • To get vaccinated or not? Social psychological factors associated with vaccination intent for Covid-19

    Open Access•María José Baeza-Rivera, Camila Salazar-Fernández et al.•Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology•2021

  • Transforming the stories we tell about climate change

    Open Access•Kris De Meyer, Emily Coren et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2020

  • A sociopsychological model predicting motivation to alter behaviour to mitigate climate change

    Open Access•Li‐San Hung, M M Bayrak•Environmental Research Letters•2025

  • Fostering Hope

    Benjamin Janney, Lynne Zummo et al.•Visitor Studies•2025

  • Impact of the spiritual and environmental-specific servant leadership on pro-environmental behaviors with the moderating effect of perceived organizational environmental support

    Open Access•Matthew Gull, Shazia Parveen et al.•Environment Development and…•2024

  • Mapping the climate change attitude

    Open Access•Durdana Ovais, Richi Simon et al.•Environment Development and…•2023

  • Climate-related spatial reduction risk of agricultural lands on the Mediterranean coast in Türkiye and scenario-based modelling of urban growth

    Open Access•Oznur Isinkaralar, Kaan Isinkaralar et al.•Environment Development and…•2023

  • Ideological and Partisan Predictors of Support for Climate Change Policy

    Open Access•Francesca Aarons, Edward J R Clarke et al.•Psychological Reports•2026

  • The political effects of emergency frames in sustainability

    Open Access•James Patterson, Carina Wyborn et al.•Nature Sustainability•2021

  • Yes, we can! The effect of collective versus individual action framing on the acceptance of hard climate adaptation policy instruments

    Open Access•Valerie Dewaelheyns, Pieter Raymaekers et al.•Behavioural Public Policy•2025

  • Climate skeptics’ identity construction and (Dis)trust in science in the United States

    Dilshani Sarathchandra, Kristin Haltinner et al.•Environmental Sociology•2021

  • No agency and responsibility for the privileged? Perceptions of climate action among high socioeconomic status citizens in the United Kingdom

    Open Access•Sophie Duncan, Annika Hjelmskog et al.•Energy Research & Social Science•2024

  • Good news about good news? The limited impacts of informing Americans about recent success in climate change mitigation

    Open Access•Olivia Chiancone, Tara Chugh et al.•Research & Politics•2024

  • Teaching sustainability at the high sea

    Open Access•Julia Eïd, Marianne Aanerud et al.•Sustainability Science•2023

  • Risk? Crisis? Emergency? Implications of the new climate emergency framing for governance and policy

    Open Access•Lucy Holmes McHugh, Maria Carmen Lemos et al.•Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews…•2021

  • Equipping Audiences Without Silver Bullets

    Cassandra L C Troy•Journalism Practice•2025

  • A trust inoculation to protect public support of governmentally mandated actions to mitigate climate change

    Open Access•Tobia Spampatti, Tobias Brosch et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2024

  • Ripple effects

    Open Access•Matthew J Hornsey, C M Chapman et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2021

  • Hope mingled with fear

    Open Access•Boya Han, Yi Xie et al.•Asian Journal Of Social Psychology•2025

  • Using protection motivation theory to explain Australian's motivations to engage in individual and collective climate actions

    Open Access•Matthew I Mackay, Alexander Klas et al.•Asian Journal Of Social Psychology•2025

  • Rule-Governed Behavior and Climate Change

    Open Access•Cynthia J Pietras•Behavior and Social Issues•2022

  • Just Chill! An Experimental Approach to Stereotypical Attributions Regarding Young Activists

    Open Access•Catarina Farinha, Catarina Brazão Farinha et al.•Social Sciences•2022

  • From influencing to engagement

    Open Access•N Badullovich•Environmental Politics•2023

  • Defending the climate cause within the state

    François-Mathieu Poupeau•Environmental Politics•2025

  • A toolkit for understanding and addressing climate scepticism

    Open Access•Matthew J Hornsey, Lewandowsky•Nature Human Behaviour•2022

  • Psychological inoculation strategies to fight climate disinformation across 12 countries

    Open Access•Tobia Spampatti, Ulf J J Hahnel et al.•Nature Human Behaviour•2023

  • A 27-country test of communicating the scientific consensus on climate change

    Open Access•Bojana Većkalov, Sandra J Geiger et al.•Nature Human Behaviour•2024

  • Ilustración y ascesis climáticas

    Open Access•Ramón Ramos Torres, Javier Callejo•Revista Española de Investigaciones…•2023

  • Fixing the communications failure

    Open Access•Dan M Kahan, Dan Kahan•Nature•2010

  • Knowledge of the Advocated Position and the Processing of In-Group and Out-Group Persuasive Messages

    Open Access•Diane M Mackie, Maria Cecilia Gastardo-Conaco et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•1992

  • Motivational Interviewing

    Jennifer Hettema, Jennifer E Hettema et al.•Annual Review of Clinical…•2005

  • Personal Efficacy, the Information Environment, and Attitudes Toward Global Warming and Climate Change in the United States

    Open Access•Paul M Kellstedt, Sammy Zahran et al.•Risk Analysis•2008

  • Congruent or conflicted? The impact of injunctive and descriptive norms on environmental intentions

    Open Access•Joanne R Smith, Winnifred Louis et al.•Journal of Environmental Psychology•2012

  • Dynamic Norms Promote Sustainable Behavior, Even if It Is Counternormative

    Open Access•Gregg Sparkman, Gary M Walton•Psychological Science•2017

  • Criticizing Groups from the Inside and the Outside

    Open Access•Matthew J Hornsey, Armin Imani•Personality and Social Psychology…•2004

  • Integrating social identity theory and the theory of planned behaviour to explain decisions to engage in sustainable agricultural practices

    Open Access•Kelly S Fielding, Deborah J Terry et al.•British Journal of Social…•2008

  • Social Identity Theory and Self‐categorization Theory

    Open Access•Matthew J Hornsey•Social and Personality Psychology…•2008

  • A Social Identity Analysis of Climate Change and Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors

    Open Access•Kelly S Fielding, Matthew J Hornsey•Frontiers in Psychology•2016

  • Crafting Normative Messages to Protect the Environment

    Open Access•Robert B Cialdini•Current Directions in Psychological…•2003

  • The gateway belief model

    Open Access•Sander Van Der Linden, Anthony Leiserowitz et al.•Journal of Environmental Psychology•2019

  • Free-Market Ideology and Environmental Degradation

    Open Access•Yuko Heath, Robert Gifford•Environment and Behavior•2006

  • Theory of planned behaviour, identity and intentions to engage in environmental activism

    Open Access•Kelly S Fielding, Rachel I McDonald et al.•Journal of Environmental Psychology•2008

  • The theory of planned behavior

    Open Access•Icek Ajzen•Organizational Behavior and Human…•1991

  • Exposure to Scientific Consensus Does Not Cause Psychological Reactance

    Sander Van Der Linden, Edward Maibach et al.•Environmental Communication•2023

  • Psychological Reactance From Reading Basic Facts on Climate Change

    Yanni Ma, Graham Dixon et al.•Environmental Communication•2019

  • A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct

    Robert B Cialdini, Carl A Kallgren et al.•Advances in Experimental Social…•1991

  • Perceptions of climate change and willingness to save energy related to flood experience

    Open Access•Alexa Spence, W Poortinga et al.•Nature Climate Change•2011

  • Promoting pro-environmental action in climate change deniers

    Open Access•Paul G Bain, Matthew J Hornsey et al.•Nature Climate Change•2012

  • The pivotal role of perceived scientific consensus in acceptance of science

    Open Access•Lewandowsky, Stephan Lewandowsky et al.•Nature Climate Change•2012

  • Relationships among conspiratorial beliefs, conservatism and climate scepticism across nations

    Open Access•Matthew J Hornsey, E A Harris et al.•Nature Climate Change•2018

  • Apocalypse Soon

    Open Access•Matthew Feinberg, R Willer•Psychological Science•2010

  • Meta-analyses of the determinants and outcomes of belief in climate change

    Open Access•Matthew J Hornsey, E A Harris et al.•Nature Climate Change•2016

  • System Justification, the Denial of Global Warming, and the Possibility of “System-Sanctioned Change”

    Open Access•Irina Feygina, John T Jost et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2009

  • Dead and Alive

    Open Access•Michael J Wood, Karen M Douglas et al.•Social Psychological and…•2012

  • The Interplay Between Knowledge, Perceived Efficacy, and Concern About Global Warming and Climate Change

    Open Access•Taciano L Milfont•Risk Analysis•2012

  • Nasa Faked the Moon Landing—Therefore, (Climate) Science Is a Hoax

    Open Access•Lewandowsky, Klaus Oberauer et al.•Psychological Science•2013

  • Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature

    Open Access•John Cook, Dana Nuccitelli et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2013

  • Consensus on consensus

    Open Access•John Cook, Naomi Oreskes et al.•Environmental Research Letters•2016

  • Why being right is not enough

    Matthew J Hornsey•European Review of Social…•2005

  • Reflections on climate change communication research and practice in the second decade of the 21st century

    Open Access•Susanne C Moser•Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews…•2016

  • Communicating climate change

    Open Access•Susanne C Moser•Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews…•2009

  • Changing Ethically Troublesome Behavior

    Open Access•Brock Bastian•Social Issues and Policy Review•2018

  • Public Communication as a Tool to Implement Environmental Policies

    Open Access•Gerdien De Vries•Social Issues and Policy Review•2019

  • Threat Without Efficacy? Climate Change on U.S. Network News

    Open Access•P Sol Hart, Lauren Feldman•Science Communication•2014

  • A cautionary note about messages of hope

    Open Access•Matthew J Hornsey, Kelly S Fielding•Global Environmental Change•2016

  • Scepticism and uncertainty about climate change

    Open Access•Lorraine Whitmarsh•Global Environmental Change•2011

  • Uncertain climate

    Open Access•W Poortinga, Alexa Spence et al.•Global Environmental Change•2011

  • Cool dudes

    Open Access•Aaron M Mccright, Riley E Dunlap•Global Environmental Change•2011

  • Putting the fear back into fear appeals

    Kim Witte•Communication Monographs•1992

  • A social identity approach to trust

    Open Access•Martin Tanis, Tom Postmes•European Journal of Social…•2005

  • It's OK if we say it, but you can't”

    Open Access•Matthew J Hornsey, Tina Oppes et al.•European Journal of Social…•2002

  • Climate protection needs societal change

    Open Access•Jonas H Rees, Jonas Rees et al.•European Journal of Social…•2014

  • Affirming belief in scientific progress reduces environmentally friendly behaviour

    Open Access•Marijn H C Meijers, Bastiaan T Rutjens•European Journal of Social…•2014

  • Attitude roots and Jiu Jitsu persuasion

    Open Access•Matthew J Hornsey, Kelly S Fielding•American Psychologist•2017

  • Fostering sustainable behavior through community-based social marketing

    Doug McKenzie‐Mohr, Doug McKenzie-Mohr•American Psychologist•2000

  • Elite cues, media coverage, and public concern

    Jason T Carmichael, Robert J Brulle•Environmental Politics•2017

  • Processing of persuasive in-group messages

    Diane M Mackie, Leila T Worth et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1990

  • Solution aversion

    Troy Campbell, Troy H Campbell et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2014

  • Motivated inference

    Ziva Kunda•Journal of Personality and Social…•1987

  • Biased assimilation and attitude polarization

    Charles G Lord, Lee Ro et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•1979

  • Party Over Policy

    Geoffrey L Cohen•Journal of Personality and Social…•2003

  • Motivated skepticism

    Peter H Ditto, David F Lopez•Journal of Personality and Social…•1992

  • Mapping the moral domain

    J Graham, Brian A Nosek et al.•Journal of Personality and Social…•2011

  • Cultural cognition of scientific consensus

    Dan M Kahan, Hank C Jenkins‐smith et al.•Journal of Risk Research•2010

  • Normative Social Influence is Underdetected

    Open Access•Jessica M Nolan, P Wesley Schultz et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2008

  • Fear Won't Do It

    Open Access•Saffron O''Neill, Saffron O'Neill et al.•Science Communication•2009

  • The social consequences of conspiracism

    Open Access•Daniel Jolley, Karen M Douglas•British Journal of Psychology•2014

  • The case for motivated reasoning

    Ziva Kunda•Psychological Bulletin•1990

  • The organisation of denial

    Peter J Jacques, Peter Jacques et al.•Environmental Politics•2008

  • Australian politicians' beliefs about climate change

    Kelly S Fielding, Bessie Head et al.•Environmental Politics•2012

  • The Unbearable Lightness of Politics

    Open Access•R J Antonio, Robert J Brulle•Sociological Quarterly•2011

  • The Politicization of Climate Change and Polarization in the American Public's Views of Global Warming, 2001-2010

    Open Access•Aaron M Mccright, Riley E Dunlap•Sociological Quarterly•2011

  • A Room with a Viewpoint

    Noah J Goldstein, Robert B Cialdini et al.•Journal of Consumer Research•2008

  • When Morality Opposes Justice

    Open Access•Jonathan Haidt, J Graham•Social Justice Research•2007

Unique citing works84
Citations per year12
Citation span2019 - 2026 (8)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 83

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae