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Initial Development and Validation of the School Belongingness Scale

Bibliographic Data

ID12958680
AuthorsGökmen Arslan (0000-0001-9427-1554, Süleyman Demirel University, corresponding author), Erdinc Duru (0000-0001-7027-4937, Pamukkale University)
Year2016
Volume10
Issue4
Pages1043-1058
Publication date2016-08-18
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueChild Indicators Research (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1874-8988 • E-ISSN: 1874-897X
PublisherSpringer Science+Business Media (PUBLISHER • DE)
DOI10.1007/s12187-016-9414-y
OpenAlexW2512069368
LanguageEN
Citations received40
References cited46

Belongingness · Confirmatory factor analysis · Developmental psychology · Life satisfaction · Loneliness · Scale (ratio · Social connectedness · Statistics · Structural equation modeling · Turkish · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development · Early Childhood Education and Development · Mathematics · Psychology · Social Psychology · Youth Development and Social Support

  • School belongingness, well-being, and mental health among adolescents

    Open Access•Gökmen Arslan•Australian Journal of Psychology•2021

  • Mediating role of the self–esteem and resilience in the association between social exclusion and life satisfaction among adolescents

    Open Access•Gökmen Arslan•Personality and Individual…•2019

  • Investigating the Relationship Between School Belongingness and Stress Management in Educational Life

    Aysun BURSALI•The Journal of Social Sciences•2020

  • The Impact of Class Climate on College Students’ Individual Learning Effectiveness in Xi’an City

    Open Access•Zhen Wang, Wang Zhen et al.•Revista de Cercetare si…•2024

  • Socioeconomic status and social capital as predictors of happiness

    Open Access•A Adedeji, Tosin Tunrayo Olonisakin et al.•Humanities and Social Sciences…•2023

  • Predictors and patterns of absenteeism among students with disabilities

    Open Access•Jess Whitley, Shawn Pegg et al.•Frontiers in Education•2026

  • Inclusive attitudes

    Open Access•Samir Dukmak, Eid Abo Hamza et al.•Frontiers in Education•2024

  • Expectations regarding school decreases emotional distress among college students in Western China

    Open Access•Di Su, Lina Huang et al.•Frontiers in Public Health•2024

  • Do Refugee Students Feel Well at School? An Analysis of the Influence of Individual, Social, and Structural Factors

    Open Access•Gisela Will, Andreas Horr et al.•Education Sciences•2025

  • Complete mental health in elementary school children

    Open Access•Gökmen Arslan, Kelly‐ann Allen•Current Psychology•2022

  • The role of mental health continuum and online gaming addiction as mediators in the relationship between school belongingness and meaningful school experience among adolescents

    Open Access•Samet Makas, Hasan Batmaz et al.•Current Psychology•2025

  • Relationship between students' sense of school belonging with principals' perceptions of school discipline, and teachers' perceptions of school safety in TIMSS 2019

    Open Access•Hatice Turan, Merve Yıldırım Seheryeli et al.•Current Psychology•2024

  • Social media use enhances adolescents’ school belong albeit increases bullying victimization

    Open Access•Qingke Guo, Zhilin Yue et al.•Current Psychology•2024

  • Examining the association between burnout, school climate, and classroom management

    Open Access•Ayesha Imran, Tamkeen Ashraf et al.•Current Psychology•2026

  • School connectedness in the investigation of adolescents’ learning and well-being development

    Open Access•Lijian Wu, Alison O'Mara‐Eves et al.•International Journal of…•2025

  • Excessive Technology Use and Social Media Disorder Among Turkish Adolescents

    Open Access•Beyza Yılmaz, Yasemin Özkan•Child and Adolescent Social Work…•2026

  • Belongingness to groups, adolescent loneliness trajectories, and their consequences

    Open Access•Margaret Beattie, Noona Kiuru et al.•International Journal of…•2025

  • A Systematic Review of School Connectedness in Middle School Students

    Open Access•Megan L Gilbertson, Alexis Sanchez•Psychology in the Schools•2026

  • Information communication technology use and school belonging in Australian high school students

    Open Access•Angela McCahey, Kelly‐ann Allen et al.•Psychology in the Schools•2021

  • Family communication and bi‐dimensional student mental health in adolescents

    Open Access•M Engin Deniz, Hacer Yıldırım Kurtuluş et al.•Psychology in the Schools•2024

  • Psychological Maltreatment and Spiritual Wellbeing in Turkish College Young Adults

    Open Access•Gökmen Arslan, Sergio Luiz Valente Tomasini•Journal of Religion and Health•2021

  • Models of Self-Regulation Mechanisms in Peer-Rejected Students

    Open Access•J Hladík, Karla Hrbackova et al.•SAGE Open•2022

  • Belonging matters

    Open Access•Anita Borch, Mette Løvgren et al.•Social Psychology of Education•2025

  • Why do minority students feel they don’t fit in? Migration background and parental education differentially predict social ostracism and belongingness

    Open Access•Stefan Janke, Laura Aglaia Sophia Messerer et al.•Group Processes & Intergroup…•2023

  • Key factors influencing the sense of belonging in students experiencing marginalisation

    Open Access•Rayhan Ara Zaman, Umesh Sharma et al.•International Journal of…•2025

  • Link between Internet addiction and depression and roles of social withdrawal and school belonging

    Open Access•Zhiyou Wang, Yajun Ye et al.•Child & Family Social Work•2024

  • Pre-service teachers in Türkiye in the framework of attitude towards the teaching profession, school belonging, and motivation

    Open Access•Fulya Barış Pekmezci, Behiye Dağdeviren Ertaş•Teaching and Teacher Education•2024

  • Coronavirus Anxiety and Psychological Adjustment in College Students

    Open Access•Gökmen Arslan, Murat Yıldırım et al.•International Journal of Mental…•2021

  • School Bullying and Youth Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors

    Open Access•Gökmen Arslan•International Journal of Mental…•2021

  • The role of perceived teacher, peer, and parental support in school belonging among vocational high school students

    Open Access•Rangga Satria Adinata, Wilis Srisayekti et al.•International Journal of…•2025

  • Psychological Maltreatment and Loneliness in Adolescents

    Open Access•Gökmen Arslan, Murat Yıldırım•Psychological Reports•2021

  • Strength-Based Parenting and Academic Motivation in Adolescents Returning to School After Covid-19 School Closure

    Open Access•Gökmen Arslan, Kelly‐ann Allen et al.•Psychological Reports•2022

  • How depression affects school social adaptation

    Open Access•Kaihua Liu, Zhidong Zhou•Frontiers in Sports and Active…•2025

  • Voices from the Field

    Open Access•Sadegül Akbaba Altun, Hatice Turan•Child Indicators Research•2024

  • School Victimization, School Belongingness, Psychological Well-Being, and Emotional Problems in Adolescents

    Open Access•Gökmen Arslan, Kelly‐ann Allen•Child Indicators Research•2021

  • Exploring the Impacts of School Belonging on Youth Wellbeing and Mental Health among Turkish Adolescents

    Open Access•Gökmen Arslan, Kelly‐ann Allen et al.•Child Indicators Research•2020

  • Social Exclusion, Social Support and Psychological Wellbeing at School

    Open Access•Gökmen Arslan•Child Indicators Research•2017

  • The Mediator Role of Positive Experiences at School in the Relationship between Academic Self-Confidence and School Belonging in Turkish Secondary School Students

    Open Access•Aynur Karabacak Çelik, Nuray Aşantuğrul•Child Indicators Research•2023

  • School-Based Social Exclusion, Affective Wellbeing, and Mental Health Problems in Adolescents

    Open Access•Gökmen Arslan•Child Indicators Research•2017

  • The Link Between Internalizing Problems and School Belongingness, Loneliness as a Mediator Among Adolescents

    Open Access•Celalettin Çelebi•Youth & Society•2026

  • Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences

    James P Stevens•Applied Multivariate Statistics…•2012

  • Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences

    James P Stevens•Applied Multivariate Statistics…•2001

  • Withdrawing From School

    Open Access•Jeremy D Finn•Review of Educational Research•1989

  • Sense of belonging and indicators of social and psychological functioning

    Open Access•Bonnie M Hagerty, Reg Arthur Williams et al.•Archives of Psychiatric Nursing•1996

  • A Short-Form Measure of Loneliness

    Ron D Hays, Ron Hays et al.•Journal of Personality Assessment•1987

  • The Relationship of School Belonging and Friends' Values to Academic Motivation Among Urban Adolescent Students

    Carol Goodenow, Kathleen E Grady•The Journal of Experimental…•1993

  • The psychological sense of school membership among adolescents

    Open Access•Carol Goodenow•Psychology in the Schools•1993

  • Academic and Social Perceptions as Predictors of Change in Middle School Students' Sense of School Belonging

    Lynley H Anderman•The Journal of Experimental…•2003

  • Sense of belonging

    Open Access•Bonnie M Hagerty, Bonnie M K Hagerty et al.•Archives of Psychiatric Nursing•1992

  • Best Practices in Structural Equation Modeling

    Ralph O Mueller, Gregory R Hancock•Best Practices in Quantitative…•2008

  • Academic and Psychological Functioning in Late Adolescence

    Laura D Pittman, Adeya Richmond•The Journal of Experimental…•2007

  • Students' Need for Belonging in the School Community

    Open Access•Karen F Osterman•Review of Educational Research•2000

  • Measuring belongingness

    Raymond M Lee, Richard M Lee et al.•Journal of Counseling Psychology•1995

  • Schools as Socialisation Contexts

    Open Access•Zeynep Cemalcılar, Zeynep Cemalcilar•Applied Psychology•2010

  • The General Belongingness Scale (GBS)

    Open Access•Glenn P Malone, David R Pillow et al.•Personality and Individual…•2012

  • Social and School Connectedness in Early Secondary School as Predictors of Late Teenage Substance Use, Mental Health, and Academic Outcomes

    Open Access•Lyndal Bond, Helen Butler et al.•Journal of Adolescent Health•2007

  • A Longitudinal Study of School Belonging and Academic Motivation Across High School

    Open Access•Cari Gillen-O' Neel, Cari Gillen‐O' Neel et al.•Child Development•2013

  • School Belonging and the African American Adolescent

    Keonya C Booker•The High School journal/ The High…•2006

  • Constructing validity

    Lesley A Clark, Lee Anna Clark et al.•Psychological Assessment•1995

  • The Satisfaction With Life Scale

    Ed Diener, Robert A Emmons et al.•Journal of Personality Assessment•1985

  • Ucla Loneliness Scale (Version 3)

    Daniel W Russell•Journal of Personality Assessment•1996

  • The Restoration of the Self

    Heinz Kohut•Restoration of the Self•2009

  • Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being

    Richard M Ryan, Edward L Deci•American Psychologist•2000

  • Moving beyond grades

    Monique Hélène Gagné, Jennifer D Shapka et al.•Asian American Journal of…•2014

  • Sense of Belonging in School as a Protective Factor Against Drug Abuse Among Native American Urban Adolescents

    Maria Napoli, Flavio Francisco Marsiglia et al.•Journal of Social Work Practice…•2003

  • School Belonging, Self-Esteem, and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents

    Open Access•R V Galliher, Sharon S Rostosky et al.•Journal of Youth and Adolescence•2004

  • The Role of Sense of School Belonging and Gender in the Academic Adjustment of Latino Adolescents

    Open Access•Bernadette Sánchez, Yarí Colón et al.•Journal of Youth and Adolescence•2005

  • Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling

    Open Access•Nassim Tabri, Craig M Elliott•Canadian Graduate Journal of…•2012

  • Peer relations and later personal adjustment

    Berta Sichel, Jeffrey G Parker et al.•Psychological Bulletin•1987

  • The need to belong

    Roy F Baumeister, Mark R Leary•Psychological Bulletin•1995

  • Psychometric Properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale among Turkish University Students, Correctional Officers, and Elderly Adults

    Open Access•Mithat Durak, Emre Senol-Durak et al.•Social Indicators Research•2010

Unique citing works40
Citations per year4,44
Citation span2017 - 2026 (10)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 40
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