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Mars and Minerva

Centres of geographical calculation in an age of total war

Bibliographic Data

ID13430786
AuthorsMaree Heffernan (0000-0002-5646-5670, corresponding author), Michael Heffernan (0000-0002-9173-2316)
Year2000
Volume54
Issue4
Pages320-333
Publication date2000-01-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueErdkunde (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0014-0015 • E-ISSN: 2702-5985
PublisherErdkunde (PUBLISHER • DE)
DOI10.3112/erdkunde.2000.04.03
OpenAlexW2322320160
LanguageEN
Citations received13
References cited22

schichte wird gezeigt, wie in den drei Alliierten Nationen GroBbritannien, Frankreich und den USA die Expertise anerkann ter Geographen von politischen und militarischen Fuhrern fiir eigene Zwecke ,mobilisiert' wurde. Da die groBe Bedeutung geographischen Wissens sowohl fur die Entwicklung der strategischen und militarischen Nahziele als auch fiir die Formulie rung weiterfuhrender geopolitischer Kriegsziele erkannt worden war, wurden in alien drei Staaten, unter Fiihrung der wich tigsten Geographischen Gesellschaften, Forschungsprojekte koordiniert und neue Forschungsinitiativen entwickelt, um die militarische und politische Fiihrung zu unterstiitzen. Die Rhetorik der Vorkriegszeit, die einen unparteiischen, objektiven und internationalen Charakter geographischer Forschung betonte, erfuhr dabei jeweils eine vehemente Ablehnung. Obgleich angeblich einer gemeinsamen Sache verpflichtet, spiegeln die auf den Krieg bezogenen Arbeiten britischer, franzosischer und amerikanischer Geographen auch divergierende nationale Traditionen intellektueller Auseinandersetzung sowie verschiedene strategische und geopolitische Absichten der jeweiligen Staaten wider. AbschlieBend erfolgt eine Diskussion der moralischen und ethischen Fragen, die sich aus einer Kriegsbeteiligung der Wissenschaften ergeben. Summary: This article examines both the political and strategic significance of geographical research during World War I and the wider impact of this period on the development of the discipline. Drawing on recent work on the history of geography and on the social and cultural history of war, the essay considers how the expertise of renowned geographers was 'mobilised' by the political and military leaderships in three Allied nations: Britain, France and the USA. Geographical knowledge was clearly recognised as important both for the development of strategic military objectives and in the formulation of wider geopolitical war aims. As a result, co-ordinated projects and new research initiatives were developed in each of these three states, centred on the principal geographical societies, to assist the military and political authorities. In each case, a pre-war scientific rhetoric that had emphasised the disinterested, objective and international nature of geographical inquiry was firmly rejected. Although ostensibly committed to a common cause, the war-time activities of British, French and American geographers also reflected divergent national intellectual traditions and the very different strategic and geopolitical objectives of each state. The essay concludes with a discussion of the moral and ethical questions raised by deployment of science in time of war

Astrobiology · Geography · Mars Exploration Program · Physics · Archaeological Research and Protection · Geology · Historical Geography and Geographical Thought · World Wars: History, Literature, and Impact

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Unique citing works13
Citations per year0,52
Citation span2001 - 2024 (24)
Citation velocityrecent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 12

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