Short-term cognitive learning outcomes in team-based learning

Assigning students to work in permanent teams is a design principle in Team-based learning (TBL). It has been assumed that a stable team composition supports the emergence of collaborative problem-solving and learning: when students became more familiar with each other, they shared more information and resolved discrepancies together, which in turn stimulated knowledge acquisition and comprehension. However, this assumption had not been probed by a randomized controlled trial with performance assessment as an outcome. In an online course for second term medical students, 50% of the students were reassigned to new teams for each of the 24 problems to be solved during four classes, thus precluding familiarity. The learning outcome was assessed shortly after the third of four classes by a domain knowledge test. Whether TBL teams were permanent or temporary did not affect the score of a domain knowledge test. As expected, participation in online TBL improved the domain knowledge test results. Overall, the permanent team seems to be less important for cognitive learning outcomes than previously assumed, but this may depend on the specific educational setting. However, team familiarity may still be important for team decision-making. As clinical reasoning in the medical workplace often involves collaborating in changing teams, future research on TBL should focus on how to utilize this format to prepare medical students for decision-making and optimal learning outcomes under these conditions

Cognition · Cooperative learning · Mathematics education · Medical education · Open learning · Psychiatry · Teaching method · Team learning · Team-based learning · Term (time · Applied Psychology · Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills · Innovations in Medical Education · Medicine · Problem and Project Based Learning · Psychology

• Consensus and learning climate in temporary versus permanent teams in team-based learning

  Open Access•Michaela Wagner‐Menghin, Stefan Heber et al.•Medical Education Online•2026

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