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The curious case of threat-awe

A theoretical and empirical reconceptualization

Bibliographic Data

ID15408447
AuthorsSrinwanti H Chaudhury (0000-0002-5751-6513, UNSW Sydney, corresponding author), Nitika Garg (0000-0001-6694-9663, UNSW Sydney), Zixi Jiang (0000-0002-0057-0949, UNSW Sydney)
Year2021
Volume22
Issue7
Pages1653-1669
Publication date2021-09-16
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueEmotion (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1528-3542 • E-ISSN: 1931-1516
PublisherAmerican Psychological Association (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1037/emo0000984
PMID34582240
OpenAlexW3200192567
LanguageEN
Citations received17

Threat-based awe, or threat-awe, has been conceptualized as a fear-centric, negative-valenced variant of awe, although awe is a positive emotion embodying wonder and amazement. This research, however, argues that threat-awe is a mixed emotion rather than a negatively valenced subaspect of awe. We tested this conceptualization using two methodologies: (a) the theoretical framework of cognitive appraisals and (b) measures of ambivalence (an emotion co-occurrence index of bivalence, the Evaluative Space Grid, and a four-item scale to measure mixed emotions). Five studies (N = 1,140) compared threat-awe's appraisal profile and valence perceptions to univalenced, positive (awe, pride, happiness) and negative (fear) emotions. Research suggests that appraisal profiles of mixed emotions are close to their component emotions but distinct on certain appraisal dimensions. The empirical measures of valence demonstrate that threat-awe is felt as awe and fear in concert. Further, in terms of appraisals, threat-awe's appraisal profile is distinct from awe and fear on the dimensions of vastness, pleasantness, and situational control. Together, the two approaches-cognitive appraisals and measures of valence-provide convergent evidence that threat-awe is a mixed emotion. In conceptually clarifying threat-awe, we contribute to the nascent literature on mixed emotions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Appraisal theory · Cognition · Cognitive appraisal · Cognitive psychology · Conceptualization · Pride · PsycINFO · Valence (chemistry · Digital Marketing and Social Media · Media Influence and Health · Media Studies and Communication · Psychology · Social Psychology

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    Open Access•Maria Monroy, Dacher Keltner•Perspectives on Psychological…•2023

  • Augmenting Multidimensional Awe Through Technological Immersion

    Danny Yihan Jia, James J Cummings et al.•Media Psychology•2025

  • The Experience of Inspiration in Natural Landscapes

    Open Access•Jim Shores, Brad Daniel et al.•Journal of Experiential Education•2024

  • Appraisal network difference between positive and negative awe

    Open Access•Yichao Lv, Minmin Cai et al.•Current Psychology•2026

  • Awe promotes climate change perception through allo-inclusive identity bounded by belief in oneness

    Open Access•Changcheng Wang, C Z Wang et al.•Current Psychology•2025

  • Achieving nature-human harmony

    Open Access•Silin Lin, Xiaoting Chen et al.•Current Psychology•2025

  • What future for AI chatbots in banking

    Raphaël Lissillour, Jean-Michel Sahut•Information Technology and People•2026

  • “Positive” or “Threatened”? The impact of the features in generative artificial intelligence on continued behavior

    Open Access•Li Zhao, Yun Xu et al.•Computers in Human Behavior•2025

  • Dispositional Religiosity Predicts Increased Incidence of Mixed Emotions

    Open Access•Vincent Y S Oh, Andree Hartanto et al.•Personality and Social Psychology…•2026

  • Seeing awe

    Open Access•Artemisia O'bi, Artemisia Deluna O’bi et al.•Child Development•2024

  • From awe to action? An interdisciplinary, systematic review of awe's potential influence on pro‐environmental behaviour

    Open Access•Lauren K M Smith, Devon M Jones et al.•People and Nature•2026

  • Comparing implications of distinct emotion, network, and dimensional approaches for co-occurring emotions

    Jacob Lange, Janis H Zickfeld•Emotion•2023

  • Awe, innovation, and choice

    Open Access•Dacher Keltner•Journal of Consumer Psychology•2025

  • Unlocking flourishing

    Open Access•Rongmao Lin, Tianxiang Hu et al.•Journal of Research on Adolescence•2025

  • Dispositional Awe and Self-Worth in Chinese Undergraduates

    Open Access•Benyu Zhang, Rongmao Lin•International Journal of…•2023

  • How do tourism activities and induced awe affect tourists’ pro-environmental behavior

    Open Access•Lujun Su, Mengyuan Li et al.•Tourism Management•2025

  • Awe and Boredom

    Open Access•Muireann K O'Dea, Eric R Igou et al.•European Journal of Social…•2025

Citations per year5.67
Citation span2023 - 2026 (4)
Highly citedNo

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