The doubly disadvantaged
The motherhood penalty for internal migrants in China
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 19004581 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Siyang Kong (0000-0002-9311-4351, Generations and Gender Programme, Families & Generations Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI‐KNAW)/University of Groningen Den Haag Netherlands), H Dong (0000-0003-2261-9122, Center for Social Research, Guanghua School of Management Peking University Beijing China, corresponding author) |
| Year | 2023 |
| Volume | 86 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 199-218 |
| Publication date | 2023-09-13 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Marriage and the Family (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-2445 • E-ISSN: 1741-3737 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/jomf.12940 |
| OpenAlex | W4386750788 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 10 |
| References cited | 45 |
Objective This study examines hourly earnings differentials among internal migrants in urban China according to motherhood status and child coresidence. It also contemplates the potential mediation of family support and flexible work arrangements. Background Existing research has primarily studied the general population of working mothers, most of whom co‐reside with their children and enjoy access to childcare support from local institutions. Our knowledge remains limited regarding international and internal migrant mothers, a large and vulnerable group that often suffers institutional segregation. Moreover, some migrant mothers leave children behind, while others do not; this fact helps us transcend the dichotomous mother/non‐mother distinction to better understand the nuances between theoretical explanations of motherhood status (being a mother) and childcare obligation effects that are otherwise intertwined in the general population. Method This study analyzed a representative sample of 41,996 internal married migrant women in China in 2015. Propensity score weighting methods were used to account for potential selection based on a rich set of confounders. Structural equation models were applied for mediation analysis. Results Internal migrant mothers in China are disadvantaged in hourly earnings, particularly those who live with their children. Living with the spouse or parents (‐in‐law) does not mediate the motherhood penalty, but working part‐time and self‐employment do. Conclusion This study reveals an additional disadvantage for migrant mothers apart from the well‐known difficulties that confront Chinese internal migrants because of institutional segregation. These doubly disadvantaged mothers deserve public attention and policy interventions to attain a family‐friendly employment environment
China · Demographic economics · Disadvantage · Disadvantaged · Earnings · Economic growth · Economics · Internal migration · Mediation · Political science · Population · Sociology · Demography · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics · Migration and Labor Dynamics · Psychology · Work-Family Balance Challenges
Flexible Motherhood and the Unequal Logics of Women’s Work
Family Strategy in Childcare
The Impact of Children’s Migration on Wage Income of Migrant Populations
Mothering in Motion
Rethinking Gender Inequality in China's Rural‐to‐Urban Migration
Network shelter or network trap? The use of social ties and the motherhood wage penalty in China’s labour market
The Association Between Shifts in Gender Role Attitudes and Settlement Intentions Among Rural Migrant Women
Gender Norms in Transition? Parents' Housework and Childcare Time in the Covid ‐19 Era
Flexible Working Arrangements and Fertility Intentions
Leaving Again? Job Quality and Repeat Internal Migration in China
Discrimination in Labor Markets
Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis
The role of the propensity score in estimating dose-response functions
Trends in social mobility in postrevolution China
Propensity Score Estimation With Boosted Regression for Evaluating Causal Effects in Observational Studies.
Human Capital
Intergenerational Ties in Context
Separate and unequal
Motherhood Wage Penalties in Latin America
Split Households, Family Migration and Urban Settlement
Living With Migration
Discrimination in Migrant Workers' Welfare Entitlements and Benefits in Urban Labour Market
Childcare Costs and Migrant and Local Mothers' Labor Force Participation in Urban China
Employment After Parenthood
Family proximity, childcare, and women’s labor force attachment
Motherhood, labor force behavior, and women’s careers
Motherhood as a Status Characteristic
Work–Family Policy Trade-Offs for Mothers? Unpacking the Cross-National Variation in Motherhood Earnings Penalties
Understanding the immigrant-native gap in childcare use
The Effect of Children on Women's Wages
Does parental migration really benefit left-behind children? Comparative evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam
The Motherhood Wage Penalty by Work Conditions
The Wage Penalty for Motherhood
Bringing children to the cities
Gender and free movement
Gender Inequalities in Employment and Wage-earning among Economic Migrants in Chinese Cities
Migrant Workers in Beijing
Building China
Women's Employment among Blacks, Whites, and Three Groups of Latinas
Family-Friendly' Jobs and Motherhood Pay Penalties
Migration Patterns in East and Southeast Asia
Inequality and Social Stratification in Postsocialist China
Marriage and Family in East Asia
Motherhood Penalties and Living Arrangementsin China
The Motherhood Penalty at Midlife
Migrant Parents and the Psychological Well-Being of Left-Behind Children in Southeast Asia
Work and Family Research in the First Decade of the 21st Century
Conceiving and Investigating Motherhood
Stark Choices
Between State and Market
Hukou-Based Stratification in Urban China's Segmented Economy
Making it work
Occupational segregation and earnings inequality
| Unique citing works | 10 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 5 |
| Citation span | 2024 - 2026 (3) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 9 |