The Effect of Children on Women's Wages
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 5250876 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Jane Waldfogel (0000-0002-9213-182X, corresponding author) |
| Year | 1997 |
| Volume | 62 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 209 |
| Publication date | 1997-04-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | American Sociological Review (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0003-1224 • E-ISSN: 1939-8271 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications Inc (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.2307/2657300 |
| OpenAlex | W2080773007 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 313 |
| References cited | 9 |
The author uses data from the 1968-1988 National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women to investigate the lower wages of mothers. In pooled cross-sectional models, difference models, and fixed-effects models, the negative effect of children on women's wages is not entirely explained by differences in labor market experience. He considers two alternative explanations for the residual penalties associated with having children : unobserved pay-relevant differences between mothers and non-mothers, which fixed-effects models show do not account for the child penalty; and part-time employment, which does account for some of the child penalty. However even after controlling for part-time employment, a negative effect of children on women's pay remain
Demographic economics · Economics · Labour economics · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics · Labor market dynamics and wage inequality · Psychology · Retirement, Disability, and Employment
Effect of First Births on Women's Employment in a Low-Income Context
Uneven Progress
How Employed Mothers in Australia Find Time for Both Market Work and Childcare
Assigning care
Intersectionality
Women in Academic Science
The Motherhood Wage Gap for Women in the United States
The Family Gap in Pay
The Motherhood Wage Penalty
The Cohabitation and Child Penalty in Stepfamilies
Women and work in contemporary China. The effect of market transition on women's employment, earnings, and status attainment
Gender inequality and the gendered division of labour
Does European-Style Welfare Generosity Discourage Single-Mother Employment?
Gender inequality in poverty in affluent nations
Economic instability and mothers’ employment
Working Fathers in Europe
Motherhood and eldercare penalties. Evidence from Poland
Resources of the Partner
Educational Homogamy and Inter-Couple Income Inequality
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Understanding women's wage growth using indirect inference with importance sampling
If not now, when? The timing of childbirth and labor market outcomes
Gendered Divergence in the Impact of Parenthood on Wages
Antecedents of Motherhood Penalties
Does Job Security Affect Fertility and Fertility Intentions in Ghana? Examining the Evidence
Behind Every High Earning Man is a Conscientious Woman
Work Meaning and the Flexibility Puzzle
The Effect of the Covid-19 Pandemic Recession on Less Educated Women’s Human Capital
Time Divide, Gender Divide
The Eitc and occupational mobility
Moving away from equality
Does digital economy development alleviate the motherhood penalty? Evidence from China
The causal effect of the number of children on gender‐specific labour supply elasticities to the firm
Still Penalized? Parity, Age at First Birth and Women's Income in Later Life
The Effect of Childbirth on Women’s Formal Labour Market Trajectories
Communicating Gender Diversity
Public or Private Responsibility? Early Childhood Education and Care, Inequality, and the Welfare State
Impact of Gender Disparities in Family Carework on Women's Life Chances in Chiapas, Mexico
Does Enhancing Work-Time Control and Flexibility Reduce Turnover? A Naturally Occurring Experiment
Gender-Based Employment and Income Differences in Urban China
Childhood Religious Conservatism and Adult Attainment among Black and White Women
Is There a Career Penalty for Mothers' Time Out? A Comparison of Germany, Sweden and the United States
Double Jeopardy? The Interaction of Gender and Race on Earnings in the United States
Ballot Manipulation and the 'Menace of Negro Domination
Parenthood Status and Compensation in Law Practice
Measuring Care
Parenthood and the Gender Gap in Pay
Parenthood and the earnings of married men and women
Betydning av ekteskap og barn for kvinners lønn
The Effects of Sons and Daughters on Men's Labor Supply and Wages
Motherhood and access to top positions
Child Sleep and Maternal Labour Market Outcomes
The Skinny on Success
The doubly disadvantaged
A General Panel Model with Random and Fixed Effects
Motherhood Wage Penalties in Latin America
Cultural and Institutional Factors Shaping Mothers' Employment and Working Hours in Postindustrial Countries
Flexible Work Options and Mothers' Perceptions of Career Harm
Fatherhood and wage inequality in Britain, Finland, and Germany
Raising network resources while raising children? Access to social capital by parenthood status, gender, and marital status
Twelve Years Later or Some Thoughts on International Conference Embeddedness and Beyond
Pay for Women with Kids in Russia
The Darwin Economy
Sociology of Money
Organized Dissonance and Emotionality
Gender and Wage Gap
A Review of the Motherhood Wage Penalty in the United States
The Psychological Consequences of Work-Family Trade-Offs for Three Cohorts of Men and Women
Envisioning the Integration of Family and Work
Content Analysis and Gender Stereotypes in Children's Books
Child care subsidies and the employment of welfare recipients
U.S. Mothers’ Long-Term Employment Patterns
Identity in Engineering Adulthood
Does motherhood explain lower wages for women in Macedonia
Where are all the self-employed women? Push and pull factors influencing female labor market decisions
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Gender Inequalities and Motherhood Penalties across French and German Local Labor Markets
Gender in the Labor Market
Selection and Specialization in the Evolution of Marriage Earnings Gaps
The Family Gap in Pay
Motherhood and the Wages of Women in Professional Occupations
Which Mothers Pay a Higher Price? Education Differences in Motherhood Wage Penalties by Parity and Fertility Timing
An Asymmetrical Portrait
Culture’s Gendered Consequences
Expanding Understanding of Motherhood Penalty
Widening inequality
Diverging fortunes
Married Mothers’ Bargaining Power and Their Accrual of Pension Entitlements
The Men Behind Economically Successful Women
Self‐Employment as a Response to the Double Day for Women and Men in Canada
The extreme gendering of Covid−19
Mind the gap
Gender disparities in Housing Provident Fund participation in China
Work, Family, and Accounts of Mothers’ Lives Using Discourse to Navigate Intensive Mothering Ideals
The Gender Wage Gap in the United States and Cross Nationally
Beyond measurement of the motherhood penalty
Idealizing Parenthood Functions to Justify Policy Neglect of Parents’ Economic Burdens
The invisible stigmatisation of female practitioners in international arbitration
The subjective well-being of women in Europe
On the economics of sleeping
Housework, Fixed Effects, and Wages of Married Workers
Random group effects and the precision of regression estimates
The Wage Effects of Marital Status and Children
Why the Gender Gap in Wages Narrowed in the 1980s
Understanding the gender gap
Analysis of Panel Data
Human Capital, Effort, and the Sexual Division of Labor
She Works Hard for the Money
| Unique citing works | 313 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 11,18 |
| Citation span | 1998 - 2026 (29) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 311 |