Chronology and Features of Microblade Knapping in Baikal-Yenisei Siberia during MIS 2

A new view on the formation and development of terminal-edge microblade knapping (TEMK) techniques (wedge-shaped cores) in the Baikal-Yenisei Siberia during the MIS 2 (Sartanian cryochron) is presented. Based on data from 54 sites with TEMK assemblages, we have developed a correct chronological scheme and provided a microknapping characteristic for all stages of the Sartanian cryochron for which data are available. For comparison, data on earlier microblade knapping techniques are used. As a result, a sequence of regional microblade knapping is proposed, which implies: 1) the first manifestations of this technology in the Initial Upper Paleolithic (apparently due to situational decisions); 2) its formation in the Early Upper Paleolithic, probably under the influence of Aurignacian traditions; 3) distribution in the Middle stage of the Upper Paleolithic, when TEMK techniques appear, aimed at the production of microblades for composite tools, which was due to the peculiarities of the adaptation of hunter-gatherers to the LGM harsh conditions. The first clear manifestation of TEMK in the region is associated with the 2nd stage of the Early Sartanian (~25–22 cal BP) and is represented mainly by Yubetsu technique in combination with transverse burins and finds from ostrich eggshells. Their origin should be associated with the regions to the east and southeast of Lake Baikal up to the Pacific Ocean. The following documented evidence of Yubetsu is related to the 3rd stage of the Middle Sartanian (~17– 14.7 cal BP) and is associated with North Baikal assemblages. In the Late Sartanian (~14.7–12.8 cal BP), Yubetsu technique became widespread in its various forms, which can be explained by the increase in the intensity of migration processes in Northeast Asia in connection with significant warming during the Bølling-Allerød. In parallel, the Saikai technique developed (in combination with the manner characteristic of the Campus technique), the center of formation of which, apparently, became the south of Central Siberia, including the Yenisei River valley. The first evidence of its appearance dates back to the 2nd stage of the Early Sartanian, but this data requires verification. However, in the 2nd stage of the Middle Sartanian (~19.5–17 cal BP), the Saikai/Campus technique became widespread and continued to exist until the end of the Late Sartanian. It is concluded that TEMK is an important link in the evolution of the northern microblade industries (NMI). The emergence of Yubetsu techniques and their further development is associated with the penetration of hunter-gatherers from the regions to the south and southeast of Lake Baikal into the region, and the Saikai/Campus technique is obviously an autochthonous

Archaeology · Chronology · Geography · Knapping · Geological Studies and Exploration · Geology

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