Civic Psychological Safety

Bibliographic Data

ID20141937
AuthorsCatalina Carpan (0000-0001-5794-3067, Department of Politics and International Studies University of Warwick Coventry UK, corresponding author)
Year2025
Volume91
Issue5
Publication date2025-10-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueTheoria (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0040-5825 • E-ISSN: 1755-2567
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/theo.70038
OpenAlexW4414296099
LanguageEN
References cited44

This paper examines democratic contestation—the right of citizens to challenge norms and hold authorities accountable—as a vital element of both republican and liberal egalitarian democracy. Despite formal rights to contest, marginalised groups often face perception‐based costs, including fears of violence, legal repercussions and social stigma, which create a coercive double bind that forces them to choose between civic engagement and personal safety. Using three case studies—African Americans in ‘Black Lives Matter’ protests, Indigenous climate activists and British Muslims in the United Kingdom—this paper demonstrates how these costs silence marginalised voices and obstruct meaningful democratic participation. The paper critiques traditional theories of democratic contestation, highlighting that existing frameworks by theorists such as Philip Pettit, Miranda Fricker, Iris Marion Young and Nancy Fraser inadequately address these perception‐based barriers. To fill this gap, the paper introduces civic psychological safety as a crucial condition for democratic engagement, proposing that the state must ensure citizens can contest without fear of repercussion. Concrete policy recommendations—such as transparent policing, legal protections and an increased role for lived experience in Equality Impact Assessments—are suggested to foster an inclusive democracy where all citizens, especially marginalised groups, can engage in contestation without intimidation or risk

Civic engagement · CONTEST · Democracy · Face (sociological concept) · Indigenous · Intimidation · Silence · State (computer science) · Community Health and Development · Resilience and Mental Health · Social and Intergroup Psychology

Tools

Open DOIOpen Access