Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Individual interest, self‐regulation, and self‐directed language learning with technology beyond the classroom

Bibliographic Data

ID21297616
AuthorsChun Lai (0000-0002-7915-113X, Faculty of Education The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong P.R. China, corresponding author), Qianshan Chen (School of Foreign Language Studies Hangzhou Dianzi University Hangzhou P.R. China), Yabing Wang (0000-0003-3539-2633, School of English Education Guangdong University of Foreign Studies Guangzhou P.R. China), Xuedan Qi (Institute for International Education Guangdong University of Foreign Studies Guangzhou P.R. China)
Year2024
Volume55
Issue1
Pages379-397
Publication date2024-01-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueBritish Journal of Educational Technology (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0007-1013 • E-ISSN: 1467-8535
PublisherWiley (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1111/bjet.13366
OpenAlexW4384931721
LanguageEN
Citations received29
References cited71

Individual interest and self‐regulation are two pillars of self‐directed learning. Despite empirical evidence on the interaction between the two with respect to academic achievement, few studies have explored how individual interest and self‐regulation might interact and relate to self‐directed informal learning. This study surveyed 322 university students on self‐regulation and two interest constructs (interest in learning English and interest in pursuing personal interest in English), and tested how these factors related to their engagement in self‐directed use of technology for English learning beyond the classroom. Structural equation modelling analysis revealed that despite both being significant determinants, interest factors, and self‐regulation were associated differently with various types of self‐directed technological activities (instruction‐, information‐, entertainment‐ and socialization‐oriented activities). Self‐regulation was predictive of instruction‐, information‐ and socialization‐oriented activities, which have high cognitive load and require effort management for second‐language learners. Interest in English learning was consistently a significant predictor of all four types of technological activities. Interest in pursuing personal interest in English played a significant role in information‐ and entertainment‐oriented technological activities. The findings recommend greater attention to individual interest when promoting self‐directed informal learning. The findings further suggest adopting a differentiated approach to bolstering self‐directed learning for different purposes. Practitioner notes What is already known about this topic Self‐regulation is important to self‐directed learning. Subject‐matter interest and self‐regulation interplay to influence academic performance in formal learning contexts. What this paper adds Interest and self‐regulation interplayed to shape self‐direction in informal learning contexts. Self‐regulation was predictive of instruction‐, information‐ and socialization‐oriented activities. Interest factors added additional explanation power on self‐directed technological activities. Both subject‐matter interest and the integration of personal interest with subject learning were significant determinants. The integration of personal interest with subject learning mediated the influence of subject‐matter interest. Implications for practice and/or policy Educational interventions need to work simultaneously on both interest and self‐regulation to bolster self‐directed learning. Educators need to address different factors when boosting different types of technological activities. A relative stance needs to be taken since self‐regulation might play a less significant role in less taxing technological activities. It is important to deliberately integrate students' personal interests into English learning and help students perceive and act on the integration

Autodidacticism · Mathematics education · Self-interest · Socialization · Educational Strategies and Epistemologies · Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods · Online and Blended Learning · Psychology · Social Psychology

  • Investigating the impact of ChatGPT-assisted self-assessment on college students' writing development

    Open Access•Hamidreza Moeiniasl•Assessing Writing•2026

  • Fostering generative AI-supported self-regulated learning (GenAI-SRL) in informal digital language learning through literacy and interactions

    Open Access•Xiaoqi Wang, Long Jiang Zhang•ReCALL•2026

  • Intelligent Assessment of students’ Classroom Interest Based on Multidimensional Visual Perception

    Luhui Xu, Peng Zhou et al.•Computers in the Schools•2026

  • Unpacking the Effects of GenAI on Cultivating Students’ Computational Thinking

    Open Access•Jie Xu, Zexi Chen et al.•Journal of Educational Computing…•2026

  • Exploring Autonomy in the AI Wilderness

    Open Access•Antonie Alm•Education Sciences•2024

  • Community of inquiry

    Open Access•Mohammadreza Farrokhnia, Abbas Taghizade et al.•The Internet and Higher Education•2025

  • Unraveling the factors influencing deep learning in online education

    Mengmeng Qi, Yao Xiao et al.•Interactive Learning Environments•2026

  • Self-regulation plus individual interests? A design-based study on the development of a GenAI-empowered platform for self-directed out-of-class reading

    Open Access•Mengru Pan, Chun Lai et al.•Computers & Education•2026

  • How does social support detected automatically in discussion forums relate to online learning burnout? The moderating role of students’ self-regulated learning

    Open Access•Changqin Huang, Yaxin Tu et al.•Computers & Education•2025

  • Effects of Mobile‐Assisted Language Learning ( Mall )‐Delivered Explicit Metacognitive Intervention on Chinese EFL Students' Receptive Skills and Metacognitive Awareness

    Open Access•Changhong Peng, Weixing Gu et al.•Journal of Computer Assisted…•2025

  • Personalised Language Learning Through Technology

    Open Access•Ziyun Zhang, Ruixi Yang•Journal of Computer Assisted…•2025

  • Purpose Profiles in Informal Digital Learning of English

    Open Access•Huijie Yao, Mingyue Gu et al.•Journal of Computer Assisted…•2026

  • Investigating the Relationship Between E‐Learning and Academic Performance Among Chinese English Foreign Language Students

    Open Access•Hongyu Lin, Ruiling Deng et al.•European Journal of Education•2025

  • A meta-analysis examining AI-assisted L2 learning

    Guanyao Xu, Aiqing Yu et al.•IRAL - International Review of…•2026

  • The role of self‐regulated learning in modelling the relationships between learning approaches, FoMO and smartphone addiction among university students

    Open Access•Deniz Mertkan Gezgin, Tuğba Türk Kurtça et al.•British Journal of Educational…•2025

  • Teachers' digital initiatives to bridge students' in‐class and out‐of‐class language learning and the influencing factors

    Open Access•Chun Lai, Zhan Shi•British Journal of Educational…•2025

  • AI chatbots as reading companions in self‐directed out‐of‐class reading

    Open Access•Mengru Pan, Chun Lai et al.•British Journal of Educational…•2026

  • Pre‐Service Teachers’ Technology Integration in Pronunciation Instruction

    Open Access•Di Liu, Chun Lai et al.•International Journal of Applied…•2024

  • From following to forging paths

    Open Access•Huijie Yao, Mingyue Gu et al.•System•2025

  • Understanding self-regulated grammar learning with LLM chatbot support

    Open Access•Chun Hao, Fan Zhang•System•2025

  • Enjoyable, anxious, or bored? Investigating Chinese EFL learners’ classroom emotions and their engagement in technology-based EMI classrooms

    Open Access•Kun Dai, Yongliang Wang•System•2024

  • Leveraging self-regulation theory in mobile learning

    Open Access•Yin Yang, Chun Lai et al.•Asia Pacific Journal of Education•2026

  • Understanding the impact of out-of-school English exposure on self-perceived listening gains

    Open Access•Suhe Ji, Linfeng Zou et al.•Acta Psychologica•2026

  • Understanding EFL learners' flow

    Open Access•Fan Jia, Jie Meng et al.•Acta Psychologica•2025

  • The Influence of Study Interest, Perceived Autonomy Support, and Student Enthusiasm on Class-Related Boredom of English Majors

    Open Access•Guanyu Cui, Jing Zhou et al.•SAGE Open•2024

  • Research agenda

    Open Access•Chun Lai, Pia Sundqvist•Language Teaching•2026

  • Applying the online language learners' characteristics model in connection with various personality traits

    Open Access•Yuan Liang, Ting Ji et al.•British Educational Research…•2025

  • Digital leadership, AI readiness and strategic resource allocation in education

    Anant Deogaonkar•International Journal of…•2025

  • Learning Māori beyond the classroom with the linguistic landscape

    Open Access•Louisa Buckingham, Pulak Barua et al.•International Journal of…•2025

  • The Power of Interest for Motivation and Engagement

    K Ann Renninger, Suzanne E Hidi et al.•The Power of Interest for…•2015

  • Self-Directed Learning in Problem-Based Learning and its Relationships with Self-Regulated Learning

    Open Access•Sofie M M Loyen, Sofie M M Loyens et al.•Educational Psychology Review•2008

  • Learning English through out-of-school exposure. Which levels of language proficiency are attained and which types of input are important?

    Open Access•Vanessa De Wilde, Marc Brysbaert et al.•Bilingualism Language and Cognition•2020

  • Lateral Collinearity and Misleading Results in Variance-Based SEM

    Ned Kock, Gary S Lynn et al.•Journal of the Association for…•2012

  • Measuring self-regulation in online and blended learning environments

    Open Access•Lucy Barnard‐brak, Lucy Barnard et al.•The Internet and Higher Education•2009

  • Interest, Learning, and Motivation

    Ulrich Schiefele•Educational Psychologist•1991

  • Student engagement with science in early adolescence

    Open Access•Mary Ainley, John Ainley•Contemporary Educational Psychology•2011

  • Self-regulated out-of-class language learning with technology

    Chun Lai, Mingyue Gu•Computer Assisted Language Learning•2011

  • The role of growth mindset, self-efficacy and intrinsic value in self-regulated learning and English language learning achievements

    Open Access•Barry Bai, Jing Wang•Language Teaching Research•2023

  • Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis

    Jason W Osborne, Anna B Costello et al.•Best Practices in Quantitative…•2008

  • Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis

    Li‐tze Hu, Peter M Bentler•Structural Equation Modeling: A…•1999

  • Reporting Structural Equation Modeling and Confirmatory Factor Analysis Results

    Open Access•James B Schreiber, Amaury Nora et al.•The Journal of Educational Research•2006

  • Common method biases in behavioral research

    Philip M Podsakoff, Scott B Mackenzie et al.•Journal of Applied Psychology•2003

  • The Four-Phase Model of Interest Development

    Suzanne Hidi, K Ann Renninger•Educational Psychologist•2006

  • The Impact of Out-of-School Factors on Motivation to Learn English

    Alastair Henry, Christina Cliffordson•Applied Linguistics•2017

  • The effect of out-of-class exposure to English language media on learners’ vocabulary knowledge

    Elke Peters•ITL - International Journal of…•2018

  • The potential for digital technology to support self-directed learning in formal education of children

    Thomas Howard Morris, Matthias Rohs•Interactive Learning Environments•2023

  • Self-regulated mobile game-based English learning in a virtual reality environment

    Open Access•Yu-Li Chen, Chun-Chia Hsu•Computers & Education•2020

  • Goal-oriented active learning (Goal) system to promote reading engagement, self-directed learning behavior, and motivation in extensive reading

    Open Access•Huiyong Li, Rwitajit Majumdar et al.•Computers & Education•2021

  • The effects of ICT-based social media on adolescents' digital reading performance

    Open Access•Jie Hu, Rushi Yu•Computers & Education•2021

  • University students’ use of mobile technology in self-directed language learning

    Open Access•Yuzhi Lai, Nadira Saab et al.•Computers & Education•2022

  • Formal Versus Informal L2 Learning

    Open Access•Vanessa De Wilde, Marc Brysbaert et al.•Studies in Second Language…•2022

  • The three faces of interests

    Open Access•Rong Su•Journal of Vocational Behavior•2020

  • Interest and Self-Sustained Learning as Catalysts of Development

    Open Access•Brigid Barron•Human Development•2006

  • Technology use, self-directed learning, student engagement and academic performance

    Open Access•Tabassum Rashid, Hanan Muhammad Asghar•Computers in Human Behavior•2016

  • Uses and Gratifications

    Philip Palmgreen•Annals of the International…•1984

  • Comparing autonomous and class-based learners in Brazil

    Open Access•Jason Cole, J B Cole et al.•System•2016

  • Understanding vocabulary acquisition, instruction, and assessment

    Open Access•Norbert Schmitt•Language Teaching•2019

  • Academic self-efficacy, task importance and interest

    Barry Bai, Youyan Nie et al.•Journal of Multilingual and…•2022

  • The Interaction of Motivation, Self‐Regulatory Strategies, and Autonomous Learning Behavior in Different Learner Groups

    Open Access•Judit Kormos, Kata Csizér•TESOL Quarterly•2014

  • The role of interest in optimizing performance and self-regulation

    Paul A O’Keefe, Paul A O'Keefe et al.•Journal of Experimental Social…•2014

  • Reading with a Purpose

    Open Access•Elizabeth M Knutson•Foreign Language Annals•1997

  • Scale Development Research

    Open Access•Roger L Worthington, Tiffany A Whittaker•The Counseling Psychologist•2006

  • Learning, Teaching, and Scholarship in a Digital Age

    Open Access•Christine Greenhow, Beth Robelia et al.•Educational Researcher•2009

  • Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling

    Open Access•Nassim Tabri, Craig M Elliott•Canadian Graduate Journal of…•2012

  • Self-directed learning

    Open Access•Thomas Howard Morris•International Review of Education•2019

Unique citing works29
Citations per year14,5
Citation span2024 - 2026 (3)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 29

Tools

Open DOIOpen Access
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae