Implicit black‐weapon associations weakened over time in increasingly multiethnic metropolitan areas
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 21739580 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Angela Somo (0000-0002-9069-9462, San Diego State University), Melody Sadler (0000-0002-1089-9078, San Diego State University, corresponding author), Ton Devos (0000-0003-4546-7555, San Diego State University) |
| Year | 2021 |
| Volume | 21 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 520-540 |
| Publication date | 2021-12-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 1529-7489 • E-ISSN: 1530-2415 |
| Publisher | Wiley (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1111/asap.12228 |
| OpenAlex | W3116421960 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 5 |
| References cited | 56 |
A repeated cross‐sectional design was used to examine whether temporal changes in implicit Black‐weapon associations were dependent on the changing ethnic diversity of metropolitan areas over the course of a decade (2009–2018). Data on implicit Black‐weapon associations were obtained from Project Implicit. Three indicators of ethnic diversity were calculated using American Community Survey data. Minority representation referred to the proportion of African American residents. Variety was operationalized as the degree to which six ethnic groups each accounted for an equal proportion of the population. Integration assessed the degree to which ethnic groups were evenly distributed across census tracts making up the metropolitan area. Multilevel model analyses ( N = 345,647 participants, nested within 185 metropolitan areas) revealed that implicit Black‐weapon associations weakened over time, and to a larger degree in metropolitan areas characterized by steeper increases in variety. This longitudinal relationship is consistent with the notion that, as metropolitan areas become more multiethnic, implicit associations between crime, danger, or violence and Black Americans decline
Census · Ethnic group · Geography · Metropolitan area · Operationalization · Population · Sociology · Crime Patterns and Interventions · Demography · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies
Systemic Problems Require Systemic Solutions
Disparities in court orders to relinquish firearms in civil domestic violence protection orders
The roles of national anti-Muslim policy, state context, and individual ideology in anti-Muslim implicit bias in the United States
Does ethnoracial context diversity predict implicit associations of sexual orientation? Evidence from linked Census Bureau and Implicit Association Test data
Are you supposed to be here?”
Multilevel Analysis
The Pitfalls and Promise of Increasing Racial Diversity
Implicit Bias and Policing
The Meaningfulness of Effect Sizes in Psychological Research
The Police Officer's Dilemma
Same-sex marriage legalization associated with reduced implicit and explicit antigay bias
Quantifying explained variance in multilevel models
A practical guide to multilevel modeling
Effect size measures for multilevel models
The Consequences of Race for Police Officers' Responses to Criminal Suspects
Historical roots of implicit bias in slavery
Police Officer Characteristics and the Likelihood of Using Deadly Force
Implicit and Explicit Racial Attitudes Changed During Black Lives Matter
Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models
Simr
Racial Biases in Officers’ Decisions to Frisk Are Amplified for Black People Stopped Among Groups Leading to Similar Biases in Searches, Arrests, and Use of Force
Geographic Variation in the Black-Violence Stereotype
Can a Naturally Occurring Pathogen Threat Change Social Attitudes? Evaluations of Gay Men and Lesbians During the 2014 Ebola Epidemic
Neighborhood Diversity and Social Identity Complexity
Disproportionate Use of Lethal Force in Policing Is Associated With Regional Racial Biases of Residents
Exposure to Racial Out-Groups and Implicit Race Bias in the United States
More Diverse Yet Less Tolerant? How the Increasingly Diverse Racial Landscape Affects White Americans’ Racial Attitudes
The Bias of Crowds
Patterns of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes
Implicit Preferences for Straight People over Lesbian Women and Gay Men Weakened from 2006 to 2013
Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes
Ethnic diversity matters
Consequences of Diversity for Social Cohesion and Prejudice
Targets of discrimination
Is the evidence from racial bias shooting task studies a smoking gun? Results from a meta-analysis
Best laid plans
Target prototypicality moderates racial bias in the decision to shoot
Dangerous enough
Implicit (and explicit) racial attitudes barely changed during Barack Obama’s presidential campaign and early presidency
Temporal fluctuations in context ethnic diversity over three decades predict implicit national inclusion of Asian Americans
Context diversity predicts the extent to which the American identity is implicitly associated with Asian Americans and European Americans
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test
Two Multilevel Modeling Techniques for Analyzing Comparative Longitudinal Survey Datasets
Seeing Black
The police officer's dilemma
Prejudice and perception
Measures of Multigroup Segregation
Redefine statistical significance
Beyond Black and White
Relational diversity and neighbourhood cohesion. Unpacking variety, balance and in-group size
| Unique citing works | 5 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 2,5 |
| Citation span | 2024 - 2026 (3) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 5 |