Seeing Black
Race, Crime, and Visual Processing
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6203422 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Jennifer L Eberhardt (0000-0003-1687-8128, Stanford University), Phillip Atiba Goff (0000-0003-4316-2870, Pennsylvania State University), Valerie J Purdie (Yale University), Paul G Davies (0000-0002-6156-0525, University of California, Los Angeles) |
| Year | 2004 |
| Volume | 87 |
| Issue | 6 |
| Pages | 876-893 |
| Publication date | 2004-12-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-3514 • E-ISSN: 1939-1315 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.876 |
| PMID | 15598112 |
| OpenAlex | W2095863280 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 467 |
| References cited | 72 |
Using police officers and undergraduates as participants, the authors investigated the influence of stereotypic associations on visual processing in 5 studies. Study 1 demonstrates that Black faces influence participants' ability to spontaneously detect degraded images of crime-relevant objects. Conversely, Studies 2-4 demonstrate that activating abstract concepts (i.e., crime and basketball) induces attentional biases toward Black male faces. Moreover, these processing biases may be related to the degree to which a social group member is physically representative of the social group (Studies 4-5). These studies, taken together, suggest that some associations between social groups and concepts are bidirectional and operate as visual tuning devices--producing shifts in perception and attention of a sort likely to influence decision making and behavior
Basketball · Cognitive psychology · Perception · Race (biology) · Social perception · sort · Visual perception · Visual processing · Face Recognition and Perception · Psychology · Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
Self-protective motivation and avoidance of heuristically threatening outgroups
Using the Science of Psychology to Target Perpetrators of Racism and Race-Based Discrimination for Intervention Efforts
What is implicit bias
Varieties of Bias
Perceptual learning
Racial bias and DUI enforcement
Understanding racial disparities in pretrial detention recommendations to shape policy reform
The role of expression and race in weapons identification
Racismo não dá conta
Case Management, Similar Fact Evidence in Civil Cases, and a Divided Law of Evidence
Status-based asymmetry in intergroup responses
Measuring Black men’s police-based discrimination experiences
Stereotype threat in criminal interrogations
The hidden consequences of racial salience in videotaped interrogations and confessions
The psychological science of racial bias and policing
Attitudes Towards Police Legitimacy and Mock Grand Juror Indictment Decisions in Cases of Lethal Force
Male minority youth and law enforcement officers' policing perceptions and reported experiences and practices
Criminal Justice Through “Colorblind” Lenses
Can Cameras Stop the Killings? Racial Differences in Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Body‐Worn Cameras in Police Encounters
Ethnic identity, negative media portrayal, and psychological well-being in Arab-American youth
Color-Blind Contradictions and Black/White Binaries
A call to dismantle systemic racism in criminal legal systems
Not in my group
Dyadic interracial interactions
Can Deep Canvassing Promote Anti‐Carceral Attitudes? A Field Experiment
Stereotypic vision
Young Children & Implicit Racial Biases
When the Cruiser Lights Come On”
Criminal justice as racialized organizations
An exploratory study of stress and coping among Black college men
The Prospect of a Humanitarian Artificial Intelligence
Intergroup Relations
Race and News Revisited
Organizations as Sites and Drivers of Social Action
Interpersonal Stratification
History of Social Psychology
Automaticity and the Unconscious
Discretionary Justice
The Political Psychology of Democratic Citizenship
Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States
Polluting Black space.
From Dark to Light
The Theory of Dyadic Morality
Implicit Bias and Policing
The influence of racial embodiment on racial bias in immersive virtual environments
Racial Disparities in Incarceration Increase Acceptance of Punitive Policies
Social Inequality and Racial Discrimination
Militarization fails to enhance police safety or reduce crime but may harm police reputation
Spontaneous Inferences, Implicit Impressions, and Implicit Theories
Shedding “light” on marriage
Precinct or prejudice? Understanding racial disparities in New York City’s stop-and-frisk policy
Race, Poverty, and Exclusionary School Security
Does Seeing Faces of Young Black Boys Facilitate the Identification of Threatening Stimuli?
Looking the Part
The Relationship Between Structural Racism and Black-White Disparities in Fatal Police Shootings at the State Level
Toward an understanding of structural racism
Born Palestinian, Born Black
Camera Point-of-View Exacerbates Racial Bias in Viewers of Police Use of Force Videos
Effects of Exposure to Alcohol-Related Cues on Racial Prejudice
Hearing Decline Predicted by Elders' Stereotypes
Toward a Social Psychology of Race and Race Relations for the Twenty-First Century
Race as Social Construct
The Multidimensionality of Racial/Ethnic Socialization
The Dark Side of Safety
Embodying the Police
Examining Racial Disparities in Drug Arrests
Challenging fixed mindsets fosters belonging in leadership among adolescents from historically excluded groups
Ascribed Race and Interactions with Law Enforcement
Replication and extension of Carlson and Zaki (2018)
He does not look like video games made him do it
Radicalizing safety
Cultural violence in news coverage of the George Floyd murder
The Tyranny of Political Correctness? A Game‐Theoretic Model of Social Norms and Implicit Bias
Peer, substance use, and race-related factors associated with recidivism among first-time justice-involved youth
From “Made In” to Mukokuseki
The Social Psychology of Racially Biased Policing
The Consequences of Misdiagnosing Race-Based Trauma Response in Black Men
Implicit black‐weapon associations weakened over time in increasingly multiethnic metropolitan areas
Stereotypes of criminality in the U.S. track ecology, not race
The role of perceived defendant criminality on attributions and case outcomes
He did it! Or did I just see him on Twitter? Social media influence on eyewitness identification
The (Dis)unity of psychological (social) bias
Detecting Bias in Traffic Searches
Training away face-type bias
Beliefs about an Offender’s Capacity to Be Rehabilitated
Race and Perceived Immorality in Stereotypes of Criminal Subtypes
The Effect of Medical Face Masks on First Impressions Across Race and Time
Examining the Nuances of Consumer Racial Bias
When Racially Biased Perception is Incompetent (and When it isn’t)
The influence of defendant race and mental disorder type on mock juror decision-making in insanity trials
Guns Are Not Faster to Enter Awareness After Seeing a Black Face
Perceived Zero-Sum Competition Between Asian Americans and Black Americans
What to Do? Predicting Coping Strategies Following Ingroup Members’ Stereotypical Behaviors in Interracial Interactions
The Biased Enforcement of Rarely Followed Rules
A Race-Based Size Bias for Black Adolescent Boys
Good Cop, Bad Cop
Attribution Matters
Racial Conflation
Privacy as a Defense Against Premature Representation
Criminal Stereotypes of Muslim and Arab Americans and the Impact on Evaluations of Ambiguous Criminal Evidence
Race, crime, and the law
The principles of psychology.
Racial Prejudice and Stereotype Activation
Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory
Attentional bias in emotional disorders.
Prejudice, discrimination, and racism
Psychology of Rumor or How the Flying Saucer Phenomenon Spread Throughout the Nation
Perception and Prejudice
I — Andrew Williams
Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism
Cognitive Representations of Black Americans
An Individual Difference Measure of Motivation to Control Prejudiced Reactions
Racial Stereotypes
No Equal Justice
Automaticity of social behavior
Variability in automatic activation as an unobstrusive measure of racial attitudes
Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup violence
Targets of discrimination
On the Nature of Prejudice
Best laid plans
Activating Social Stereotypes
Racial stereotypes
Evidence for the automaticity of ageism
Nonconscious Behavioral Confirmation Processes
On the Activation of Social Stereotypes
Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes
Measuring Associative Strength
The trouble of thinking
Perceptions of the elderly
Just say no (to stereotyping)
The role of Afrocentric features in person perception
Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures
Inhibitory effect of schematic processing on perceptual encoding
Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals
Traits and social stereotypes
Category and stereotype activation
Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming
Racial and behavioral cues in Black and White children's perceptions of ambiguously aggressive acts
The police officer's dilemma
The dissection of selection in person perception
On the automatic activation of attitudes
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition
Prejudice and perception
Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice
Stereotypes and prejudice
| Unique citing works | 467 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 22,24 |
| Citation span | 2005 - 2026 (22) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 437 |