The trouble of thinking
Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 6206738 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Daniel T Gilbert (0000-0002-9865-4445, The University of Texas at Austin, corresponding author), J Gregory Hixon |
| Year | 1991 |
| Volume | 60 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Pages | 509-517 |
| Publication date | 1991-04-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0022-3514 • E-ISSN: 1939-1315 |
| Publisher | American Psychological Association (APA) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1037//0022-3514.60.4.509 |
| OpenAlex | W4248533863 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 405 |
| References cited | 32 |
Two studies investigated the effects of cognitive busyness on the activation and application of stereotypes. In Experiment 1, not-busy subjects who were exposed to an Asian target showed evidence of stereotype activation, but busy subjects (who rehearsed an 8-digit number during their exposure) did not. In Experiment 2, cognitive busyness once again inhibited the activation of stereotypes about Asians. However, when stereotype activation was allowed to occur, busy subjects (who performed a visual search task during their exposure) were more likely to apply these activated stereotypes than were not-busy subjects. Together, these findings suggest that cognitive busyness may decrease the likelihood that a particular stereotype will be activated but increase the likelihood that an activated stereotype will be applied
Cognitive psychology · Developmental psychology · Cultural Differences and Values · Educational Strategies and Epistemologies · Jewish Identity and Society · Psychology · Social and Intergroup Psychology · Social Psychology
Caseload, time-pressure and discrimination
What is implicit bias
Eyewitness identifications are affected by stereotypes about a suspect’s level of perceived stereotypicality
Protecting the Ingroup
Stereotype threat among Black and White women in health care settings
Stereotypical and counterstereotypical defendants
Implicit Theories
Speaker Evaluation Measures of Language Attitudes
Dizer «não» aos estereótipos sociais
“One Doesn’t Slap a Girl but…” Social Representations and Conditional Logics in Legitimization of Intimate Partner Violence
The Rating of Sexist Humor Under Time Pressure as an Indicator of Spontaneous Sexist Attitudes
Facial attractiveness and stereotypes of hotel guests
The Etiology of Individual‐Targeted Intolerance
Too (mentally) busy to chill
The Effects of Advertising Copy on Sensory Thoughts and Perceived Taste
Parity Product Features Can Enhance or Dilute Brand Evaluation
Nonconscious and Contaminative Effects of Hypothetical Questions on Subsequent Decision Making
Ease-of-Retrieval as an Automatic Input in Judgments
Effects of Prototype and Exemplar Fit on Brand Extension Evaluations
Age stereotyping of gay and heterosexual men
The Themes of Our Epoch
When distrust frees your mind
Who’s to blame? Dissimilarity as a cue in moral judgments of observed ostracism episodes
Multicultural experiences reduce intergroup bias through epistemic unfreezing
The effect of need and ability to achieve cognitive structuring on cognitive structuring
Stress Crossover in Newlywed Marriage
Use and Disuse of Contextual Primes in Dynamic News Environments
African American Women and Family Planning Services
Implicit Measures in Social Cognition Research
Scientific jury selection.
Implicit social cognition
Intergroup Relations
Perceiving People
Race and News Revisited
Motivation
Mind Perception
Automaticity and the Unconscious
The Art of Laboratory Experimentation
Social Categorization
Terror Management Theory of Self-Esteem and Cultural Worldviews
Deliver us from Evil
Motivated Reasoning With Stereotypes
A dual-process model of defense against conscious and unconscious death-related thoughts
Intergroup relations
A dynamic interactive theory of person construal.
Fleeing the Body
Controlling Racial Prejudice
Impulsive versus reflective influences on health behavior
Automatic Activation of Stereotypes
Emotions, Arousal, and Stereotypic Judgments
From Ideal to Real
Suppression as a Stereotype Control Strategy
The Mutual Knowledge Problem and Its Consequences for Dispersed Collaboration
Fear of the Dark
Chicken Soup Really Is Good for the Soul
Black Americans' Implicit Racial Associations And Their Implications for Intergroup Judgment
Domain and Development of Cultural Intelligence
Promoting the “Social” in the Examination of Social Stigmas
Mortality salience and the spreading activation of worldview-relevant constructs
The Association of Cognitive Ability with Right–Wing Ideological Attitudes and Prejudice
Taking a Look Underground
Impulse and Self-Control From a Dual-Systems Perspective
Understanding the Role of the Self in Prime-to-Behavior Effects
The Weight of Obesity in Evaluating Others
The Mythical Number Two
A Theory of Unconscious Thought
Conspiracy Theories
Is this about You or Me? Self-Versus Other-Directed Judgments and Feelings in Response to Intergroup Interaction
Battling Doubt by Avoiding Practice
Cognitive load selectively interferes with utilitarian moral judgment
Of Warrior Chiefs and Indian Princesses
Differences in Helping Whites and Blacks
When Bigger Is Better (and When It Is Not)
Narratives and Goals
Will a Category Cue Affect You? Category Cues, Positive Stereotypes and Reviewer Recall for Applicants
An Examination of Implicitly Activated, Explicitly Activated, and Nullified Stereotypes on Mathematical Performance
Difficulty of Imagining Others’ Behaviors and Expectations About Future Interactions
Are CRIS Cluster Patterns Differentially Associated With African American Enculturation and Social Distance
Social Cognition
What have we been priming all these years? On the development, mechanisms, and ecology of nonconscious social behavior
Private High School Students’ English Demotivation and Their Stereotyped Thoughts about Foreign Languages
Triggering competence may protect multiple minority members from hiring discrimination
Social cognition and Relevance
Meslek Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Dil Öğrenme Stratejilerinin ve Yabancı Dile Yönelik Kalıplaşmış Düşüncelerinin İncelenmesi
Why Antibias Interventions (Need Not) Fail
The Inversion Problem
Cognitive load increases anthropomorphism of humanoid robot. The automatic path of anthropomorphism
Social overshadowing
Cognitive load promotes honesty
Creating a creative state of mind
Student teachers’ judgements of students’ academic and social characteristics
Atheists and Christians can be Discerned from their Faces
When is Sustainability a Liability, and When Is It an Asset? Quality Inferences for Core and Peripheral Attributes
Culture and Patterns of Reciprocity
Facial first impressions are not mandatory
Unobservable stereotypes are more malleable than observable stereotypes in implicit person perception
Relieving the Burdens of Secrecy
Why Do They Have to Flaunt it? Perceptions of Communicative Intent Predict Antigay Prejudice Based Upon Brief Exposure to Nonverbal Cues
Stereotype Relevance Moderates Category Activation
Poor Toddlers Feel Less Pain? Application of Class-Based Pain Stereotypes in Judgments of Children
The Role of Consciousness in Priming Effects on Categorization
Beyond the Contact Hypothesis
Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading
Stereotypes as Judgmental Heuristics
Prejudice, discrimination, and racism
Groups in contact
A Continuum of Impression Formation, from Category-Based to Individuating Processes
Quest for accuracy in person perception
Person Categorization and Stereotyping
Automatic information processing and social perception
Thinking backward
Social stereotypes and judgments of individuals
Racial stereotypes
From individual to group impressions
Stereotyping based on apparently individuating information
Accountability and judgment processes in a personality prediction task
On the spontaneity of trait attribution
Of thoughts unspoken
The preoccupational hazards of social life
Assimilation and contrast as a function of people's willingness and ability to expend effort in forming an impression
Cognitive processes in the revision of stereotypic beliefs
Traits and social stereotypes
Nonconscious biasing effects of single instances on subsequent judgments
Social stereotypes and information-processing strategies
Effects of stereotypes in decision making and information-processing strategies
On cognitive busyness
Seeing less and knowing more
Feeling and thinking
Stereotypes and prejudice
The bogus pipeline
| Unique citing works | 388 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 11,57 |
| Citation span | 1991 - 2026 (36) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 377 |