Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

AI as an Apolitical Referee

Using Alternative Sources to Decrease Partisan Biases in the Processing of Fact-Checking Messages

Bibliographic Data

ID22010664
AuthorsM Chung (0000-0001-6290-859X, Northeastern University, corresponding author), Won-Ki Moon (0000-0003-4959-5343, The University of Texas at Austin, corresponding author), M Jones-Jang (0000-0003-3935-7421, Boston College)
Year2024
Volume12
Issue10
Pages1548-1569
Publication date2024-11-25
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessNo
TypeARTICLE
VenueDigital Journalism (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 2167-0811 • E-ISSN: 2167-082X
PublisherInforma UK Limited (PUBLISHER • GB)
DOI10.1080/21670811.2023.2254820
OpenAlexW4386739079
LanguageEN
Citations received21
References cited75

While fact-checking has received much attention as a tool to fight misinformation online, fact-checking efforts have yielded limited success in combating political misinformation due to partisans’ biased information processing. The efficacy of fact-checking often decreases, if not backfires, when the fact-checking messages contradict individual audiences’ political stance. To explore ways to minimize such politically biased processing of fact-checking messages, an online experiment (N = 645) examined how different source labels of fact-checking messages (human experts vs. AI vs. crowdsourcing vs. human experts-AI hybrid) influence partisans’ processing of fact-checking messages. Results showed that AI and crowdsourcing source labels significantly reduced motivated reasoning in evaluating the credibility of fact-checking messages whereas the partisan bias remained evident for the human experts and human experts-AI hybrid source labels

Computer security · Credibility · Crowdsourcing · Economics · Misinformation · Political science · Politics · Source credibility · World Wide Web · Computer Science · Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection · Law · Misinformation and Its Impacts · Psychology · Social Media and Politics · Social Psychology

  • Apolitical referee or geopolitical actor? How artificial intelligence’s national-origin labels shape credibility in politicized science communication

    Open Access•Junyi Chen, Weixi Zeng et al.•Public Understanding of Science•2026

  • Balancing Artificial Intelligence and Human Expertise

    Open Access•Yunju Kim, Joonwhan Lee•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2026

  • Nationalism meets machine heuristics

    Open Access•Junyi Chen, Weixi Zeng et al.•Technology in Society•2025

  • Fact-Checking from Human to AI

    Open Access•Seung Woo Chae•Journal of Broadcasting &…•2026

  • AI as Arbiter? The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Cyberbullying Report Review Process

    Open Access•Sangwook Lee, Woojin Kim et al.•Cyberpsychology Behavior and…•2026

  • When an AI Says It Is False

    Open Access•Mengqi Liao, Sian Lee et al.•Media Psychology•2026

  • Disinformation in the Age of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

    Open Access•Christian Von Sikorski, Michael Hameleers•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2025

  • Automating Accuracy

    Open Access•Rita Tang, Yuming Fang et al.•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2025

  • Citation Choices in AI-Generated Fact-Checking

    Open Access•Yicheng Zhu, Yang Cheng et al.•Journal of Broadcasting &…•2026

  • The Original Sins of Algorithmic Authenticity Verification

    Open Access•Nicholas A Yanes, Kulsawasd Jitkajornwanich et al.•Journal of Broadcasting &…•2026

  • Is Flattery in AI Fact-Checking Helpful or Harmful? Effects on Tool Favorability and Epistemic Verification

    Open Access•Jieun Shin, Won-Ki Moon et al.•Journal of Broadcasting &…•2026

  • Can professional or AI fact-checking protect trust in journalism from political attacks? The complex roles of source, transparency, ideology, and the machine heuristic

    Open Access•Rui Wang, Yotam Ophir•Computers in Human Behavior•2026

  • AI Agency in Fact-Checking

    Open Access•Duo Lan, Yicheng Zhu et al.•Media and Communication•2025

  • Misinformation exposure per se may not trigger cynicism, but perceived prevalence of misinformation and hostile information does

    M Jones-Jang, S Mo Jones-Jang et al.•Information Communication & Society•2026

  • Biased processing of political fact-checks on social media

    Bingbing Zhang, BL Zhang et al.•Internet Research•2024

  • To Disclose or Not to Disclose

    M Chung, Jihyang Choi et al.•Journal of Broadcasting &…•2026

  • Going beyond political ideology

    Open Access•Sangwon Lee, Melissa A Taylor et al.•Public Understanding of Science•2024

  • Fact-checking in the age of AI

    Open Access•Won-Ki Moon, Lee Ann Kahlor•Technology in Society•2024

  • Do Communication Managers Trust AI Fact-Checking? An Examination of Ethical Decision-Making, Credibility, and Fact-Checking Behavior

    Daniel S Hunt, Joon Kyoung Kim et al.•Journal of Broadcasting &…•2026

  • Automated Trust

    Timothy R Levine•Journal of Broadcasting &…•2026

  • Label, Debunk, or Nudge? The Effectiveness of AI Decision Makers and AI Decision Assistants in Reducing Perceived Health Misinformation Credibility

    Open Access•Jiahui Liu, Wei Peng et al.•Journal of Broadcasting &…•2026

  • The Rationalizing Voter

    Open Access•Milton Lodge, Charles S Taber•Rationalizing Voter•2013

  • A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

    Leon Festinger•A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance•1957

  • Sources of the continued influence effect

    Hollyn M Johnson, Colleen M Seifert•Journal of Experimental…•1994

  • Peeking Inside the Black-Box

    Open Access•Amina Adadi, Mohammed Berrada•IEEE Access•2018

  • Selective Exposure in the Age of Social Media

    Open Access•Messing, Solomon Messing et al.•Communication Research•2014

  • Can an Algorithm Reduce the Perceived Bias of News? Testing the Effect of Machine Attribution on News Readers’ Evaluations of Bias, Anthropomorphism, and Credibility

    Open Access•T Franklin Waddell•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2019

  • Machine Heuristic

    Open Access•Sundar, S Shyam Sundar et al.•Proceedings of the 2019 CHI…•2019

  • Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations

    Open Access•Ziad Obermeyer, Brian Powers et al.•Science•2019

  • Anti-Intellectualism in American Life

    Adam Verner, Richard Hofstadter•Anti-Intellectualism in American…•2021

  • The Polarizing Effect of News Framing

    Open Access•Jiyoung Han, Christopher M Federico et al.•Journal of Communication•2018

  • Building a Stronger Casa

    Open Access•Andrew Gambino, J Fox et al.•Human-Machine Communication•2020

  • Man vs. Machine? The Impact of Algorithm Authorship on News Credibility

    Edson C Tandoc, Lim Jia Yao et al.•Digital Journalism•2020

  • Motivated Fake News Perception

    Open Access•Stephanie Jean Tsang•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2021

  • Do We Trust the Crowd? Effects of Crowdsourcing on Perceived Credibility of Online Health Information

    Yan Huang, Sundar•Health Communication•2022

  • The Politicization of Health and Science

    M Jones-Jang, Chris Noland•Health Communication•2022

  • Allying with AI? Reactions toward human-based, AI/ML-based, and augmented hiring processes

    Open Access•Manuel F Gonzalez, Weiwei Liu et al.•Computers in Human Behavior•2022

  • It doesn’t take a village to fall for misinformation

    Open Access•Yan Su•Telematics and Informatics•2021

  • When are artificial intelligence versus human agents faulted for wrongdoing? Moral attributions after individual and joint decisions

    Daniel B Shank, Alyssa DeSanti et al.•Information Communication & Society•2019

  • In AI we trust? Perceptions about automated decision-making by artificial intelligence

    Open Access•Theo Araujo, Natali Helberger et al.•AI & Society•2020

  • Undermining the Corrective Effects of Media-Based Political Fact Checking? The Role of Contextual Cues and Naïve Theory

    Open Access•R Kelly Garrett, Erik C Nisbet et al.•Journal of Communication•2013

  • Group Identification Moderates Emotional Responses to Perceived Prejudice

    Open Access•Shannon K Mccoy, Brenda Major•Personality and Social Psychology…•2003

  • How Message Evaluation and Source Attributes May Influence Credibility Assessment and Belief Change

    Open Access•Michael D Slater, Donna Rouner•Journalism & Mass Communication…•1996

  • Measuring Message Credibility

    Open Access•Alyssa Appelman, Sundar•Journalism & Mass Communication…•2015

  • Group Norms and the Attitude-Behavior Relationship

    Open Access•Deborah J Terry, Michael A Hogg•Personality and Social Psychology…•1996

  • When I Learn the News is False

    Open Access•M Chung, Nuri Kim•Human Communication Research•2021

  • Countering Misinformation and Fake News Through Inoculation and Prebunking

    Lewandowsky, Sander Van Der Linden•European Review of Social…•2021

  • How Can We Fight Partisan Biases in the Covid-19 Pandemic? AI Source Labels on Fact-checking Messages Reduce Motivated Reasoning

    Won-Ki Moon, M Chung et al.•Mass Communication & Society•2022

  • A Three-Decade Retrospective on the Hostile Media Effect

    Richard M Perloff•Mass Communication & Society•2015

  • Asymmetric adjustment

    Open Access•Jay Jennings, Natalie Jomini Stroud•New Media & Society•2021

  • Fact-checking as risk communication

    Nicole M Krause, Isabelle Freiling et al.•Journal of Risk Research•2020

  • How do people react to AI failure? Automation bias, algorithmic aversion, and perceived controllability

    Open Access•M Jones-Jang, Yong Jin Park et al.•Journal of Computer-Mediated…•2022

  • Rise of Machine Agency

    Open Access•Sundar•Journal of Computer-Mediated…•2019

  • Social Identity, Self-Categorization, and the Communication of Group Norms

    Open Access•Michael A Hogg, Scott A Reid•Communication Theory•2006

  • Misperceptions in Polarized Politics

    Open Access•Michael A Cacciatore, Sara K Yeo et al.•PS Political Science & Politics•2014

  • Reinforcing attitudes in a gatewatching news era

    Michelle A Amazeen, Chris J Vargo et al.•Communication Monographs•2018

  • The Hazards of Correcting Myths About Health Care Reform

    Brendan Nyhan, Jason Reifler et al.•Medical Care•2013

  • Understanding perception of algorithmic decisions

    Open Access•Min Kyung Lee•Big Data & Society•2018

  • When expert recommendation contradicts peer opinion

    Open Access•Jinping Wang, Maria D Molina et al.•Computers in Human Behavior•2020

  • Response Latency as a Signal to Question Problems in Survey Research

    John N Bassili, B Stacey Scott•Public Opinion Quarterly•1996

  • Motivated Reasoning in the Perceived Credibility of Public Opinion Polls

    Ozan Kuru, Josh Pasek et al.•Public Opinion Quarterly•2017

  • Anti-Intellectualism, Populism, and Motivated Resistance to Expert Consensus

    Open Access•Eric Merkley•Public Opinion Quarterly•2020

  • Political Attitudes and the Processing of Misinformation Corrections

    Open Access•Ullrich K H Ecker, Li Chang Ang•Political Psychology•2019

  • The Elusive Backfire Effect

    Open Access•Thomas J Wood, Thomas Wood et al.•Political Behavior•2019

  • Motivated Reasoning and Political Parties

    Open Access•Michael Bang Petersen, Martin Skov et al.•Political Behavior•2013

  • The Influence of Partisan Motivated Reasoning on Public Opinion

    Open Access•Toby Bolsen, James N Druckman et al.•Political Behavior•2014

  • The Motivated Processing of Political Arguments

    Open Access•Charles S Taber, Damon Cann et al.•Political Behavior•2009

  • Motivated Reasoning about Public Performance

    Oliver James, Gregg G Van Ryzin•Journal of Public Administration…•2017

  • Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs

    Open Access•Charles S Taber, Milton Lodge•American Journal of Political…•2006

  • Fighting the Infodemic on Two Fronts

    Open Access•Viorela Dan, Graham Dixon et al.•Science Communication•2021

  • Correcting Misperceptions About Genetically Modified Food on Social Media

    Open Access•Leticia Bode, Emily K Vraga et al.•Science Communication•2021

  • Cultural cognition of scientific consensus

    Dan M Kahan, Hank C Jenkins‐smith et al.•Journal of Risk Research•2010

  • Selective Exposure to Populist Communication

    Michael Hameleers, Linda Bos et al.•Journal of Communication•2018

  • The Partisan Brain

    Open Access•Erik C Nisbet, Kathryn E Cooper et al.•The Annals of the American…•2015

  • The case for motivated reasoning

    Ziva Kunda•Psychological Bulletin•1990

  • Polarization and the Global Crisis of Democracy

    Open Access•Jennifer Mccoy, Tahmina Rahman et al.•American Behavioral Scientist•2018

  • Party over Pocketbook? How Party Cues Influence Opinion When Citizens Have a Stake in Policy

    Open Access•Rune Slothuus, Martin Bisgaard•American Political Science Review•2021

Unique citing works21
Citations per year10,5
Citation span2024 - 2026 (3)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 18

Tools

Open DOI
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae