Human–Robot Teaming
A Comprehensive Survey on Collaboration, Communication, and Cognition
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 22190808 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Saurav Singh (0000-0002-3250-425X, Rochester Institute of Technology), Esa M Rantanen (0000-0001-9666-4458, Rochester Institute of Technology), Jamison Heard (0000-0001-6860-0844, Rochester Institute of Technology) |
| Year | 2026 |
| Volume | 15 |
| Issue | 2 |
| Pages | 1-48 |
| Publication date | 2026-03-31 |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 2573-9522 • E-ISSN: 2573-9522 |
| Publisher | Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1145/3776548 |
| OpenAlex | W4416697505 |
| Language | EN |
| References cited | 127 |
The integration of human–robot teams is increasingly essential in dynamic task environments, particularly in sectors like warehouse management, assembly lines, search and rescue operations, material handling, and autonomous driving. This trend leverages the complementary strengths of humans and robots to enhance efficiency and tackle complex objectives. However, significant challenges arise due to differences in task execution, communication modes, empathy, mental model understanding, and adaptability between humans and robots. This survey article examines the complexities of human–robot collaboration (HRC), focusing on the “3Cs” of teamwork: collaboration, communication, and cognition. It introduces a novel 3Cs rating system to evaluate HRC systems, offering a comprehensive analysis of current research trends and identifying key challenges. The findings highlight a prevalent lack of robot adaptation based on human states and performance, underscoring the need for improved communication metrics and consistent definitions of collaborative frameworks. Key contributions include the development of the 3Cs rating system, an in-depth analysis of HRC research trends, and the identification of critical areas requiring further investigation to realize the full potential of human–robot teams. This article aims to guide future research and development, promoting more effective human–robot collaborations
Adaptability · Cognition · Human-Automation Interaction and Safety · Social Robot Interaction and HRI · Team Dynamics and Performance
Remembering pictures
The Nature of Emotions
Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems
Stress and Heart Rate Variability
Human–Robot Interaction
Development and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory.
A Meta-Analysis of Factors Affecting Trust in Human-Robot Interaction
Foundations for an Empirically Determined Scale of Trust in Automated Systems
Trust in Automation
The Nature of Emotions
Development of the perceived stress questionnaire
Trust-Aware Decision Making for Human-Robot Collaboration
Understanding human-robot teams in light of all-human teams
Do you feel safe with your robot? Factors influencing perceived safety in human-robot interaction based on subjective and objective measures
Supporting Human-AI Teams
You Want Me to Trust a Robot? The Development of a Human–Robot Interaction Trust Scale
The Development of a Scale to Evaluate Trust in Industrial Human-robot Collaboration
Towards Human–Robot Teaming
Whose Job Is It Anyway? A Study of Human-Robot Interaction in a Collaborative Task
Assistive Robots for the Social Management of Health
A Taxonomy to Structure and Analyze Human–Robot Interaction
A circumplex model of affect
Measurement Instruments for the Anthropomorphism, Animacy, Likeability, Perceived Intelligence, and Perceived Safety of Robots
Toward a consensual structure of mood
| Highly cited | No |
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