Earnings and Income Penalties for Motherhood
Estimates for British Women Using the Individual Synthetic Control Method
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 2234838 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Giacomo Vagni (0000-0002-8140-1361, Department of Social Science, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK, corresponding author), R Breen (0000-0002-9718-0743, University of Oxford) |
| Year | 2021 |
| Volume | 37 |
| Issue | 5 |
| Pages | 834-848 |
| Publication date | 2021-09-20 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | Yes |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | European Sociological Review (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0266-7215 • E-ISSN: 1468-2672 |
| Publisher | Oxford University Press (PUBLISHER • GB) |
| DOI | 10.1093/esr/jcab014 |
| OpenAlex | W3199114652 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 12 |
| References cited | 23 |
Using data from the British Household Panel Survey and focusing on women who became mothers between 1995 and 2005, we estimate the motherhood penalty for women's own earnings and for the total income of their household: that is, we consider the extent to which motherhood carries a penalty not only for a mother but also for her family. We adopt an approach that differs from those previously employed in research on motherhood penalties: we follow Hernán and Robins, setting up our data as a 'target trial', and we analyse it using the Individual Synthetic Control method, based on the Synthetic Control approach of Abadie, Diamond and Hainmueller. We find considerable variation in the effect of motherhood on British women's earnings, but the median penalty is a reduction in medium- and long-term earnings by about 45 per cent relative to what women would have earned if they had remained childless. Motherhood has no effect on average on the income of the woman's household, but has substantial negative effects for some households. Focusing on both individual and household penalties yields a more complete picture of the distributional consequences of motherhood than hitherto
Control (management) · Demographic economics · Earnings · Economics · Estimation · Labour economics · Low income · Family Dynamics and Relationships · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics · Work-Family Balance Challenges
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Parenthood and the Gender Gap in Pay
Children and Gender Inequality
A Review of the Motherhood Wage Penalty in the United States
Motherhood, labor force behavior, and women’s careers
Comparative Politics and the Synthetic Control Method
The Economic Costs of Conflict
The Effect of Children on Women's Wages
Understanding the 'Family Gap' in Pay for Women with Children
His and Her Earnings Following Parenthood in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom
Do Highly Paid, Highly Skilled Women Experience the Largest Motherhood Penalty
Is There a Male Marital Wage Premium? New Evidence from the United States
The Wage Penalty for Motherhood
Getting a Job
| Unique citing works | 12 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 4 |
| Citation span | 2023 - 2026 (4) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | No |
| Citation types | Neutral: 11 |