Exploring the Reliability and Validity of the PSCP Social Presence Scale

Bibliographic Data

ID22415993
AuthorsFiliz Özek (0000-0003-3525-5137, Concordia University, corresponding author), Seval Fer (0000-0002-9577-2120, Hacettepe University)
Year2026
Volume44
Issue5
Pages543-559
Publication date2026-08-01
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Psychoeducational Assessment (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0734-2829 • E-ISSN: 1557-5144
PublisherSAGE Publications (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1177/07342829261425211
OpenAlexW7128616874
LanguageEN
References cited24

This study describes the development and validation of the PSCP Social Presence Scale , created to assess students’ perceived social presence in learning environments. The scale was tested with 446 pre-degree university students studying English as a foreign language. A pilot study with 117 students was first conducted to examine item performance and explore the preliminary factor structure. A second study with 329 students was subsequently conducted to confirm this structure. The final version of the scale includes nine items organized into two factors— Social Interaction and Social Connectedness . The findings suggest strong evidence of content (S-CVI = .96), convergent, and construct validity (CFA fit indices: χ 2 /df = 2.3, RMSEA = .06, SRMR = .03, CFI = .98, TLI = .97), and the reliability analyses indicate high internal consistency (α = .91) for the overall instrument. Overall, the findings support the PSCP Social Presence Scale as a valid and reliable measure of social presence for use in educational research.

Construct validity · Internal consistency · Psychometrics · Rating scale · Structural equation modeling · Test validity · Validity · Communication in Education and Healthcare · Educational Environments and Student Outcomes · Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods

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