Vocabulary Size and Use
Lexical Richness in L2 Written Production
Bibliographic Data
| ID | 22871671 |
|---|---|
| Authors | Berthold Laufer (0000-0001-7303-7726, University of Haifa), Paul Nation (0000-0002-2920-9874, Victoria University of Wellington) |
| Year | 1995 |
| Volume | 16 |
| Issue | 3 |
| Pages | 307-322 |
| Publication date | 1995-09-01 |
| Peer Reviewed | Yes |
| Open Access | No |
| Type | ARTICLE |
| Venue | Applied Linguistics (JOURNAL) |
| Journal identifiers | ISSN: 0142-6001 • E-ISSN: 1477-450X |
| Publisher | Oxford University Press (OUP) (PUBLISHER) |
| DOI | 10.1093/applin/16.3.307 |
| OpenAlex | W1964698778 |
| Language | EN |
| Citations received | 249 |
This article shows that if there is some control over genre then there will be a close correspondence between the vocabulary size of intermediate learners as reflected in their writing and a more direct measure of vocabulary size The study proposes a new measure of lexical richness, the Lexical Frequency Profile, which looks at the proportion of high frequency general service and academic words in learners' writing The study shows that it is possible to obtain a reliable measure of lexical richness which is stable across two pieces of writing by the same learners It also discriminates between learners of different proficiency levels For learners of English as a second language, the Lexical Frequency Profile is seen as being a measure of how vocabulary size is reflected in use In this study, it was found that the Lexical Frequency Profile correlates well with an independent measure of vocabulary size This reliable and valid measure of lexical richness in writing will be useful for determining the factors that affect judgements of quality in writing and will be useful for examining how vocabulary growth is related to vocabulary use
Affect (linguistics) · Lexical density · Lexical item · Linguistics · Measure (data warehouse) · Natural language processing · Species richness · Vocabulary · Vocabulary development · Computer Science · Psychology · Second Language Acquisition and Learning
Lexico-syntactic complexity and accuracy in heritage language learners at different proficiency levels
Measures of Lexical Richness
Intentional and incidental second language vocabulary learning
Measuring Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition
Lexical Richness in Scientific Journal Articles
Morphological Awareness and Vocabulary Knowledge
Hedges Used by Indonesian Elt Students in Written and Spoken Discourses
Investigating lexical diversity and lexical sophistication of productive vocabulary in the written discourse of Indonesian EFL learners
Profiling the Vocabulary of News Texts as Capacity Building for Language Teachers
Lexical richness in academic papers
Effects of Integrating Glossarial Visualization of Virtual Reality in Students’ Learning
Vocabulary Size and Depth of Knowledge
The Relationship Between Chinese EFL Learners’ Foreign Language Writing Enjoyment and Writing Vocabulary Strategy
Academic Word List Knowledge of Malaysian ESL Undergraduates
The Role of Task Complexity and Task Motivation in Language Production
Linguistic and narrative development in a Japanese–English bilingual's first language acquisition
Public school students at a clear disadvantage in English language vocabulary production
The impact of pre-task planning on speaking test performance for English-medium university admission
Desarrollo de la competencia léxica a través de estrategias de aprendizaje de vocabulario en aprendientes de inglés como lengua extranjera
Breadth and depth of vocabulary in relation to L1/L2 acquisition and frequency of input
Vocabulary Size and Critical Academic Reading Ability of Secondary Students in Sabah
Lexical Richness of Abstracts in Scientific Papers in Anglophone and Non-Anglophone Journals
Heritage Spanish Speakers’ Writing Development
The Effect of Type of Written Exercise on L2 Vocabulary Retention
From Receptive to Productive
The Effects of Task Repetition on Linguistic Output
The Relationship Between Passive and Active Vocabularies
Lexical Frequency Profiles
Lexical Frequency Profiles
Natural Language Processing and Language Learning
Vocabulary and Corpora
Conventional Methods for Assessing Vocabulary
The Relationship of Lexical Richness to the Quality of ESL Learners’ Oral Narratives
Differences in written discourse in independent and integrated prototype tasks for next generation Toefl
Deconstructing Comprehensibility
GPT detectors are biased against non-native English writers
Syntactic and lexical development in an intensive English for Academic Purposes programme
Assessing the Roles of Depth and Breadth of Vocabulary Knowledge in Reading Comprehension
Vocabulary size and the skills of listening, reading and writing
Lexical Sophistication as a Multidimensional Phenomenon
The tool for the automatic analysis of lexical sophistication (Taales)
Cognitive task complexity and L2 written syntactic complexity, accuracy, lexical complexity, and fluency
Measuring Syntactic Complexity in L2 Writing Using Fine‐Grained Clausal and Phrasal Indices
A dynamic usage based perspective on L2 writing
The relationship between lexical sophistication and independent and source-based writing
Conceptualizing and measuring short-term changes in L2 writing complexity
Assessing Lexical Proficiency Using Analytic Ratings
The Relationship Between L2 Spanish Proficiency and Features of Written Lexical and Lexicogrammatical Use
Effects of the Continuation Task and the RCC Task on Japanese as a Foreign Language Vocabulary Learning
Lexical Frequency Profiles
Partial Word Form Learning in the Written Mode in L2 German and Spanish
Vocabulary knowledge and vocabulary use in writing
Lexical Diversity in Writing and Speaking Task Performances
Linguistic Features Distinguishing Students’ Writing Ability Aligned with Cefr Levels
Back to Basics
Using Native-Speaker Psycholinguistic Norms to Predict Lexical Proficiency and Development in Second-Language Production
Towards an Integrated Collocation Dictionary Plus for Advanced EFL Learners
Exploring the Use of an Online Bilingual Dictionary in EFL Writing
Performance on a Triangulated Reading Test Battery
The Spoken Academic English of Dutch University Lecturers
Writing Proficiency in Preservice EFL Teachers
How do L2 writing subskills interact hierarchically? Insights from diagnostic classification models
Measuring vocabulary use in L2 English and L2 French writing
Verb-centric or balanced?
Contributions of working memory capacity and mental set shifting to second language (English) writing performance
The Effect of Task Complexity on Second Language Writing Performance Between Computer‐Assisted Individual and Collaborative Writing
Assessing Second Language Writing
The Efficacy of Context and Cognitive Expert Patterns in Academic Vocabulary Learning
L2 English Receptive and Productive Vocabulary in Senior Learners
Swedish word family resource
Expatriate Students’ L2 Writing Retention and Attrition back in the L1 Environment
Mapping of American English vocabulary by grade levels
The effect of test format on productive recall of derivatives
Lexical richness in Chinese university students’ EFL writing
Applying large language models for automated essay scoring for non-native Japanese
Lexical Semantic Richness in Poe’s Essays and Short Stories
Exploring the Role of Mind Mapping Tools in Scaffolding Narrative Writing in English for Middle-School EFL Students
Enhancing the English Translation of Chinese Classics Through the Ratio of English Words to Chinese Characters
Towards modelled testing of productive knowledge of collocations
Lexical richness in research articles
Specialized vocabulary in TED talks and TED-Ed animations
Lexical complexity changes in 100 years’ academic writing
The impact of input format on written performance in a listening-into-writing assessment
Is core vocabulary a friend or foe of academic writing? Single-word vs multi-word uses of thing
Suitability of science & technology documentaries for EAP and EST listening
Lexical characteristics of young L2 English learners’ narrative writing at the start of formal instruction
Exploring linguistic complexity metrics in second language (L2) Italian writing assessment
Challenging the connection between task perceptions and language use in L2 writing
Syntactic and lexical features of adolescent L2 students’ academic writing
Linking writing processes to argument elements
L2 collocation profiles and their relationship with vocabulary proficiency
The effects of task complexity on second language writing processes and products in computer-assisted collaborative writing
Working memory, executive functions, and emotional intelligence in second language writing
Leveraging ensemble machine learning and multimodal video complexity for better prediction of video difficulty in second language
Personalized and adaptive text recommendation for learners of Chinese
AI-mediated scaffolding in academic writing
An Experimental Appraisal of the Acquisition of Creative Literary Compression versus Descriptive Texts
Aligning perceptions with reality
Age effects in spoken second language vocabulary attainment beyond the critical period
Usage-based analysis of L2 oral proficiency
| Unique citing works | 249 |
|---|---|
| Citations per year | 8,59 |
| Citation span | 1997 - 2026 (30) |
| Citation velocity | current |
| Highly cited | Yes |
| Citation types | Neutral: 222 |