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Translanguaging

Definitions, Implications, and Further Needs in Burgeoning Inquiry

Bibliographic Data

ID23364844
AuthorsLuis E Poza (0000-0002-6775-8719, University of Denver, corresponding author), Luis Poza
Year2017
Volume6
Issue2
Publication date2017-02-11
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueBerkeley Review of Education (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 1947-5578 • E-ISSN: 1947-5578
PublisherCalifornia Digital Library (CDL) (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.5070/b86110060
OpenAlexW2613872420
LanguageEN
Citations received91
References cited65

The term translanguaging has appeared with growing frequency in research about the education of linguistic minority students. Amid increasing application of the term, concern emerges regarding the consistency of its definitions and characterizations, specifically with respect to the term’s social justice implications, which risk dilution. Early instances (García, 2007, 2009a) position the term as both a pedagogical strategy for supporting multilingual learners and a critique of existing conceptualizations of language and bilingualism that have historically marginalized particular speech communities. In this review of recent literature, I analyze 53 texts published between 1996 and 2014 for their definitions, exemplifications, and attributed implications of translanguaging, as an ontological perspective on language and as a set of teaching practices. In the review, I find that although the term has largely maintained its sociolinguistic critique, its ties to critical pedagogy appear only sporadically. I close this review by proposing avenues for new research.

Consistency (knowledge bases) · Linguistics · Multilingualism · Neuroscience of multilingualism · Pedagogy · Perspective (graphical) · Set (abstract data type) · Sociology · Term (time) · Translanguaging · Computer Science · EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning · Multilingual Education and Policy · Psychology · Second Language Learning and Teaching

  • Translanguaging to Learn and Play

    Open Access•Xiao Yin•Anthropology & Education Quarterly•2026

  • Defining and negotiating translingual awareness in “monolingual” teacher education

    Open Access•Kevin Donley•Social Sciences & Humanities Open•2023

  • Translanguaging in culturally sustaining systemic functional linguistics

    Nihal Khote, Zhongfeng Tian•Translation and Translanguaging…•2019

  • To language differently

    Elizabeth Robinson, Elizabeth A Robinson•Translation and Translanguaging…•2019

  • Bridging linguistic divides in higher education

    Open Access•Tahir Saleem, Sarosh Latif et al.•Ampersand•2023

  • Translanguaging for English Language Education

    Open Access•Eric A Ambele, Akkarapon Nuemaihom•Journal of Language Teaching and…•2024

  • Probing into ESL teachers’ use of translanguaging

    Open Access•Sboniso Praisegod Zondi, Siphelele Mbatha•Southern African Linguistics and…•2026

  • Where the true power resides”

    Luis E Poza•Bilingual Research Journal•2019

  • Lexical transfer as a resource in pedagogical translanguaging

    Open Access•Carles Fuster•International Journal of…•2022

  • Enhancing learning for emergent bi/multilingual children through translanguaging pedagogies

    Open Access•Sehyun Yun, Sung Shim Choi et al.•Contemporary Issues in Early…•2025

  • Problematizing translanguaging as an inclusive pedagogical strategy in deaf education

    Open Access•Ruth Swanwick, Sam Goodchild et al.•International Journal of…•2024

  • Tracing critical multilingual language awareness among experienced primary school language teachers in Norway

    Open Access•Lekh Nath Baral, Marcus Axelsson et al.•International Journal of…•2025

  • Beyond description

    Zhiwen Song, Dong-shin Shin et al.•International Journal of…•2025

  • Translanguaging

    Open Access•Marianne Turner, Angel M Y Lin•Linguistics and Education•2024

  • Translanguaging

    Open Access•Alison L Bailey, Megan E Abraham et al.•Linguistics and Education•2025

  • An ecological, multilingual approach to language learning with newly reunited refugee families in Scotland

    Open Access•Sarah Cox, Alison Phipps•International Journal of…•2022

  • Going beyond the comfort zone

    Open Access•Javier Muñoz–basol•Language Culture and Curriculum•2019

  • Multiple lenses to understand and shape multilingual literacy practices in Early Childhood Education

    Open Access•Chantal Kirsch, Nancy H Hornberger•Language Culture and Curriculum•2024

  • Translanguaging as a way to fostering EFL learners’ criticality in a hybrid course design

    Open Access•Muhammet Yaşar Yüzlü, Kenan Dikilitaş•System•2022

  • I made many discoveries for myself”

    Open Access•Chiu‐Yin Wong, Kevin W H Tai•System•2023

  • Opening minds to translanguaging pedagogies

    Open Access•Chantal Kirsch•System•2020

  • Letramentos Literários E Translinguagem Entre as Ruas E as Escolas Do Sul Global

    Open Access•Marcella Dos Santos Abreu, Claudia Hilsdorf Rocha et al.•Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada•2021

  • Sustaining Critical Approaches to Translanguaging in Education

    Open Access•Anna Mendoza, Laura Hamman-Ortiz et al.•TESOL Quarterly•2024

  • Translanguaging in English‐Only Schools

    Open Access•Kate Menken, María Teresa Sánchez•TESOL Quarterly•2019

  • Science education with multilingual learners

    Open Access•Scott E Grapin, Ashlyn Pierson et al.•Science Education•2023

  • Collaborative Translanguaging and Transmodal Literacies

    Lucía Cárdenas Curiel, Deborah K Palmer•Research in the Teaching of English•2023

  • Translanguaging in US K–12 science and engineering education

    Open Access•Scott Grapin, Marisleydi Ramos Borrego et al.•Journal of Research in Science…•2025

  • Syrian refugee youths' science learning in a “dialogic” third space

    Open Access•Sara Salloum, Rena Al Debs et al.•Journal of Research in Science…•2025

  • Pedagogical Translanguaging

    Open Access•Jasone Cenoz, Durk Gorter•Pedagogical Translanguaging•2022

  • Translanguaging and the Transdisciplinary Framework for Language Teaching and Learning in a Multilingual World

    Open Access•Constant Leung, Guadalupe Valdes•Modern Language Journal•2019

  • Utility-driven translanguaging among international students in New Zealand higher education

    Open Access•Timothy J E Neufeld, Long Jiang Zhang•Journal of Multilingual and…•2026

  • Language mixing as a pedagogical tool for language learning

    Open Access•Mandy Wigdorowitz, Chrysoula Vassiliu et al.•Language Teaching Research•2026

  • Cacti

    Anna Mendoza, Jiaen Ou et al.•Educational Linguistics•2024

  • Language proficiency

    Open Access•Constant Leung•Educational Linguistics•2022

  • The Role of Translanguaging in Teaching Mathematics at Adult Correctional Centre Classrooms in South Africa

    Open Access•Siphelele Mbatha•E-Journal of Humanities Arts and…•2024

  • Bridging worlds with words

    Open Access•Mohamad Almashour•Frontiers in Education•2024

  • Dismantling Persistent Deficit Narratives About the Language and Literacy of Culturally and Linguistically Minoritized Children and Youth

    Open Access•Su-hua Wang, Nora W Lang et al.•Frontiers in Education•2021

  • “I Should Only Use One Language”

    Open Access•So Lim Kim, Deoksoon Kim•Education Sciences•2024

  • Internacionalização e ensino de línguas estrangeiras

    Open Access•Marina Mello De Menezes Felix De Souza, Heloisa Albuquerque-Costa et al.•Domínios de Lingu gem•2024

  • Introduction

    Galina Putjata, Katharina Brizić et al.•Language and Education•2022

  • Remembering, (re)membering, and re-membering translanguaging bodies

    Jihea Maddamsetti•Language and Education•2025

  • ‘It helps bridge gaps’

    Open Access•Mattia Zingaretti, Indu Vibha Meddegama•Language and Education•2026

  • (Re)Imagining a translingual self

    Open Access•Christina Ponzio, Christina M Ponzio•Linguistics and Education•2020

  • Conceptualizing the transformativeness of translanguaging

    Open Access•Laura Hamman-Ortiz, Luis E Poza et al.•Modern Language Journal•2025

  • Translingual caring and translingual aggression

    Open Access•Kongji Qin, Lorena Llosa•Modern Language Journal•2023

  • Exploring pedagogical translanguaging strategies in ESL primary classrooms

    Open Access•Selma Ndagwedhapo Mufori, Nhlanhla Mpofu et al.•International Multilingual…•2026

  • Cultivating a critical translanguaging space in dual language bilingual education

    Laura Hamman-Ortiz•International Multilingual…•2024

  • A newcomer’s spontaneous translanguaging in lower-secondary physics education

    Open Access•Jenny Uddling, Anne Reath Warren•International Multilingual…•2023

  • Plugging in translanguaging

    Kevin Donley•International Multilingual…•2023

  • Translanguaging through the lens of social justice

    Anshika Bhasin, Mariana Castro et al.•International Multilingual…•2023

  • Developing multilingual practices in early childhood education through professional development in Luxembourg

    Chantal Kirsch, Gabrijela Aleksić et al.•International Multilingual…•2020

  • Translanguaging for critical multilingual language awareness

    Jennifer Burton, Wales Wong et al.•International Multilingual…•2024

  • Translanguaging

    Open Access•Jeanine Treffers‐daller•Linguistic Approaches to…•2025

  • Translanguaging instead of standardisation

    János Imre Heltai•Applied Linguistics Review•2020

  • Expressions and representation of languaging in contemporary comics

    Jason D DeHart, Matthew R Deroo et al.•Critical Inquiry in Language…•2026

  • Leveraging translanguaging practices in an elementary poetry writing workshop

    Cori Salmerón•Bilingual Research Journal•2022

  • Confronting ideologies

    Matthew R Deroo, Christina Ponzio•Bilingual Research Journal•2019

  • Translanguaging practices in Thai multilingual English medium instruction classrooms

    Yusop Boonsuk•International Journal of…•2025

  • Translanguaging as a rhizomatic multiplicity

    János Imre Heltai•International Journal of…•2021

  • Navigating precariousness

    Open Access•Feng Wang, Maosheng Guo et al.•International Journal of…•2025

  • Transforming, translanguaging, and transcending identities

    Ariadna Phillips, Soribel Genao•European Journal of Intercultural…•2023

  • Developing teachers’ critical language awareness through multilingual digital multimodal composing in Australian primary classrooms

    Open Access•Marianne Turner, Ekaterina Tour•Language and Education•2026

  • Translanguaging and Artificial Intelligence in Education Development

    Open Access•John Chi-Kin Lee, Jane Pok Jing Ho et al.•International Journal of Applied…•2026

  • I can easily switch to the Kazakh language, also to the Russian language’

    Open Access•Michelle Bedeker, Assylzhan Ospanbek et al.•Language Culture and Curriculum•2023

  • Cacti

    Open Access•Anna Mendoza, Jiaen Ou•System•2022

  • Navigating pedagogical translanguaging

    Open Access•Heidi Byrnes•System•2020

  • Anti-racist translingualism

    Qianqian Zhang‐Wu, Cherice Escobar Jones•International Journal of…•2024

  • Harnessing multimodality in language teacher education

    Christina Ponzio, Matthew R Deroo•International Journal of…•2023

  • State of the art

    Michael D Guerrero•International Journal of…•2023

  • Directive Guidance as a Cultural Practice for Learning by Chinese-Heritage Babies

    Open Access•Yu Zhang, Suhua Wang et al.•Human Development•2021

  • Language hierarchies and human rights

    Open Access•Samuel M Makinda, Marianne Turner•Critical African Studies•2026

  • Translanguaging as a Transformative Act in a Reading Classroom

    Abu Saleh Mohammad Rafi, Anne-Marie Morgan•Journal of Language Identity &…•2022

  • Gauging the Adequacy of Translanguaging Allocation Policy in Two-Way Immersion Programs in the U.S

    Michael D Guerrero•Journal of Latinos and Education•2021

  • Troubling ‘happy’ allure of translanguaging

    Jihea Maddamsetti•Critical Inquiry in Language…•2026

  • Enabling multilingual learners’ agency and language ownership in additional language writing

    Open Access•Elena Pirovano, Yvette Slaughter et al.•International Journal of…•2026

  • The languages of faith and belonging

    Open Access•Amal Elassi•Linguistics and Education•2026

  • Translanguaging in parent–child book talk during shared reading in Chinese–German families

    Yin Yu, Ming Liu et al.•Multilingua•2026

  • Language attitudes and identity positioning toward bilingual smartphone brand naming in China

    Jie Li, Qianyu Zhang•Journal of Multilingual and…•2026

  • Examining Pedagogical Translanguaging

    Open Access•Marina Prilutskaya•Languages•2021

  • Translanguaging practices in global K‐12 science education settings

    Open Access•Zhenjie Hou, Jie Zhang et al.•Journal of Research in Science…•2025

  • Translanguaging in education

    Open Access•Florence Bonacina-Pugh, Ildegrada da Costa Cabral et al.•Language Teaching•2021

  • From Theory to Classroom

    Open Access•Jasmine See, Adelina Asmawi•Refuge Canada s Journal on Refuge•2025

  • Lincing learners to digital literacy

    Robert Hanks, Mark Turin et al.•Multilingua•2024

  • How do educators leverage diverse languages in language studies within Australian higher education? A comparison of content- and language-focused courses

    Open Access•Mobina Sahraee Juybari•Journal of Multilingual and…•2026

  • Teacher candidates’ language beliefs and their self-efficacy to teach emergent bilinguals

    Grace Lee, Jie Zhang•Teachers and Teaching•2025

  • Youth Podcasting Sonic Heteroglossia

    Open Access•Cati V De Los Ríos, Isaac A Félix et al.•TESOL Quarterly•2025

  • Translanguaging as a Dynamic Strategy for Heritage Language Transmission

    Open Access•Sviatlana Karpava, Natalia Ringblom et al.•Languages•2025

  • Preschool Teachers for Multilingual Families

    Open Access•Ekaterina Protassova, Sergei Silkin•Languages•2025

  • Language Beliefs of English Teachers in Norway

    Open Access•Theresé Tishakov, Dina Tsagari•Languages•2022

  • Translanguaging in Bilingual Deaf Education Teacher Preparation Programs

    Open Access•Millicent M Musyoka•Languages•2023

  • Cross-cultural code-switching for sexuality professionals

    Open Access•Mark A Levand, Lorena Olvera Moreno et al.•Journal of Language and Sexuality•2024

  • The Dialogic Imagination

    M M Bakhtin, Michael Holquist et al.•The Dialogic Imagination•1982

  • The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

    Walter Benjamin•Stardom and Celebrity•2007

  • Applied Linguistics Review

    Li Wei•Applied Linguistics Review•2011

  • Language as a Local Practice

    Alastair Pennycook•Language as a local practice•2010

  • Bilingual

    Francois Grosjean•Bilingual•2010

  • Global Englishes and Transcultural Flows

    Alastair Pennycook•Global Englishes and Transcultural…•2006

  • Translingual Practice

    A Suresh Canagarajah, Suresh Canagarajah•Translingual practice•2012

  • The Sociolinguistics of Globalization

    Open Access•Jan Blommaert•Sociolinguistics of Globalization•2010

  • Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism

    Colin Baker, Wayne Wright et al.•Foundations of Bilingual…•2021

  • Translanguaging

    Open Access•Oreto García, Ofelia García et al.•Translanguaging•2014

  • Multilinguality, Multimodality, and Multicompetence

    Open Access•Li Wei•Modern Language Journal•2011

  • Bilingualism as Ideology and Practice

    Open Access•Monica Heller•Bilingualism•2007

  • Pedagogies and Practices in Multilingual Classrooms

    Open Access•Oreto García, Ofelia García et al.•Modern Language Journal•2011

  • Translanguaging

    Gwyn Lewis, Bryn Jones et al.•Educational Research and Evaluation•2012

  • Reframing the Debate on Language Separation

    Open Access•Deborah K Palmer, Ramón Antontio Martínez et al.•Modern Language Journal•2014

  • Theorizing and Enacting Translanguaging for Social Justice

    Open Access•Oreto García, Ofelia García et al.•Heteroglossia As Practice and…•2014

  • Translanguaging

    Gwyn Lewis, Bryn Jones et al.•Educational Research and Evaluation•2012

  • Focus on Multilingualism

    Open Access•Jasone Cenoz, Durk Gorter•Modern Language Journal•2011

  • Assessing Multilingual Competencies

    Open Access•Elana Shohamy•Modern Language Journal•2011

  • The pragmatics of code-switching

    Open Access•Peter Auer•One Speaker, Two Languages•1995

  • Translanguaging in the Bilingual Classroom

    Open Access•Angela Creese, Adrian Blackledge•Modern Language Journal•2010

  • “What Do You Want to Say?” How Adolescents Use Translanguaging to Expand Learning Opportunities

    Melinda Martin‐beltrán, Melinda Martin-Beltrán•International Multilingual…•2014

  • Extending Bilingualism in U.S. Secondary Education

    Oreto García, Nelson Flores et al.•International Multilingual…•2011

  • Translanguaging Practices and Language Ideologies in Puerto Rican University Science Education

    Catherine M Mazak, Claudia Herbas-Donoso•Critical Inquiry in Language…•2014

  • Introducing LangCrit

    Alison Crump•Critical Inquiry in Language…•2014

  • Silencing the Subaltern

    Nelson Flores•Critical Inquiry in Language…•2013

  • Polylingual Languaging Around and Among Children and Adolescents

    J Normann Jørgensen•International Journal of…•2008

  • The multilingual turn

    Sílvia Melo-Pfeifer•International Journal of…•2015

  • Bilingual education in the 21st century

    Ellen Johnson•International Journal of…•2010

  • Bilingual Teaching and Language Distribution at 16

    Cen Williams•International Journal of…•2000

  • Educating New York's bilingual children

    Oreto García•International Journal of…•2011

  • The translanguaging classroom

    Blake Turnbull•International Journal of…•2019

  • Disinventing and Reconstituting Languages

    Daragh Hayes, Sinfree Makoni et al.•Disinventing and Reconstituting…•2006

  • Rethinking diversity

    Kris D Gutiérrez, Patricia Baquedano-López et al.•Mind Culture and Activity•1999

  • Seeing Like a State

    James C Scott, James Scott•Seeing Like a State•2020

  • The Conservative Restoration and Neoliberal Defenses of Bilingual Education

    Open Access•John E Petrovic•Language Policy•2005

  • Translanguaging and the Writing of Bilingual Learners

    Patricia Velasco, Oreto García•Bilingual Research Journal•2014

  • In pursuit of multilingual practices

    Mario E López‐gopar, Omar Núñez-Méndez et al.•International Journal of…•2013

  • Translanguaging in a reading class

    Viniti Vaish, Aidil Subhan•International Journal of…•2014

  • Metrolingualism

    Emi Otsuji, Alastair Pennycook•International Journal of…•2009

  • Monolingual Bias in SLA Research

    Yamuna Kachru•TESOL Quarterly•1994

  • English Only Worldwide or Language Ecology

    Robert Phillipson, Tove Skutnabb-Kangas et al.•TESOL Quarterly•1996

  • A Reality Check for SLA Theories

    S N Sridhar•TESOL Quarterly•1994

  • The Unexamined Relationship Between Neoliberalism and Plurilingualism

    Open Access•Nelson Flores•TESOL Quarterly•2013

  • Campus Diversity and Global Education

    Open Access•Joyce Mori, Junko Mori et al.•Foreign Language Annals•2016

  • Imagined communities

    Benedict Anderson•Imagined communities•1991

  • Chaos/Complexity Science and Second Language Acquisition

    Diane Larsen‐freeman, D Larsen-Freeman•Applied Linguistics•1997

  • Disinventing and (Re)Constituting Languages

    Sinfree Makoni, Alastair Pennycook•Critical Inquiry in Language…•2005

  • A Dynamic Systems Theory approach to second language acquisition

    Open Access•Kees De Bot, Wander Lowie et al.•Bilingualism Language and Cognition•2007

  • Undoing Appropriateness

    Nelson Flores, Jonathan Rosa•Harvard Educational Review•2015

  • Going beyond the Native Speaker in Language Teaching

    Vivian Cook•TESOL Quarterly•1999

  • Neurolinguists, beware! The bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person

    Open Access•Francois Grosjean•Brain and Language•1989

  • Codemeshing in Academic Writing

    Open Access•Suresh Canagarajah•Modern Language Journal•2011

  • Translanguaging and transnational literacies in multilingual classrooms

    Nancy H Hornberger, Holly Link•International Journal of…•2012

  • Spontaneous Biliteracy

    Maria De La Luz Reyes•Theory Into Practice•2012

  • Transidiomatic practices

    Open Access•Marco Jacquemet•Language & Communication•2005

  • Building a culture of collaboration through hybrid language practices

    Kris D Gutiérrez, Patricia Baquedano-López et al.•Theory Into Practice•1999

  • Global Englishes, Rip Slyme, and performativity

    Open Access•Alastair Pennycook•Journal of Sociolinguistics•2003

  • Separate and flexible bilingualism in complementary schools

    Open Access•Angela Creese, Adrian Blackledge et al.•Journal of Pragmatics•2011

  • Moment Analysis and translanguaging space

    Open Access•Li Wei•Journal of Pragmatics•2011

  • Seeing Like a State

    James C Scott•Seeing Like a State•2017

  • Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism

    Anthony Reid, Benedict Anderson•Pacific Affairs•1985

  • Human Rights in Social Science Textbooks

    Open Access•J W Meyer, P Bromley et al.•Sociology of Education•2010

  • Discourse Strategies

    Open Access•John J Gumperz•Discourse Strategies•1982

Unique citing works91
Citations per year13
Citation span2019 - 2026 (8)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedNo
Citation typesNeutral: 63

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