Skip to main content

ETHNOS_APP

Home • Search • Journals • List 0

Gender Inequality, Violence Against Women, and Fear

A Cross-National Test of the Feminist Theory of Violence Against Women

Bibliographic Data

ID23367337
AuthorsCarrie L Yodanis (University of British Columbia), Carrie Yodanis (University of British Columbia, corresponding author)
Year2004
Volume19
Issue6
Pages655-675
Publication date2004-06-01
Peer ReviewedYes
Open AccessYes
TypeARTICLE
VenueJournal of Interpersonal Violence (JOURNAL)
Journal identifiersISSN: 0886-2605 • E-ISSN: 1552-6518
PublisherSAGE Publications (PUBLISHER • US)
DOI10.1177/0886260504263868
PMID15140317
OpenAlexW2117491599
LanguageEN
Citations received134
References cited23

This article presents a cross-national test of the feminist theory of violence against women. Combining data from the International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS) with United Nations statistics, the findings support the theory. Specifically, the results indicate that the educational and occupational status of women in a country is related to the prevalence of sexual violence against women. In countries where the status of women is low, prevalence of sexual violence against women tends to be higher. In turn, sexual violence is related to higher levels of fear among women relative to men. In comparison, in countries where the status of women is high, sexual violence against women is lower. The findings of this study add confirmation to the argument that we need to look beyond individual level variables to understand and develop strategies for reducing violence against and fear among women.

Argument (complex analysis) · Criminology · Domestic violence · Gender inequality · Inequality · Injury prevention · Medical emergency · Poison control · Sexual violence · Gender Politics and Representation · Human Factors and Ergonomics · Intimate Partner and Family Violence · Medicine · Psychology · Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies · Social Psychology

  • Childhood Exposure to Domestic Violence and Attitude Towards Wife Beating in Adult Life

    Open Access•Ying Zhu, Koustuv Dalal•Journal of Biosocial Science•2010

  • Listen to your fear’

    Manuela Beyer•Emotions and Society•2022

  • Full Issue 6(1)

    Open Access•Patricia Melgar•Multidisciplinary Journal of…•2017

  • Factors Associated with Domestic Violence against Rural Bangladeshi Women

    Open Access•Azizur Rahman Khan•Multidisciplinary Journal of…•2017

  • Gender Inequality in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

    Open Access•Julie Ma, Andrew Grogan-Kaylor et al.•International Journal of…•2022

  • Public Helping Reactions to Intimate Partner Violence against Women in European Countries

    Open Access•Celia Serrano-Montilla, Inmaculada Valor-Segura et al.•International Journal of…•2020

  • Legal responses to nonconsensual pornography

    Cynthia J Najdowski•Psychology Public Policy and Law•2017

  • Marital Satisfaction and Marital Discord as Risk Markers for Intimate Partner Violence

    Open Access•Sandra M Stith, Narkia M Green et al.•Journal of Family Violence•2008

  • Child Marriage and Intimate Partner Violence in Rural Bangladesh

    Open Access•Kathryn M Yount, Aliceann Crandall et al.•Demography•2016

  • Równość płci i przemoc wobec kobiet. Próba wyjaśnienia tzw. paradoksu nordyckiego

    Open Access•Magdalena Grzyb•Archiwum Kryminologii•2018

  • The social psychology of gender

    Peter Glick•Choice Reviews Online•2009

  • Mismatch between NGO services and beneficiaries' priorities

    Subas Risal•Development in Practice•2014

  • The Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women

    Open Access•Fanny M Cheung, Diane F Halpern•Cambridge Handbook of the…•2020

  • Violence Against Women in North Africa

    Open Access•Loubna H Skalli•The Palgrave Handbook of African…•2020

  • A Three-Dimensional Model of Women’s Empowerment

    Open Access•Marloes Huis, Marloes A Huis et al.•Frontiers in Psychology•2017

  • Intimate partner violence

    Parveen Ali, Parveen Azam Ali et al.•Aggression and Violent Behavior•2013

  • Gender inequalities in occupational health related to the unequal distribution of working and employment conditions

    Open Access•Javier Campos-Serna, Elena Ronda-Pérez et al.•International Journal for Equity…•2013

  • Cross-Cultural Differences in Physical Aggression Between Partners

    Open Access•Jeff Archer, John Archer•Personality and Social Psychology…•2006

  • Cross-national and multilevel correlates of partner violence

    Open Access•Lori Heise, Lori L Heise et al.•The Lancet Global Health•2015

  • Men’s attitude towards wife-beating

    Open Access•Manas Ranjan Pradhan, P De•BMC Public Health•2024

  • Gender equality does not prevent sexual abuse of women – awareness of a global public health problem

    Alejandro Cid, Mariana Leguisamo•Health Care For Women International•2021

  • Does leaving an abusive partner lead to a decline in victimization

    Open Access•Zohre Ahmadabadi, J M Najman et al.•BMC Public Health•2018

  • El feminicidio en América Latina

    Open Access•Carolina Álvarez-Garavito, H Nicolás Acosta‐gonzález et al.•Revista Desarrollo y Sociedad•2021

  • What keeps women safe from violence during shocks? Review of risk and protective factors in the Indo-Pacific region

    Open Access•Phyu Phyu Oo, Helen Stenger et al.•International Journal of Disaster…•2026

  • Societal gender inequality and the gender gap in safety perceptions

    Open Access•Ntasha Bhardwaj, R Apel•European Journal of Criminology•2022

  • Relationship between the perpetrator-victim difference in educational level and type of violence exerted

    Open Access•Noelia Pérez-Cámara, Sofia Amaoui et al.•Current Psychology•2024

  • Separated parents’ experiences with the Australian school system

    Open Access•Renee Desmarchelier, India R Bryce et al.•The Australian Educational…•2024

  • Does social media improve women's political empowerment in Africa

    Open Access•Bruno Emmanuel Ongo Nkoa, Blaise Ondoua Beyene et al.•Telecommunications Policy•2023

  • The Impacts of International Rape Laws Upon Official Rape Rates

    Open Access•Don Soo Chon, Janice E Clifford•International Journal of Offender…•2021

  • Fear of Crime among Female North Korean Defectors in South Korea

    Open Access•Jaeyong Choi, Tay Hack et al.•International Journal of Offender…•2022

  • Financial self‐efficacy and money separation protect Chinese women against imbalanced marital power and controlling behaviors

    Open Access•Muhammad Aamir Khan, Xiaomin Li et al.•Family Relations•2026

  • Pro-women institutions in Brazilian municipalities from the perspective of different theories

    Open Access•André De Oliveira Gomes, Thaynara de Castro Costa et al.•Revista de Administração Pública•2025

  • A existência de instituições pró-mulheres em municípios brasileiros na ótica de diferentes teorias

    Open Access•André De Oliveira Gomes, Thaynara de Castro Costa et al.•Revista de Administração Pública•2025

  • Association of spousal violence and women’s empowerment status among the rural women of sub-Saharan Africa

    Open Access•Asibul Islam Anik, Muhammad Ibrahim Ibne Towhid et al.•Journal of Biosocial Science•2023

  • The relationship between emotional intimate partner violence and other forms of violence

    Open Access•Megan Palmer, Megan L Palmer et al.•Family Process•2024

  • A State-Level Analysis of Gender Inequality on Male and Female Homicide

    Open Access•Matthew D Moore, Mark H Heirigs et al.•Crime & Delinquency•2021

  • Metoo/#Aidtoo and Creating an Intersectional Feminist NPO/NGO Sector

    Open Access•Elizabeth M Gillespie, Roseanne M Mirabella et al.•Nonprofit Policy Forum•2019

  • Fundamentalist, Mentally Unstable, Male”

    Open Access•Andrea Corradi, Kasey Egan•Feminist Criminology•2024

  • Violence Across Borders

    Open Access•D N Obinna•Feminist Criminology•2023

  • Money Matters

    Open Access•Janet P Stamatel•Feminist Criminology•2016

  • Alone at Night

    Open Access•Emily Meyer, Lori Ann Post•Feminist Criminology•2006

  • Differences Between Men’s and Women’s Monetary Valuation of Crime Avoidance Behavior

    Open Access•Yifat Bitton, Tal Shavit•Feminist Criminology•2015

  • A Cross-National Exploration of the Conditions that Produce Interpersonal Violence

    Open Access•Victor Asal, Mitchell Brown•Politics & Policy•2010

  • The Influence of Women's Neighborhood Resources on Perceptions of Social Disorder

    Open Access•Aubrey L Jackson, Brian Soller et al.•City and Community•2017

  • Hidden numbers, hidden people

    Open Access•Heshani Samantha De Silva, Stephane M Shepherd et al.•Journal of Population Research•2024

  • The exposition of rape in Cyprus

    Open Access•Angelo G Constantinou•The International Journal of…•2023

  • Making feminism count

    Loksee Leung, Stephanie Spaid Miedema et al.•Gender & Development•2019

  • Following the Money

    Elena Arias Ortiz, Elena Ortiz•Feminist Economics•2024

  • Creating solidarity

    Open Access•Ioana Vrăbiescu•European Journal of Women s Studies•2018

  • Linking Ambivalent Sexism to Violence-Against-Women Attitudes and Behaviors

    Open Access•Brenda C Gutiérrez, Campbell Leaper•Sexuality & Culture•2023

  • Through Myths, Attitudes, or Norms? The Relationship Between Low Self-Control and Sexual Aggression

    Open Access•Alexander T Vazsonyi, Neslihan Güney Karaman et al.•Violence Against Women•2022

  • Men Have Gender and Women Are People

    Open Access•SAMANTHA APPLIN, John-Michael Simpson et al.•Violence Against Women•2022

  • Feminism, Status Inconsistency, and Women’s Intimate Partner Victimization in Heterosexual Relationships

    Open Access•Cortney A Franklin, Tasha A Menaker•Violence Against Women•2014

  • Sexual Scripts and Criminal Statutes

    Open Access•E C Levine•Violence Against Women•2017

  • Gender Directionality of Intimate Partner Violence and Relationship Quality Among Chinese Couples

    Open Access•Lei Tie, Yong Zheng•Violence Against Women•2023

  • Using “Our Brave Voice”

    Open Access•J L Gibbons, Danielle Skogen et al.•Violence Against Women•2025

  • Domestic Drama,” “Love Killing,” or “Murder”

    Open Access•Julia Schnepf, Ursula Christmann•Violence Against Women•2023

  • Cross-National Examination of the Relationship Between Gender Equality and Female Homicide and Rape Victimization

    Open Access•Don Soo Chon, Janice E Clifford•Violence Against Women•2020

  • Intimate Partner Violence in an Orthodox Jewish Community in the United States

    Open Access•Vithya Murugan•Violence Against Women•2022

  • Why Young Women Who Use Opioids Are at Risk for Rape

    Open Access•Lauren Jessell, Pedro Mateu‐gelabert et al.•Violence Against Women•2022

  • Gender-Blind Sexism and Rape Myth Acceptance

    Open Access•Laurie Cooper Stoll, Terry Glenn Lilley et al.•Violence Against Women•2016

  • The Factors Affecting Sexual Assaults Committed by Strangers and Acquaintances

    Open Access•Lynn Pazzani, Lynn M Pazzani•Violence Against Women•2007

  • Traversing gender, sexual orientation, and race-ethnicity

    Milka Ramirez, Jin Kim•Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social…•2018

  • Gender and development

    Katie Carlson, Shirley Randell•Agenda•2013

  • Gender equality and women's participation in transport cycling

    Open Access•Gabriele Prati•Journal of Transport Geography•2017

  • Injustice Disrupted

    Open Access•Hildur Fjóla Antonsdóttir•Social & Legal Studies•2019

  • Law, Culture and Decolonisation

    Open Access•Harry Blagg, Victoria Hovane et al.•Social & Legal Studies•2021

  • Why Love Kills

    Open Access•Federica Gregoratto•Hypatia•2016

  • Sexual Harassment Experiences and Their Psychological Correlates Among a Diverse Sample of College Women

    Open Access•Eunkyung Yoon, Roni Stiller Funk et al.•Affilia•2010

  • Mothering and Domestic Violence

    Open Access•Sarah Wendt, Fiona Buchanan et al.•Affilia•2015

  • Domestic Violence against Women in Cambodia

    Open Access•Eng, Sothy Eng et al.•Journal of Family Violence•2009

  • Men and Women’s Perceptions of Justifications of Wife Beating

    Open Access•Faiza Tayyab, Nudrat Kamal et al.•Journal of Family Violence•2017

  • Infants Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence

    Open Access•Ketan Tailor, Nicole Letourneau•Journal of Family Violence•2012

  • Are Transition Houses Equipped to Meet the Needs of Women in Midlife and Older

    Open Access•Kristal LeBlanc, Kristal D Leblanc et al.•Journal of Family Violence•2013

  • Police Reporting by Sexual Assault Victims in Western and in Non-Western Countries

    Open Access•Don Soo Chon•Journal of Family Violence•2014

  • Perspectives on Treating Couples Impacted by Intimate Partner Violence

    Open Access•Nandini Maharaj•Journal of Family Violence•2016

  • What Influences Believing Child Sexual Abuse Disclosures? The Roles of Depicted Memory Persistence, Participant Gender, Trauma History, and Sexism

    Open Access•Lisa Demarni Cromer, Jennifer J Freyd•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2007

  • Gender-Related Ideological and Structural Macrosocial Factors Associated With Intimate Partner Violence Against European Women

    Open Access•Antonella Ludmila Zapata‐Calvente, Jesús L Megías et al.•Psychology of Women Quarterly•2019

  • Intended Responses to Rape as Functions of Attitudes, Attributions of Fault, and Emotions

    Open Access•Valerie A Earnshaw, Eileen V Pitpitan et al.•Sex Roles•2010

  • Men’s Coercive Control, Partner Violence Perpetration, and Life Satisfaction in Bangladesh

    Open Access•Kathryn M Yount, Stephanie Spaid Miedema et al.•Sex Roles•2016

  • Using Masculinity to Stop Sexual Violence

    Open Access•Kristine M Chapleau•Sex Roles•2015

  • Controversies Involving Gender and Intimate Partner Violence in the United States

    Open Access•Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jennifer Langhinrichsen‐rohling•Sex Roles•2009

  • Domestic Violence Against Married Women in Egypt

    Open Access•Kathryn M Yount, Li Li•Sex Roles•2010

  • Does Number of Children Moderate the Link between Intimate Partner Violence and Marital Instability among Chinese Female Migrant Workers

    Open Access•Li Chen, Arlette J Ngoubene-Atioky•Sex Roles•2019

  • A Fuzzy Index and Severity Scale to Measure Violence Against Women

    Open Access•Francesca Bettio, Elisa Ticci et al.•Social Indicators Research•2019

  • Social media usage and support for women in community leadership

    Open Access•Bethany Shockley, Noora Lari et al.•Women s Studies International Forum•2020

  • Determinants of Crime Against Women in India

    Open Access•Antara Bhattacharyya, Sushil Kr Haldar et al.•Millennial Asia•2021

  • The gendered ecology of violent victimization and the stress process

    Open Access•Aubrey L Jackson, Erin R Coleman•Wellbeing Space and Society•2024

  • Risk of perpetrating intimate partner violence amongst men exposed to torture in conflict-affected Timor-Leste

    Open Access•Susan Ree, Mohammed Mohsin et al.•Cambridge Prisms Global Mental…•2018

  • The effects of absolute status, relative status, and patriarchal culture on the victimization of women

    Open Access•Sohee Kim, Sungil Han et al.•International journal of law,…•2024

  • Gender differences in type 2 diabetes treatment and management

    Open Access•Ruchira T Naved, Aloka Talukder et al.•International Journal for Equity…•2025

  • Funds and Fears

    Open Access•Jyoti Raghuwanshi, Anjali Dhengle•Asian Women•2025

  • The Defence of Provocation

    Graeme Coss•Current Issues in Criminal Justice•2006

  • Capturing what statistics miss

    Open Access•Carmen Lizárraga, Isabel Castillo-Pérez et al.•Cities•2024

  • Perspectives on Survivors of Violence Against Women Among Staff in Women’s Shelters

    Berçem Barut, Berçem Barut-Bektaş et al.•Journal of Social Service Research•2024

  • Experiences of violence while in insecure migration status

    Open Access•Alexandria Innes, Annie Bunce et al.•Globalization and Health•2024

  • The Effect of Gender Role Expectations, Sexism, and Rape Myth Acceptance on the Social Perception of Sexual Violence

    Open Access•Dominique Trottier, Valérie Laviolette et al.•Trauma Violence & Abuse•2025

  • Wife beating refusal among women of reproductive age in urban and rural Ethiopia

    Open Access•Eshetu Gurmu, Senait Endale•BMC International Health and…•2017

  • The Paradox of Progress

    Open Access•Ajay Nehra, Monika Kannan•Sociology Compass•2026

  • Do Men Who Uphold Traditional Gender Expectations for Women Exhibit Higher Rates of Intimate Partner Violence

    Open Access•Monica Solinas‐saunder•Feminist Criminology•2026

  • Physical violence in American families

    Murray A Straus, Murray Straus et al.•Physical violence in American…•1990

  • Woman abuse on campus

    Martin D Schwartz, Walter S Dekeseredy•Woman abuse on campus•1998

  • Against our will

    Susan Brownmiller•Against our will•1975

  • Marital Power, Conflict, and Violence In a Nationally Representative Sample of American Couples

    Diane H Coleman, Diane Coleman et al.•Violence and Victims•1986

  • Sexual harassment of working women

    Catharine A Mackinnon•Sexual harassment of working women•1979

  • The Impact of Sexual Assault, Sexual Assault Perpetrator Type, and Location of Sexual Assault on Ratings of Perceived Safety

    Open Access•Kayleen A Culbertson, Peter W Vik et al.•Violence Against Women•2001

  • Women's Fear of Crime in Canadian Public Housing

    Open Access•Shahid Alvi, Martin D Schwartz et al.•Violence Against Women•2001

  • Whither Women's Fear? Perceptions of Sexual Violence in Public and Private Space

    Open Access•Rachel Pain•International Review of Victimology•1997

  • The Fear of Rape

    Open Access•Stephanie Riger, Margaret T Gordon et al.•Journal of Social Issues•1981

  • Women, Crime, and Fear

    Open Access•Elizabeth A Stanko•The Annals of the American…•1995

  • Different Measures of Vulnerability in their Relation to Different Dimensions of Fear of Crime

    Martin Killias•The British Journal of Criminology•2000

  • Cross-National Variation in Occupational Sex Segregation

    Maria Charles•American Sociological Review•1992

  • The Socio-Cultural Context of Rape

    Open Access•Peggy Reeves Sanday•Journal of Social Issues•1981

  • State-to-State Differences in Social Inequality and Social Bonds in Relation to Assaults, on Wives in the United States

    M A Straus, Murray A Strau•Journal of Comparative Family…•1994

  • Sexual Equality and Violence Against Wives in American States

    Kersti Yllo•Journal of Comparative Family…•1983

  • Toward an Integrated Theory of Gender Stratification

    Open Access•Randall Collins, Janet Saltzman Chafetz et al.•Sociological Perspectives•1993

  • Toward an Integration of Theory and Research on the Status of Women

    Open Access•Karen Bradley, Diana Khor•Gender & Society•1993

  • The Paradoxical Relationship Between Gender Inequality and Rape

    Open Access•Rachel Bridges Whaley•Gender & Society•2001

  • The Status of Women, Marital Equality, and Violence Against Wives

    Open Access•Kersti Yllo•Journal of Family Issues•1984

  • Indicators of gender equality for American states and regions

    Open Access•David B Sugarman, David Sugarman et al.•Social Indicators Research•1988

Unique citing works134
Citations per year6,38
Citation span2005 - 2026 (22)
Citation velocitycurrent
Highly citedYes
Citation typesNeutral: 122

Tools

Open DOISci-Hub
Ethnos_APP • Open Source Project • MIT License • Frontend v2.0.0 • Privacy and Cookies • API Documentation: api.ethnos.app/docs • API Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17049435 • Frontend Source Code: GitHub • DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17050053 • cruz.rio.br • Expectantes Misericordiae